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词条 Karaiyar
释义

  1. Etymology

  2. History

      Ancient era    Medieval era    Colonial era  

  3. Traditional status

  4. Social status and politics

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

{{use Indian English|date=March 2017}}{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Karaiyar
| classification =
| subdivisions = {{unbulleted list
| Meelongi Karaiyar
| Keelongi Karaiyar
| languages = Tamil
| religions = Christianity, Hinduism
| related = Tamil people, Karava, PattanavarKaraiyar ({{Lang-ta|கரையார்|lit=Karaiyār}} and {{Lang-ta|குருகுலம்|lit=Kurukulam}}) is a Sri Lankan Tamil caste found mainly on the northern and eastern coastal areas of Sri Lanka, and globally among the Tamil diaspora.[1]

They are traditionally a coastal community who were engaged in seafaring, fishing and naval warfare.[2] They are known for their maritime history and are reputed as a warrior caste who constituted as the generals and captains of the Aryacakravarti dynasty.[3][4] The Karaiyars were also the major maritime traders and boat owners who among other things, traded with pearls, chanks and shipped goods overseas to countries such as India, Myanmar and Indonesia.[5][6][4]

Historically, they have also been referred to as Kurukulam, Varunakulam and Karaiyalar.[5] Sharing similar origins and status are the Sinhalese Karava.[6]

Etymology

The word "Karaiyar" is derived from the Tamil language words karai ("coast" or "shore") and yar ("people").[5] The term Kareoi mentioned by 2nd century AD writer Ptolemy, is identified with the Tamil word "Karaiyar".[7] The Portuguese and Dutch sources mentions them under the term Careas or Careaz, a corrupted form of "Karaiyar".[12]

They were historically also known as Kurukulam, meaning clan of the Kuru, following their origin from Kurumandalam (meaning "realm of Kuru's") of Southern India.[5][8] They attribute their origin myth from the Kuru Kingdom, mentioned in Hindu epic Mahabharata.[9][10] Some scholars derived Kurukulam from Kuru, the Tamil name for Jupiter.[11]

History

{{See also|Timeline of the Kurukulam}}

Ancient era

The Karaiyar, are among the old coastal communities who inhabited the Neithal Sangam landscape.[12] The ancient Tamil literature mentions several coastal populations, but does not contain any direct references to the Karaiyars.

Migration of Karaiyars from South India to Sri Lanka started from around second century BCE.[3] The earliest reference to them could be the 1st century BCE Tamil Householders Terrace, Pali inscription in Anuradhapura referring to several Tamil chiefs including one named "Dameda navika Karava", translated as "Tamil Karayar sailor".[13][14]The Purananuru mentions "Karaiyavar", but not as a coastal population; in the later literature, the word came to be identified with coastal people. Ptolemy mentions Korkai, the capital port of the Pandyan kings, as the chief seat of the Karaiyars.[15]

Medieval era

According to another account given in the Mukkara Hatana manuscript, a battalion of 7740 Karaiyar soldiers came from Kurumandalam in Southern India, and defeated the Mukkuvars (another coastal community) and Sonakars (Tamil Muslims).[16] The Yalpana Vaipava Malai states that Parakramabahu VI of Kotte invited Karaiyar battalions to facilitate trade with other countries.[5] The Karaiyars also formed alliances with coastal military castes from Tamil Nadu such as the Maravars.[17] The Maravars who had strong influence in Northern Sri Lanka, established themselves as trading and sea lords and assimilated into the Karaiyar caste.[18] A 13th century inscription of Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I in Tharangambadi, Tamil Nadu makes a reference to the Karaiyars along with the mercantile guild Patinenvisayattar making food offerings to the Masilamaninathar temple.[19]

The Vaiya Padal mentions the voyage of a Karaiyar chief known as Meekāman, who traveled with ships loaded with several castes and chiefs, including the Karaiyars who make reference as Varunakulaththar.[5][20][21] Karaiyar chief Meekāman is also credited for leading a troop of Chola soldiers and defeating the powerful Mukkuvar chiefs Vediarasan and Meera.[22][13] A destroyed fort at Neduntheevu, the Delft Island fort is locally known as Meekaman kōttai, and is thought to have been the fort of Meekaman.[23]

The Karaiyars in alliance with the Paravars were in control of the port-based trade and the pearl fishery conducted in the Gulf of Mannar under the Jaffna Kingdom, which were one of the worlds major pearl fisheries.[24][25]

Colonial era

The Karaiyars were by the Portuguese described as the most "warlike" tribe and their chiefs as most serious adversaries of the colonial Portuguese.[26] The Karaiyars revolted six times against the Portuguese in the conquest of the Jaffna kingdom, who aligned and also commanded over the troops of Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom, whose king was Raghunatha Nayak.[27] The first revolt led by a Karaiyar chieftain who was defeated near Nallur by Phillippe de Oliveira and his army.[38]

The second revolt against them was led by the Karaiyar chief Migapulle Arachchi, a feudal lord of Jaffna Kingdom who also led the third revolt.[28][29] A later revolt was started by the Karaiyars and the Thanjavur Nayak troops of over 5000 men, commanded by the Karaiyar chief, Varunakulattan, one described by the Portuguese as being of kingly status.[30][31]

The Portuguese ordered Cankili II, king of Jaffna Kingdom, to surrender the Thanjavur Nayak soldiers and Varunakulattan (who is described as "King of Careas"). However Cankili II did not surrender them as they had come on his request, and were later on defeated by the Portuguese.[25][32] Upon defeat were significant numbers of Karaiyars along with the Nairs and Karavas appointed as Lascarins under Portuguese rule, and were converted to Catholicism.[33]

After the expulsion of the Portuguese, was the growing Dutch rule revolted in 1658 in the Jaffna region by the Christian Karaiyars and Madapallis.[34] A Dutch minister of the 17th century, Philippus Baldaeus, described the Karaiyars, Madapallis and Vellalars among the influential classes of the Christians.[26] Elite Karaiyars were appointed to the rank of Mudaliyars.[35] The Karaiyar dominance got weakened through the political rise of the Vellalars under Dutch rule.[36][37]

For centuries have the Karaiyars had sea-trade relations with India but also Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, which has been heavily restricted since British rule.[38]

Traditional status

The Karaiyars were assigned the western section (present day Gurunagar) and the harbors and ports of the Jaffna Kingdom. The Karaiyars formed the generals of the Jaffna kings and officered the navy of the Aryacakravarti dynasty.[39][40] They used the Makara as emblem, the mount of their clan deity, the sea god Varuna, which was also seen on their flags.[41] Kannaki Amman is one of the chief deity of the Hindu Karaiyars whereas Francis Xavier and Virgin mary are one of the chief saints of the Christian Karaiyars.[24]

The Karaiyars in Northern Sri Lanka are classified into two groups: the Meelongi and the Keelongi.[42]{{Efn|1= Excerpt about the Karaiyar subcastes, from Merchants, markets and the state in early modern India: The karaiyar had a less sharp distinction between melongi (i.e. those who aim high) and kilongi (those who aim low).}} The Melongi Karaiyars are some areas known as Thevar Karaiyar and Kurukula Karaiyar, who were descendent of commanders, while Keelongi Karaiyars were descendent of the army's soldiers and workers.[43] The Karaiyars in Eastern Sri Lanka like other castes are divided into kudi's or matrilineal clans.[44] The Eastern Karaiyars almost exclusively also use the term Vaiyittu Var (Tamil for "womb-tie") as a synonymous term for kudi or clan.[45]

The chieftains and village headmen of the Karaiyars held the title Pattankattiyar, meaning "One who is crowned" in Tamil.[46][47][48] Other titles they used were Adappanar, Mudaliar, Kurukulattan and Varunakulattan.[49][50][51] The Adappans were headmen who were responsible of the harbors of the northern and western parts of Sri Lanka.[52]

The domestic servants of the Karaiyars, who are known as Kudimakkal include the castes of Ambattar, Vannar, Maraiyar, Koviar and Nattuvar.[53] They gave importance in their ritual roles as officiators under the wedding and funeral.[54]

Social status and politics

The colonial rulers of Sri Lanka, especially the Dutch, strengthened the Vellalar dominance.[55] In the Jaffna region, the Karaiyars were a dominant caste and were considered as upper-class in the social hierarchy, where sections of them also during the Portuguese rule converted to Christianity allowing them to grow closer to those who held the power.[5][56]

In the 20th century, the Karaiyar were the second largest group of voters among the Sri Lankan Tamils after the Vellalar.[57] The Karaiyars formed around 10% of the population, while the dominant Vellalars constituted about 50% of the population. Karaiyars, such as Velupillai Prabhakaran, formed the leadership of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a group that fought the Sri Lankan Civil War to form a Tamil sovereign state, intending to secede from the Sinhala-majority Sri Lanka. Following the old order, where the Karaiyars formed partners with the Vellalars, the LTTE gained support and recruitment from the Vellalars.[2]

See also

  • Caste system in Sri Lanka
  • Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom

Notes

{{Notelist|1}}

References

1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJ7eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT147&dq=karaiyar+diaspora&hl=&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlo9O7vIzXAhWPY1AKHRKvBX4Q6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=karaiyar%20diaspora&f=false|title=South Asian Christian Diaspora: Invisible Diaspora in Europe and North America|last=Raj|first=Selva J.|date=2016-04-01|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=9781317052296|location=|pages=|language=en}}
2. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3aAB9IFVdkC|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|date=2000|publisher=UBC Press|year=|isbn=9780774807593|location=|pages=18-24|language=en}}
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54. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMWGiJLptNoC|title=Ritual and Recovery in Post-Conflict Sri Lanka|last=Derges|first=Jane|date=2013-05-20|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=1136214887|location=|pages=77|language=en}}
55. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7JEAwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka|author=Eva Gerharz|first=|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-69280-5|location=|page=41|pages=}}
56. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7JEAwAAQBAJ|title=The Politics of Reconstruction and Development in Sri Lanka|author=Eva Gerharz|first=|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-69280-5|location=|page=85|pages=}}
57. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=grMjo9Opu14C|title=Sri Lankan Society in an Era of Globalization|author1=S. H. Hasbullah|first=|author2=Barrie M. Morrison|publisher=SAGE|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7619-3221-5|location=|pages=106–107}}
{{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}

2 : Social groups of Tamil Nadu|Sri Lankan Tamil castes
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