| 词条 | Council of Ten |
| 释义 |
The Council of Ten ({{lang-it|Consiglio dei Dieci}}; {{lang-vec|Consejo de i Diexe}}), or simply the Ten, was, from 1310 to 1797, one of the major governing bodies of the Republic of Venice. Origins, composition, and powersThe Council of Ten was created in 1310 by Doge Pietro Gradenigo.[1] Originally created as a temporary body to investigate the plot of Baiamonte Tiepolo and Marco Querini, the powers of the Council were made formally permanent in 1455.[2] The Council was composed of ten patrician magistrates elected by the Great Council to one-year terms.[3] Until 1582, an additional zonta of around 15 to 20 members also served on the Council.[4] No more than one member of the same family could serve on the Council at any one time,[5] and members could not be re-elected to successive terms.[6] Elections took place annually in August and others in September.[7] The Council, which met at least weekly, had the power to impose punishments upon nobles, including banishment and capital punishment. Doge Marino Faliero was executed on the council's orders in 1355, and Count of Carmagnola was executed on the council's orders in 1432.[8] The body's deliberations were highly secretive, and members of the Council of Ten took an oath of secrecy.[9] Historian Edward Wallace Muir Jr. wrote: "The Council of Ten stood somewhat apart from the hierarchy of offices but was proverbially powerful. With its secret funds, system of anonymous informers, police powers, and broad jurisdictional mandate over matters of state security, the members of the Council of Ten, along with those of the Collegio, rotated offices among themselves and constituted the inner circle of oligarchical patricians who, in effect, ruled the republic."[10] During the War of the League of Cambrai, for example, the Council had responsibility for finding ways to pay for the state's military expenses.[11] From the 1490s through the 1530s, the Council of Ten and other Venetian authorities enacted sumptuary laws.[12] In 1506, the Ten enacted an anti-banqueting law, seeking to prevent ambitious noblemen from engaging in vote buying by hosting lavish dinner parties at the compaginie della calza (exclusive social societies). The law specifically prohibited women other than the wives of members from attending such dinners.[13] The Council was formally tasked with maintaining the security of the Republic and preserving the government from overthrow or corruption. However, its small size and ability to rapidly make decisions led to more mundane business being referred to it, and by 1457 it was enjoying almost unlimited authority over all governmental affairs. In particular, it oversaw Venice's diplomatic and intelligence services, managed its military affairs, and handled legal matters and enforcement. By the end of the sixteenth century, the Council of Ten had become Venice's spy chiefs, overseeing the city's vast intelligence network.[14] State InquisitorsIn 1539, the Council established the State Inquisitors, a tribunal of three judges chosen from among its members to deal with threats to state security. The Inquisitors were given equal authority to that of the entire Council of Ten, and could try and convict those accused of treason independently of their parent body. To further these activities, the Inquisitors created a large network of spies and informants, both in Venice and abroad.[15] Inquisitors could conduct secret trials with a low standard of proof, and the inquisitors' practices bore strong similarities to those of the Roman Inquisition, which was established three years later.[16] From 1624 onward, the Council of Ten was charged with the prosecution of all crimes involving the private lives of Venetian patricians.[17] References1. ^Chambers & Pullan, p. 55. 2. ^Edwards, p. 20. 3. ^Chambers & Pullan, p. 54. 4. ^Edwards, p. 20. 5. ^Chambers & Pullan, p. 55. 6. ^Edwards, p. 20. 7. ^Chambers & Pullan, p. 54. 8. ^Chambers & Pullan, pp. 55-56. 9. ^Chambers & Pullan, pp. 56-57. 10. ^Edwards, p. 20. 11. ^David Michael D'Andrea, Civic Christianity in Renaissance Italy: The Hospital of Treviso, 1400-1530 (University of Rochester Press, 2007), p. 136. 12. ^Chojnacki, pp. 263-64; Muir, p. 168. 13. ^Chojnacki, pp. 263-64. 14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Iordanou|first1=Ioanna|title=The Spy Chiefs of Renaissance Venice: Intelligence Leadership in the Early Modern World|journal=Spy Chiefs: Volume 2: Intelligence Leaders in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia|date=2018|issue=Georgetown University Press|pages=43–66}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|title = What News on the Rialto? The Trade of Information and Early Modern Venice's Centralized Intelligence Organization|last = Iordanou|first = I.|date = 2015|journal = Intelligence and National Security|volume = 31|issue = 3|pages = 305–326|doi = 10.1080/02684527.2015.1041712|pmid = }} 16. ^De Vivo, p. 34. 17. ^De Vivo, p. 34. Work cited
4 : Government of the Republic of Venice|1310 establishments in Europe|14th-century establishments in the Republic of Venice|1797 disestablishments in the Republic of Venice |
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