词条 | Karenic languages | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
|name=Karenic |region=south-eastern Myanmar, western Thailand |ethnicity=Karen people |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan |child1=Sgaw |child2=Pa'o |child3=Pwo |iso2=kar |glotto=kare1337 |glottorefname=Karenic }} The Karen {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|ɛ|n}}[1] or Karenic languages are tonal languages spoken by some seven million Karen people. They are of unclear affiliation within the Sino-Tibetan languages.[2] The Karen languages are written using the Burmese script.[3] The three main branches are Sgaw, Pwo, and Pa'o. Karenni (also known as Kayah or Red Karen) and Kayan (also known as Padaung) are related to the Sgaw branch. They are unusual among the Sino-Tibetan languages in having a subject–verb–object word order; other than Karen, Bai, and the Chinese languages, Sino-Tibetan languages have a subject–object–verb order.[4] This is likely due to influence from neighboring Mon and Tai languages.[5] ClassificationBecause they differ from other Tibeto-Burman languages in morphology and syntax, Benedict (1972: 2–4, 129) removed the Karen languages from Tibeto-Burman in a Tibeto-Karen branch, but this is no longer accepted.[2][5] The internal structure of the family is as follows:
Manson (2011)Manson (2011) classifies the Karen languages as follows, with each primary branch characterized by phonological innovations:[6]
The classifications of Geker, Gekho, Kayaw, and Manu are ambiguous, as they may be either Central or Southern. Shintani (2012)Shintani Tadahiko (2012:x)[7] gives the following tentative classification, proposed in 2002, for what he calls the "Brakaloungic" languages, of which Karen is a branch. Individual languages are marked in italics.
However, at the time of publication, Shintani (2012) reports that there are more than 40 Brakaloungic languages and/or dialects, many of which have only been recently reported and documented. Shintani also reports that Mon influence is present in all Brakaloungic languages, while some also have significant Burmese and Shan influence. The Kayan languages are spoken in Kayah State, southern Shan State, and northern Karen State. There are four branches according to Shintani (2016)[11], namely Kangan ("lowland dwellers"), Kakhaung ("highland dwellers"), Lawi ("South"), and Latha ("North").[14] Nangki (sometimes called Langki), documented in Shintani (2016), is one of the Kayan languages belonging to the Kakhaung subgroup. It is spoken only in one village. Kadaw is spoken in Kayah State, and has nasalized vowels but no final nasal consonants.[12] It has more Burmese than Shan influence. TonesKen Manson (2009) reconstructs three proto-Karen tonal categories *A, *B and *B' for syllables with vocalic or nasal codas, and a fourth category *C for syllables with a glottal stop coda. These tones subsequently split in different ways in different subgroups, conditioned by the manner of the initial consonant. Manson gave a sample of diagnostic words for use during field elicitation to classify Karenic languages:[13]
Sound changesTheraphan Luangthongkum[14] lists the following sound changes that had taken place during the transition from Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB; James Matisoff's reconstruction) to Proto-Karenic (PK; Luangthongkum's own reconstruction).
References1. ^Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh 2. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages |author= Graham Thurgood, Randy J. LaPolla|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7007-1129-5|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5MeWSTQ7F44C&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=%22Karen+languages%22}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/burmese.htm|title=Burmese/Myanmar script and pronunciation|work=Omniglot.com|accessdate=2015-05-05}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://stedt.berkeley.edu/html/STfamily.html|title=The Sino-Tibetan Language Family|work=Berkeley.edu|accessdate=2015-05-05}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Matisoff | first = James A. | title = Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects | journal = Annual Review of Anthropology | volume = 20 | pages = 469–504 | publisher = Annual Reviews Inc. | year = 1991 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.an.20.100191.002345}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://jseals.org/seals21/manson11subgroupingd.pdf |title=The subgrouping of Karen |given=Ken |surname=Manson | year=2011 |publisher=Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |accessdate=2015-05-05}} 7. ^Shintani Tadahiko (2012). A handbook of comparative Brakaloungic languages. Tokyo: ILCAA. 8. ^Shintani Tadahiko. 2018. The Thaidai language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 116. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). 9. ^Shintani Tadahiko. 2017. The Gokhu language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 111. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). 10. ^Shintani Tadahiko. 2017. The Blimaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 112. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). 11. ^Shintani Tadahiko. 2016. The Nangki language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 109. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). 12. ^1 Shintani Tadahiko. 2015. The Kadaw language. Linguistic survey of Tay cultural area (LSTCA) no. 106. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA). 13. ^1 {{cite journal | surname = Manson | given = Ken | year = 2009 | title = Prolegomena to reconstructing Proto-Karen | journal = La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics | volume = 12 | url = https://www.academia.edu/209716/A_Prolegomena_to_reconstructing_Proto-Karen }} 14. ^Luangthongkum, Theraphan. 2014. Karenic As A Branch of Tibeto-Burman: More Evidence From Proto-Karen. Paper presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (SEALS 24), Yangon, Burma.
Further reading
==External links==
1 : Karenic languages |
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