| 词条 | Karitiana |
| 释义 |
|group = Karitiana |image = |caption = Karitiana woman preparing cornmeal |population = 320 (2005)[1] |popplace = {{Flag|Brazil}} (Rondônia)[1] |languages = Karitiana |religions = |related = }} The Karitiana or Caritiana are an indigenous people of Brazil, whose reservation is located in the western Amazon. They count 320 members, and the leader of their tribal association is Renato Caritiana. They subsist by farming, fishing and hunting, and have almost no contact with the outside world. Their tongue, the Karitiâna language, is an Arikém language of Brazil. Studies of population genetics often use the Karitiana as a reference population for Native Americans, using DNA samples made available through the Human Genome Diversity Project and other sources.[2][3] DNA from Karitiana individuals was collected in 1987 by Francis Black and in 2007 it was reported that this sampling was undertaken unbeknownst to FUNAI, the Brazilian agency that regulates contact between the indigenous tribes and the outside world, and that the samples were being distributed for a fee with no benefit to the Karitiana, giving rise to claims of biopiracy.[4] The same newspaper report claimed that further samples were taken in 1996 by Dr. Hilton Pereira da Silva, a doctor on a documentary film crew, on the promise of medicinal supplies that were never fulfilled.[5] A response from Dr. Silva suggests that the news story was faulty and the medicinal samples he took were never used for any commercial purpose.[6] OriginsA 2015 genetic study reached a surprising conclusion about the origins of the Karitiana people. Unlike other Native American peoples, the Paiter-Surui, Karitiana, and Xavante have an ancestry partially related to indigenous Australasian populations of the Andaman Islands, New Guinea, and Australia. Scientists speculate that the relationship derives from an earlier people, called "Population Y", in East Asia from whence both groups diverged 15,000 to 30,000 years ago, the future Australasians migrating south and the remote ancestors of the Karitiana northward finding their way to the New World and to the interior Amazon Basin.[7][8] References1. ^1 "Karitiana: Introduction." Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 15 Jan 2011. 2. ^{{Cite journal|title = Nuclear DNA diversity in worldwide distributed human populations|date = 1997|url = https://biosci-batzerlab.biology.lsu.edu/Publications/60.pdf|last = Zietkiewicz|journal = Gene|publisher = Elsevier|accessdate = 28 January 2014|volume = 205|pages = 161-171|doi=10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00408-3 |display-authors=etal}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url = http://alfred.med.yale.edu/alfred/recordinfo.asp?condition=populations.pop_uid%3D'PO000028K|title = ALFRED Population Information|publisher = Yale University}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url = http://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/karitiana/389|title = Karitiana: Biopiracy and the unauthorized collection of biomedical samples|date = May 2005|accessdate = 28 January 2014|website = Povos Indigena no Brasil|publisher = Instituto Socioambiental}} 5. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/20/world/americas/20blood.html | title = In the Amazon, giving blood but getting nothing | author = Larry Rohter | publisher = International Herald Tribune}} 6. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=3499 | title = Ethical Humanitarian Medical Work, Not Bio-piracy | author = Hilton Pereira da Silva | publisher = Center for Genetics and Society|authorlink = |website = update to "In the Amazon, Giving Blood but Getting Nothing"}} 7. ^{{cite journal |url= http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v525/n7567/full/nature14895.html |title=Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas|format=pdf |date=21 July 2015|access-date=28 April 2018 |doi=10.1038/nature14895 |volume=525 |issue=7567|journal=Nature |pmid=26196601 |pmc=4982469 |pages=104–8 | last1 = Skoglund | first1 = P.| last2 = Mallick | first2 = S.| last3 = Bortolini | first3 = M.C.| last4 = Chennagiri | first4 = N.| last5 = Hünemeier | first5 = T.| last6 = Petzl-Erler | first6 = M.L.| last7 = Salzano | first7 = F.M.| last8 = Patterson | first8 = N.| last9 = Reich | first9 = D.|author9-link= David Reich (geneticist)|bibcode=2015Natur.525..104S}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1= Skoglund|first1= P.|last2= Reich|first2= D.|title=A genomic view of the peopling of the Americas|journal= Current Opinion in Genetics & Development|volume= 41|year= 2016|pages= 27–35|doi= 10.1016/j.gde.2016.06.016}} External links
3 : Ethnic groups in Brazil|Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous peoples of the Amazon |
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