1. Strategy

2. Timeline
    1974  1984  1990  1991  1992  2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006  2009  2010  2012  2013  2014  2015  2016 

3. Arrest of Jemaah Islamiah members

4. Homeland security

5. Counter terrorist specialised units

6. Additional power to military

7. Exercise Northstar V
    Conduct of the exercise 

8. Social cohesion

9. See also

10. References

11. External links

Counter-terrorism in Singapore is a series of detection and prevention measures to minimize the damage caused by terrorism. These measures involve the participation of all levels of society, including defence, internal security, border and infrastructure security, civil defense, and gives special focus on areas such as medical readiness and psychological preparedness.

Strategy

Singapore's main counter-terrorism strategy includes cooperation with regional and international partners to achieve a transnational landscape of security. Singapore is instrumental in the passage of international initiatives such as the landmark United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373 which established the legal basis for international action against terrorism.^[1] It is also at the forefront of the Southeast Asian counter-terrorism efforts^[2] and a United States partner in the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) that aims to combat the illicit trade and spread of weapons of mass destruction.^[3]

In recent years, Singapore's counter-terrorism initiatives have created political criticism from the country's Muslim population.^[4] This was particularly pronounced when Singapore joined the international community's call for Iraq's disarmament, which eventually led to the American invasion of the country.

Timeline

These are the events related to terrorism and counter-terrorism in Singapore. Also listed are major terrorist incidents in the world and in Southeast Asia that have influenced counter-terrorism policies in Singapore.

1974

• 31 January – Laju incident

1984

• Concept of Total Defence was introduced.
• The Singapore Special Operations Force (SOF) was formed in secret.

1990

• May – The elite Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (DART) is formed

1991

• 26 March – Four Pakistanis hijacked Singapore Airlines Flight 117 and demanded the release of Pakistan Peoples Party members from Pakistani jails.
• 27 March – Members of the Singapore Special Operations Force stormed Singapore Airlines Flight 117, killing all hijackers and freeing all passengers and crew members.

1992

• 10 September – Special Operations Command (SOC) was formed, combining the Police Tactical Team (PTT), Police Tactical Unit (PTU) and Police Dog Unit under one wing.

2001

• 11 September – 11 September attacks happened at World Trade Center, New York City, United States, resulting in the death of 3,000 people.
• 9 December – 15 militants of Jemaah Islamiyah are arrested for the Singapore embassies attack plot^[5]

2002

• August – Singapore arrests another 21 members of Jemaah Islamiyah.
• 12 October – Bali car bombing by Jemaah Islamiah kills 202 people in the Indonesian island.

2003

• 17 January – Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Explosive Defence Group conducts Exercise Diamond Shield to demonstrate chemical and biological defence capability.
• March – Chemical Verification Laboratory is certified by Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) as a designated laboratory for the testing of chemical warfare agents
• 11 August – Riduan Isamuddin (Hambali), leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, is arrested in Thailand.
• 14 August – Air Marshal Unit is formed to counter terrorism threats against civil aviation^[6]
• 1 October – The first Special Rescue Battalion of the Singapore Civil Defence Force is formed^[7]

2004

• 27 February – SuperFerry 14 is bombed in the Philippines by Abu Sayyaf, killing 116.
• 11 March – Coordinated bombing of commuter trains in Madrid, Spain, kills 191 people and injures more than 1,500.
• 21 March – Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi leads UMNO to a resounding victory in the General Elections, checking the advance of Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) that aims to establish Malaysia as an Islamist theocratic country.
• 6 May – Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong delivers a speech at the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington, D.C. titled "Beyond Madrid: Winning Against Terrorism".^[8]

2005

• 7 July – London suicide bombings on one double-decker bus (London Buses route 30) and three London Underground trains, killing 55+ people and injuring over 700.
• 15 August – The newly established Police MRT Unit (now known as the Public Transport Security Command) begins operational patrols on the Mass Rapid Transit network to enhance the security of Singapore's public transport
• 15 August – Singapore hosts a multi-national maritime interdiction exercise, codenamed Exercise Deep Sabre as part of the Proliferation Security Initiative.
• 25 August – French investigating magistrate Jean-Louis Bruguière singles out Singapore along with Tokyo and Sydney as potential terrorism targets of the Al-Qaeda.^[9] Ministry of Home Affairs later denied receiving any specific information on imminent terrorist threat.^[10]
• 1 October – A series of explosions kills at least 23 in resort areas of Jimbaran Beach and Kuta in Bali, Indonesia.
• 21 November – 25 – Singapore hosts the Regional Special Forces Counter-Terrorism Conference.

2006

• 8 January – Exercise Northstar V, a large scale counter-terrorism exercise similar to 7 July 2005 London bombings, was held in Singapore.

2009

• 6 July to 30 September – Exercise Northstar VII, large scale counter-terrorism exercise similar to the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the 2007 Virginia Tech massacre, and the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, was held in Singapore. Places that had been involved were VivoCity, Sentosa, Raffles Place, Bedok, Tampines, Choa Chu Kang, Jurong East, and Orchard Road.

2010

• 19 May – A marked map of the SMRT network with Orchard station circled on it was found in the home of a terror suspect killed in Indonesia; it was reported that he had planned an attack on Singapore by entering through Malaysia.^[11]
• 9 November – Exercise Times Square Conducted. The exercise, named after a car bomb attack in May 2010 at New York's Times Square which was foiled by public vigilance, involved similar circumstances whereby suspicious looking cars were placed in nine locations across Singapore. The findings of the exercise revealed that public vigilance was extremely low, as only 52 out of 7,200 passers-by contacted the authorities.^[12]

2012

• 3 October to 15 November – Exercise Heartbeat 2012 was conducted. It was placed at locations, such as ION Orchard, Marina Centre, Marina Bay and Sentosa.

2013

• 18 November – Exercise Heartbeat 2013 was conducted, placed at random locations, such as Greenview Secondary School, ITE College Central, Plaza Singapura, one-North and Raffles Place SSWG buildings. In this exercise, two "gunmen" hijacked a police car after opening fire at Raffles Place, and then drove away. The gunmen were later shot dead by the police officers at Queenstown Secondary School. Police officers later confiscated the explosive devices.

2014

• 3 April – Exercise Heartbeat 2014 is conducted at Temasek Polytechnic.
• 10 October – Exercise Heartbeat 2014 is conducted at ITE College East.
• 26 October & 27 October – Exercise Heartbeat 2014 is conducted at Tampines GreenTerrace, Downtown MRT Station, Marina Bay Link Mall, IMM Building, Blk 287A Jurong East Street 21, ITE College West and Fengshan area. It had simulated grenade explosion at IMM Building and Downtown MRT Station, hostage-taking and gunmen firing at Marina Bay Link Mall, IMM Building, Blk 287A Jurong East Street 21 and ITE College West. Next to Blk 84 Bedok North Road Market also had the car on fire, part of Exercise Heartbeat 2014. At Tampines GreenTerrace; a Traffic Police car caught fire.

2015

• 27 January – Due to the Charlie Hebdo shootings and the Sydney hostage crisis; Exercise Heartbeat 2015 was conducted at Eastpoint Mall and Northpoint Shopping Centre.
• 18 November – After the November 2015 Paris attacks, President Tony Tan expressed his condolences saying "As France mourns the victims, Singapore stands in solidarity with the French people in this difficult time" while Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong condemned the attacks, calling them "heinous" and "an attack on our shared humanity."^[13] Within days, the Singapore Police Force and Singapore Civil Defence continued Exercise Heartbeat 2015 with emergency preparedness exercises on 18 November 2015 at Toa Payoh HDB Hub and Marina Bay One Marina Boulevard (OMB) and City Hall Esplanade Park,^[14] as well as at Sentosa on 23 November 2015.^[15][16]

2016

• 30 June – The Minister of Defence announced the formation of the Army Deployment Force, which is a battalion-sized unit fully staffed with regular SAF servicemen. The unit will respond rapidly to terrorist attacks in Singapore alongside the Home Team. It will also work with the Island Defence Task Force and Special Operations Task Force in times of emergencies. It may be activated for overseas humanitarian or peace support operations.^[17]
• 5 August - Members of a terror cell in Indonesia arrested for plotting to fire a rocket at Marina Bay Sands from Batam island.^[18]
• 14 October – A 41-year-old man has been arrested for suspected involvement in the fire that destroyed a wet market and two coffee shops in Jurong in the wee hours of Tuesday. Police were alerted at 2.42am to the fire, which left stallholders without their livelihoods, ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars a day. Police said that they arrested the suspect in Jurong West Street 41 on Thursday.^[19]
• 17 October – The Singapore Armed Forces staged the largest counter-terror exercise in the nation's history. The SAF was deployed to defend against mock attacks at key installations around the island. Home Team and the Singapore Civil Defense Force were deployed to counter a mock hostage taking at Bishan Mall. The exercise was the largest in Singaporean history, involving over 3200 officers. It was conducted with the mission statement to raise public awareness of "the current threat landscape and to encourage continued vigilance."^[20][21]

Arrest of Jemaah Islamiah members

The main terrorist threat to Singapore is from Jemaah Islamiah (JI), which has links to al-Qaeda and Abu Sayyaf. Jemaah Islamiah is known to have carried out the Bali bombing in 2002, which killed 202 people, as well as the Jakarta bombing in 2004 outside the Australian embassy, killing 11 people.

After the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States, an informant revealed information to the Singapore Internal Security Department regarding Muhammad Aslam Yar Ali Khan, a Singaporean of Pakistani descent, who was a member of a group partnered with Al-Qaeda. Muhammad Aslam Yar Ali Khan was placed under surveillance by Singapore Internal Security Department, after which he left for Pakistan on 4 October. This man was captured by Afghan Northern Alliance forces in Afghanistan. His interrogation led investigators to more Jemaah Islamiah members in Singapore.

On 9 December 2001, 13 suspects were arrested. Soon after that, a video found in an abandoned house in Kabul, Afghanistan showed a narrator in Singapore describing how to attack Americans using explosives. Investigators found similar tapes at the residences of the arrested men. In all, 33 men were arrested in relation to this plot.  

In August 2002, another 21 members of Jemaah Islamiyah were arrested, demolishing JI's Singaporean cell. Arrests were also made in Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand. As of 11 November 2005, 36 alleged members of JI or the Moro Islamic Liberation Front were being detained under the Internal Security Act.^[22]

However, Singapore believes that Jemaah Islamiyah remains active in Southeast Asia and is recruiting new members.

On 25 August 2005, French investigating magistrate Jean-Louis Bruguière singled out Singapore along with Tokyo and Sydney as potential terrorism targets of the Al-Qaeda.   The Ministry of Home Affairs later responded that it had not received any specific information on imminent terrorist threat against Singapore, but added that security measures have been taken to strengthen security at borders, key infrastructure and iconic buildings.  

Homeland security

The Singapore Police Force has in recent years enhanced security at various locations in the country.

On 15 August 2005, the newly established Police MRT Unit began operational patrols on the Mass Rapid Transit network to protect the public transportation system. Personnel from the Special Operations Command (SOC) and the Gurkha Contingent (GC) have also been deployed to complement other police officers on patrol. In addition, the Police Coast Guard (PCG) stepped up its effort to inspect ferries and other vessels in Singapore territorial waters.

On 26 October 2005, Deputy Prime Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for Security and Defence S Jayakumar announced that Singapore was developing an early warning system, called the Risk Assessment and Horizon Scanning, to identify and assess new emerging threats to national security. The system, developed by the National Security Coordination Secretariat, will be put in place by mid-2007.^[23]

Counter terrorist specialised units

At the forefront in the fight against terrorism are specialised military, law enforcement, and civil defence units, namely:

• Singapore Special Operations Force,
• Special Operations Command,
• Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Explosive Defence Group,
• Army Deployment Force

Additional power to military

In May 2007, the parliament passed an amendment to the SAF Act, giving additional powers to the Singapore Armed Forces. A select group of about 2,000 SAF personnel will be trained to perform security operations in designated areas. These personnel, identified by a Military Security identification card, will be able to search, detain and use reasonable force against terror suspects.^[24]

Exercise Northstar V

On 8 January 2006, a large scale emergency preparedness exercise was conducted. Codenamed Exercise Northstar V, it involved 22 agencies and 2,000 emergency personnel. An additional 3,400 commuters also participated in the exercise. The exercise involved a simulated terrorist bomb attack on four MRT stations and one bus interchange. There were 500 mock casualties suffering from "injuries" caused by the "explosions" as well as chemical agents. The exercise is the largest civil emergency exercise ever staged in the country.^[25]

Conduct of the exercise

The exercise started at 6:25 am local time on 8 January 2006, a Sunday, and lasted about three hours. To avoid public panic, announcements were made at the affected train stations as well as on television and radio, just before the exercise began. Prominent signages were also displayed.

Mock explosive devices, such as thunderflashes were detonated near-simultaneously in subway trains and station platforms at four MRT stations (Dhoby Ghaut, Toa Payoh, Raffles Place and Marina Bay) and in a double decker bus at Toa Payoh Bus Interchange. A chemical agent attack was then simulated at Dhoby Ghaut at 6:45 am. An undetonated mock bomb was also placed at the Raffles Place. About 3,400 commuters who were on board the subway trains were evacuated during the drill. Services at 13 MRT stations were temporarily disrupted and roads within the vicinity were also closed to traffic. Shuttle buses were used to ferry commuters affected by the exercise.

Thunderflashes, smoke generators, and fire simulators were used to simulate the explosion and 500 simulated casualties were deployed to test emergency rescuers at the scene. These mock casualties carried tags to provide paramedics information on the extent of their injuries and this includes injuries related to bomb blasts, such as open wounds and burns. There were also some with injuries related to chemical agents. Dummy mannequins were also used to simulate casualties. 7 hospitals and 2 polyclinics were also involved in the drill as they received the mock casualties. In two hospitals, Singapore General Hospital and Tan Tock Seng Hospital, healthcare workers donned decontamination suits as they prepared to treat victims of chemical agents suspected to be sarin gas.^[26]

Officers from the London Metropolitan Police and the British Transport Police, including Chief Constable Ian Johnston, were present to observe the exercise and to provide feedback to the authorities.^[27]

Social cohesion

Following the crackdown on the local Jemaah Islamiyah cell, then-Deputy-Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong held dialogues with the leaders of the Muslim community. Details of the investigation were shared to explain that the arrests were not targeted at the Singapore Muslim community, or Islam. In schools and workplaces, inter-racial confidence circles were formed to promote inter-racial and inter-religious understanding between the different racial and religious communities, while Islamic scholars and counselors in Singapore participated in the rehabilitation of the detained JI members.

See also

• Kiddy Bag
• Religious Rehabilitation Group (Singapore)

References

External links

• "Constructing" the Jemaah Islamiyah Terrorist: A Preliminary Inquiry (PDF) – Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore, October 2004
• Maritime Couner-Terrorism: A Singapore Perspective (PDF) – Joshua Ho, Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Singapore, 2004
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080208042729/http://www.cfr.org/publication.html?id=7004 Beyond Madrid: Winning Against Terrorism] – Speech by Goh Chok Tong at the Council on Foreign Relations (6 May 2004)
• Funding Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Financial Network of Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah (PDF) – National Bureau of Asian Research (December 2003)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20041124211112/http://www.crisisweb.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=1452 Jemaah Islamiyah in South East Asia: Damaged but Still Dangerous] – International Crisis Group (26 August 2003)
• Declaring JI a terror group is starting point in fight against terror: Dr Gunaratna – Channel NewsAsia (2 October 2005)
• Asean leaders ink terrorism pact

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