“County Armagh”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

County Armagh (named after its county town, Armagh) is one of the traditional counties of Ireland and one of six counties that form Northern Ireland. Adjoined to the southern shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 1,326 km²^[4] and has a population of about 174,792. County Armagh is known as the "Orchard County" because of its many apple orchards.^[5] The county is part of the historic province of Ulster.

Etymology

The name "Armagh" derives from the Irish word {{lang|ga|Ard}} meaning "height" (or high place) and {{lang|ga|Macha}}. {{lang|ga|Macha}} is mentioned in The Book of the Taking of Ireland, and is also said to have been responsible for the construction of the hill site of {{lang|ga|Emain Macha}} (now Navan Fort near Armagh City) to serve as the capital of the {{lang|ga|Ulaid}} kings (who give their name to Ulster), also thought to be {{lang|ga|Macha}}'s height.

Geography and features

From its highest point at Slieve Gullion, in the south of the County, Armagh's land falls away from its rugged south with Carrigatuke, Lislea and Camlough mountains, to rolling drumlin country in the middle and west of the county and finally flatlands in the north where rolling flats and small hills reach sea level at Lough Neagh.

County Armagh's boundary with Louth is marked by the rugged Ring of Gullion rising in the south of the county whilst much of its boundary with Monaghan and Down goes unnoticed with seamless continuance of drumlins and small lakes. The River Blackwater marks the border with County Tyrone and Lough Neagh otherwise marks out the County's northern boundary.

There are also a number of uninhabited islands in the county's section of Lough Neagh: Coney Island Flat, Croaghan Flat, Padian, Phil Roe's Flat and the Shallow Flat.

Climate

Despite lying in the east of Ireland, Armagh enjoys an oceanic climate strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream with damp mild winters, and temperate, wet summers. Overall temperatures rarely drop below freezing during daylight hours, though frost is not infrequent in the months November to February. Snow rarely lies for longer than a few hours even in the elevated south-east of the County. Summers are mild and wet and although with sunshine often interspersed with showers, daylight lasts for almost 18 hours during high-summer.

History

Ancient Armagh was the territory of the Ulaid (also known as Voluntii, Ultonians, Ulidians, Ulstermen) before the fourth century AD. It was ruled by the Red Branch, whose capital was Emain Macha (or Navan Fort) near Armagh. The site, and subsequently the city, were named after the goddess Macha. The Red Branch play an important role in the Ulster Cycle, as well as the Cattle Raid of Cooley. However, they were eventually driven out of the area by the Three Collas, who invaded in the 4th century and held power until the 12th. The Clan Colla ruled the area known as Airghialla or Oriel for these 800 years.

The chief Irish septs of the county were descendants of the Collas, the O'Hanlons and MacCanns, and the Uí Néill, the O'Neills of Fews. Armagh was divided into several baronies: Armagh was held by the O'Rogans, Lower Fews was held by O'Neill of the Fews, and Upper Fews were under governance of the O'Larkins, who were later displaced by the MacCanns. Oneilland East was the territory of the O'Garveys, who were also displaced by the MacCanns. Oneilland West, like Oneilland East, was once O'Neill territory, until it was then held by the MacCanns, who were Lords of Clanbrassil. Upper and Lower Orior were O'Hanlon territory. Tiranny was ruled by Ronaghan. Miscellaneous tracts of land were ruled by O'Kelaghan. The area around the base of Slieve Guillion near Newry also became home to a large number of the McGuinness clan as they were dispossessed of hereditary lands held in the County Down.

Armagh was the seat of St. Patrick, and the Catholic Church continues to be his see. County Armagh is presently one of four counties of Northern Ireland to have a majority of the population from a Catholic background, according to the 2011 census.

The Troubles

The southern part of the County has been a stronghold of support for the IRA, earning it the nickname "Bandit Country" though this is widely regarded as an untrue media label that has resulted in the vilification and demonisation of the local community.^[13] South Armagh is predominantly nationalist, with most of the population being opposed to any form of British presence, especially that of a military nature. The most prominent opposition to British rule was the Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade.^[14]

On 10 March 2009, the CIRA claimed responsibility for the fatal shooting of a PSNI officer in Craigavon, County Armagh—the first police fatality in Northern Ireland since 1998. The officer was fatally shot by a sniper as he and a colleague investigated "suspicious activity" at a house nearby when a window was smashed by youths causing the occupant to phone the police. The PSNI officers responded to the emergency call, giving a CIRA sniper the chance to shoot and kill officer Stephen Carroll.^[15]^[16]

Administration

County Armagh is no longer used as an administrative district for local Government purposes; however, it remains officially used for purposes such as a Lieutenancy area – the county retains a lord lieutenant who acts as representative of the British Monarch in the County.^[17]

County Armagh ceased to serve as a local government unit in 1973. Currently the county is covered for local government purposes by four district councils, namely Armagh City and District Council, most of Craigavon Borough Council, approximately the western third of Newry and Mourne District Council and a part of Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council, centred around Peatlands Park.

With the proposed reform of local government in Northern Ireland in 2011, County Armagh would have comprised part of two new council areas, Armagh City and Bann District, and Newry City and Down; however, that reform has not proceeded to date.

Armagh ceased to serve as an electoral constituency in 1983, but remains the core of the Newry and Armagh constituency represented at Westminster and the Newry and Armagh constituency represented in the Northern Ireland Assembly. County Armagh also remains as a district for legal and property purposes; however, its baronies no longer have any administrative use.

The -XZ suffix is currently used on vehicle registration plates for vehicles registered in County Armagh.

Settlements

Large towns

Medium towns

Small towns

Intermediate settlements

Villages

Small villages or hamlets

Subdivisions

Transport

County Armagh is traversed by two major highways – the M1 linking Belfast to Dungannon crosses the north of the county whilst the A1/N1 from Belfast to Dublin runs in the far south east. Armagh has numerous local roads connecting settlements in the county.

Armagh once had a well-developed railway network with connections to, among others, Armagh City, Culloville, Goraghwood, Markethill, Vernersbridge, Tynan (see History of rail transport in Ireland ) but today only Newry (Bessbrook), Portadown, Poyntzpass, Scarva, and Lurgan are served by rail.

There is a possible railway re-opening from Portadown railway station to Armagh railway station in the future.^[19] Government Minister for the Department for Regional Development, Danny Kennedy MLA indicates railway restoration plans of the line from Portadown to Armagh.^[20]

Ulsterbus provides the most extensive public transport system within the county, including frequent bus transfers daily from most towns to Belfast. Northern Ireland Railways / Iarnród Éireann's Enterprise service provides connections to Dublin in little over an hour and Belfast in little over forty minutes, several times daily.

Inland waterways

County Armagh is traversed by the Ulster Canal and the Newry Canal which are not fully open to navigation.

Sport

In association football, the NIFL Premiership, which operates as the top division, has one team in the county: Glenavon, with Portadown, Annagh United, Armagh City, Dollingstown, Loughgall and Lurgan Celtic competing in the NIFL Championship, which operates as levels two and three.

The Armagh County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association or Armagh GAA organises Gaelic games in the county.

People associated with County Armagh

Places of interest

Surnames

Most common surnames in County Armagh at the time of the United Kingdom Census of 1901,^[24] by order of incidence:

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^Census figures are no longer released detailing returns for Counties but rather Parliamentary Constituency, Local Government District, Electoral Ward and Output Area. This figure is based on a tally of all persons resident in the wards comprising County Armagh on 29 April 2001, i.e. all electoral wards of the Newry & Armagh Parliamentary Constituency (minus St. Mary's, St. Patrick's and Windsor Hill from County Down) combined with the 17 wards in the Upper Bann Parliamentary Constituency from County Armagh (i.e. Derrytrasna, Birches, Bleary, Drumgask, Taghnevan, Court, Annagh, Brownstown, Ballybay, Ballyoran, Corcrain, Edenderry, Killycomain, Kernan, Drumgor, Mourneview, Church, Knocknashane, Parklane, Woodville, Drumnamoe, and Tavanagh). {{cite web | title= Area Profiles| work=Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service|url= http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme/default.asp | accessdate=8 August 2008}}
2. ^Tourism Ireland: 2007 Yearly Report in Ulster Scots {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717083407/http://www.tourismireland.com/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?guid=dd88f67c-d3bd-465b-800d-b7fe8244f3cf |date=17 July 2012 }}
3. ^North-South Ministerial Council: 2006 Annual Report in Ulster Scots {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227120556/http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/web_2006_ulster_scots_report.pdf |date=27 February 2013 }}
4. ^ County Armagh, Land Area
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/yourplaceandmine/armagh/apple_blossom.shtml|title=Your Place And Mine - Armagh -|author=|date=|website=www.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=15 March 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/sites/armagh.html= |title=Met Office |accessdate=4 October 2008 |publisher= }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
7. ^For 1653 and 1659 figures from Civil Survey Census of those years, Paper of Mr Hardinge to Royal Irish Academy 14 March 1865.
8. ^Census for post 1821 figures. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309005718/http://www.cso.ie/census/ |date=9 March 2005 }}
9. ^http://www.histpop.org {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023856/http://www.histpop.org/ |date=7 May 2016 }}
10. ^NISRA – Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (c) 2013 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095720/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census |date=17 February 2012 }}. Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk (27 September 2010). Retrieved on 23 July 2013.
11. ^{{cite book|last=Lee|first=JJ|editor-last=Goldstrom|editor-first=J. M.|editor2-last=Clarkson|editor2-first=L. A.|title=Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell|year=1981|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, England|chapter=On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses}}
12. ^{{Cite journal | last = Mokyr | first = Joel | author-link = Joel Mokyr | last2 = O Grada | first2 = Cormac | author2-link = | title = New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850 | journal = The Economic History Review | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 473–488 |date=November 1984 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x | postscript = }}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
13. ^{{cite news| title = Myth of Bandit Country | url = http://www.cuchulainntours.com/recent-history | publisher = Iarchimi Ard Mhacha Theas | date = 16 May 2014 | accessdate = 16 May 2014 | location=Armagh}}
14. ^{{cite book|title=Pirates, Terrorists, and Warlords: The History, Influence, and Future of Armed Groups Around the World|editor1-first=Jeffrey|editor1-last=Norwitz|p=107|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-626-36987-0}}
15. ^{{cite news| title = Continuity IRA shot dead officer | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7934426.stm | publisher = BBC News | date = 10 March 2009 | accessdate = 10 March 2009 | location=London}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Continuity IRA claims PSNI murder |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0310/craigavon.html |publisher=RTÉ News and Current Affairs |date=10 March 2009 |accessdate=10 March 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311135830/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0310/craigavon.html |archivedate=11 March 2009 }}
17. ^See the Northern Ireland (Lieutenancy) Order 1975 (SI 1975 No. 156)
18. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web | title=Statistical classification of settlements | work=NI Neighbourhood Information Service| url=http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/mapxtreme_towns/statistical%20classification.htm | accessdate=23 February 2009}}
19. ^The Ulster Gazette. 16 May 2013
20. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.portadowntimes.co.uk/news/local/kennedy-has-rail-hopes-for-armagh-line-restoration-1-5364856|title = Kennedy has hopes for Armagh line restoration – Portadown Times|accessdate = 21 August 2013}}
21. ^{{cite book | title = Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896 | publisher = Marquis Who's Who | year = 1963}}
22. ^Ibid.
23. ^{{cite web |title=Pennsylvania State Senate - John J McCreesh Biography |url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/BiosHistory/MemBio.cfm?ID=5170&body=S |website=www.legis.state.pa.us |accessdate=8 February 2019}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://forebears.co.uk/northern-ireland/ulster/armagh#surnames|title=Armagh Genealogy Resources & Parish Registers - Ulster|author=|date=|website=forebears.co.uk|accessdate=15 March 2018}}