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词条 Keiko Fujimori
释义

  1. Early life

  2. Political career

      2011 presidential elections    2016 presidential elections  

  3. Public image

  4. Controversies

      Education    Panama Papers    Money laundering allegations  

  5. Ancestry

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Spanish name|Fujimori|Higuchi}}{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Keiko Fujimori
| image = Keiko Fujimori 2.jpg
| office = President of Popular Force
| term_start = 9 March 2010
| term_end =
| predecessor = Position established
| successor =
| office2 = Member of Congress
| term_start2 = 26 July 2006
| term_end2 = 26 July 2011
| constituency2 = Lima
| office3 = First Lady of Peru
| president3 = Diego Fujimori Perez
| term_label3 = In role
| term_start3 = 23 August 1994
| term_end3 = 22 November 2000
| predecessor3 = Susana Higuchi
| successor3 = Nilda Jara de Paniagua
| birth_name = Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|5|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lima, Peru
| gestation_period = 500 days
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = Popular Force {{small|(2010–present)}}
| otherparty = Alliance for the Future {{small|(2006–2010)}}
| spouse = Mark Villanella
| children = 2
| parents = Alberto Fujimori
Susana Higuchi
| relatives = Kenji Fujimori (brother)
| alma_mater = Stony Brook University
Boston University
Columbia University
}}Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi ({{IPA-es|ˈkeiko soˈfi.a fuxiˈmoɾi iˈɣutʃi|lang}}; {{IPA-ja|keːko ɸɯʑimoɾi|lang}}; born 25 May 1975)[1] is a Peruvian politician. She is the daughter of former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori[2] and Susana Higuchi and served as First Lady from 1994 to 2000, becoming the youngest First Lady in the history of the Americas.[2]{{Better source|date=May 2016}} She then became a member of the Peruvian legislature. Fujimori leads the right-wing party Fuerza Popular and was their presidential candidate in the 2011 election runoff and the 2016 election runoff, losing both times, the 2016 election being a very close call, with the final count difference of less than 0.25%.[3]

Fujimori has been mentioned as being involved in the Odebrecht scandal[4] and on 31 of October 2018, after seven days of considering the positions of Prosecutor José Domingo Pérez and Keiko Fujimori's defense team, Judge Richard Concepción Carhuancho sentenced her to 36 months of preventive prison, as part of an investigation of her alleged role as leader of a criminal organization within her political party "Fuerza Popular", and money laundering allegations of at least one million dollars involving Odebrecht, surrounding her 2011 presidential campaign.[5][6]

Early life

{{BLP sources section|date=May 2016}}

Keiko Fujimori graduated from the Peruvian Catholic School {{ill|Colegio Sagrados Corazones Recoleta|es}} (Recoleta Academy of the Sacred Hearts) in 1992; her siblings Kenji, Hiro and Sachi also studied at Recoleta.[7] The following year, she travelled to the United States to pursue a bachelor's degree in Business Administration. She began her studies at Stony Brook University, and graduated in 1997 from Boston University.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} She received her M.B.A. from Columbia Business School in 2006.{{citation needed|date=April 2016|reason=Reliable University records or Thesis information needed}}

Her parents divorced in 1994. Her mother, Susana Higuchi, said that she was subjected to repeated efforts to silence her accusations of corruption involving her husband, President Fujimori, and his close relatives with donations from Japan. In 2001, Higuchi told investigators probing the corruption of the Fujimori years that she had been tortured "five hundred times" by the intelligence services of the Peruvian Army.[8] and told the press that President Fujimori had ordered for her to be killed, to which the president's right hand, Vladimiro Montesinos had refused on the ground of being a devout catholic.[9] Her father denied that Higuchi had been tortured. He said the scars on her back and neck were not from torture but from a traditional Japanese herbal treatment called moxibustion. In August 1994, after the divorce of her parents, Keiko was appointed First Lady of Peru. At 19 years of age and still a student,[10] from April 1994 to November 2000, she assumed the administration of {{ill|Fundación por los Niños del Perú|es}} (Foundation for the Children of Peru),[11] and created Fundación Peruana Cardioinfantil (Peruvian Foundation for Infant Cardiology),[12] which she presided over from 1996 to 2006,{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} and dedicated her activities to help low-income families nationwide.{{Clarify|date=May 2016}} She summoned the Peruvian business community to contribute to her social projects.{{Clarify|date=May 2016}}

Political career

{{see also|Fujimorism}}{{BLP sources section|date=May 2016}}

Keiko Fujimori participated in several international assemblies, such as the Summit of Spouses of Heads of States and Government of the Americas in Canada and Chile, and the Cumbre Regional para la Infancia (Regional Summit for Infancy) in Colombia.{{citation needed|date=April 2016|reason=Records of participation needed}}

[13] Keiko stayed in Peru until 2004 when she pursued an MBA at Columbia Business School.[14] In 2004, Fujimori married Mark Villanella, a United States citizen who also acquired Peruvian citizenship in 2009{{citation needed|date=April 2016|reason=Record information}}. In 2005, Keiko interrupted her studies and returned to Peru after an extradition process was initiated on her father. She became the leader of the Fujimorista Political Group and announced her father's candidacy in the April 2006 Peruvian presidential election, though he was forbidden to participate in any political activity until 2011 under a congressional ban.[15] In April 2006, while her father was detained in neighboring Chile, Fujimori was elected to the Peruvian Congress with more votes than any winning candidate.[16] She served as a Member of the National Congress from 28 July 2006 – 28 July 2011 for Lima.

As a congresswoman and leader of her political party, Fujimori defended the reforms executed by her father during the 1990s. She has led the opposition to the government of Alan García. She authored a law that restricts penitentiary benefits for those who commit serious offenses, and another law that obligates judges to give the highest sanctions to repeat offenders. Similarly, she passed a law that reduces the jail benefits to those who are protected under the "sincere confession"{{Clarify|date=June 2011}} provision. Along with the Fujimorista Congress members, she worked on a project law in which the death penalty would also be applicable to some of the most severe crimes.[17]

2011 presidential elections

{{Main article|Peruvian general election, 2011}}

During 2009, Keiko Fujimori began the collection of signatures in order to create her own political party, Fuerza 2011. In March 2010, the National Jury of Elections formally recognized the political party after more than one million signatures were collected, a number that surpassed the requirement by 854,000 signatures. Opinion polls granted her high possibilities to win the presidential elections in 2011;[18] she was leading in presidential election polls as of July 2010.[16]

Fujimori hired former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani as an advisor.[19]

As of July 2010, Fujimori was noncommittal about whether she would pardon her father.[18]

In the first round of the 2011 presidential elections, Fujimori received 23.551% of the votes, second only to Ollanta Humala, who received 31.699% of the votes. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was third with 18.512%. In the June 5 runoff, she lost to Humala, 51.34% to 48.66%.

2016 presidential elections

{{Main article|Peruvian general election, 2016}}{{Essay-like|section|date=August 2018}}

She is the daughter of former President Alberto Fujimori who is in jail for crimes against humanity. Most recently, accusations have surfaced of connections between drug trafficking and Congressman Joaquín Ramírez, Secretary General of Fuerza Popular, the political party under which Keiko Fujimori is running for president. On Sunday May 15, 2016, Peruvian news program Cuarto Poder broadcast a report conducted with Univisión that revealed Ramírez is being investigated by the DEA. The Congressman is being investigated for money laundering, a crime for which he is also under investigation in Peru.

Fujimori is running for president in the middle of a controversial election. Two opponents were withdrawn from the electoral race prior to first round voting: one, and also her main rival, was disqualified over a technical error in the registration of his candidacy; the second opponent broke a new electoral law against vote-buying by handing out money to voters.[20] Fujimori was accused of breaking the law mentioned, but was acquitted according to the statement issued from JEE: “The candidate has not engaged in the prohibited activities of offering or giving money or gifts in the aim of obtaining votes.”[21]

Distancing herself from the controversial shadow of her father, she vowed to not follow his path, that she would provide reparations to women who were allegedly sterilized under her father and that she would not pardon him for his crimes, signing a document during a debate symbolizing her promise.[22][23] She also stated that she would not run for another election if she won the presidency.[23]

Polls indicate that she placed first in the first round of voting on April 10, garnering approximately 40% of the vote over opponents Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Verónika Mendoza who each received approximately 20%.[24] In a very contested election, according to exit polls Fujimori trailed Pedro Pablo Kuczynski as ballots were counted late into the evening on June 5, 2016. Kuczynski won by a narrow margin of less than half a percentage point, and was sworn in as President on July 28.

Public image

Fujimori's Popular Force party, which holds a majority within the Congress of the Republic of Peru, "routinely acts in ill faith" and has little public support in Peru.[25] In early 2018, Fujimori saw approval rating of about 30%.[25] By July 2018, public approval dropped to 14% and disapprobation highly increased to more than 88% in August 2018 after it was proved she was also part of the Odebretch scandal.[26]

Controversies

Education

As of May 2016, reports assert that Fujimori's MBA title and master thesis records are nonexistent in official data of SUNEDU, the chief supervising unit for academic degrees in Peru, and of Columbia University.[27]

Panama Papers

The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) disclosed, through the Panama Papers, that Keiko Fujimori had two supporters and their families who were involved with the Mossack Fonseca firm.[28] Jorge Yoshiyama, who was named in the scandal, denied his involvement.[29]

Money laundering allegations

Media reports indicated that a key secretary-general of Fujimori, Joaquin Ramirez, was under investigation by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration for alleged money laundering.[30]

Keiko Fujimori was reported to be investigated for Odebrecht bribery for future events in case her party would seize power. Marcelo Odebrecht has admitted his role in her presidential campaign in 2016, among many other politicians from the competitor parties, but she has denied all the allegations made against her.[31]

On 10 October 2018, Fujimori was detained by police as part of an investigation surrounding the Odebrecht scandal and money laundering allegations that involved her 2011 presidential campaign.[32] She was later released from detention on 17 October 2018 following an appeal.[33][34] However, a new request for detention by the prosecutor was enforced and on 31 October 2018, Fujimori was sentenced to 36 months in pretrial detention.[35]

Ancestry

{{BLP sources section|date=June 2016}}{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|title=Ancestors of Keiko Fujimori
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. Keiko Fujimori
|2= 2. Alberto Fujimori
|3= 3. Susana Higuchi
|4= 4. Naoichi Minami, later Fujimori
|5= 5. Mutsue Inomoto
|6= 6. Koshiro Higuchi[36]
|7= 7. Seki Miyagawa[37]
|8=
|9=
|10= 10. Ohagi Fujimori[38]
|11= 11. Toki Inomoto[38]
|12=
|13=
|14=
|15=
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|19=
|20=
|21=
|22=
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|31=
}}

References

1. ^{{Citation |title=The Fall of Fujimori: The Story |url=http://www.falloffujimori.com/html/the_story_right.html |accessdate=2008-02-12}}.
2. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/06/us-peru-election-candidates-idUSTRE7353R620110406 |title=Factbox: Candidates and platforms in Peru race — Reuters|date=2011-04-06 |accessdate=2011-04-28}}
3. ^{{cite news|title=Peru election: Keiko Fujimori concedes defeat After narrow victory,.|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/06/peru-election-keiko-fujimori-concedes-defeat-160610185216975.html|agency=Al Jazeera}}
4. ^http://utero.pe/2017/08/11/megapost-cronologia-de-las-notas-de-marcelo-odebrecht-sobre-keiko-fujimori/
5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-peru-keiko-fujimori-sentenced-to-36month-preventive-prison-full-story-731413.aspx|title=Peru: Keiko Fujimori sentenced to 36-month preventive prison (Full Story)|last=|first=|date=31 October 2018|work=Andina.pe|access-date=}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/peru-court-orders-fujimori-detention-in-graft-probe-10885846|title=Peru court orders Fujimori detention in graft probe|last=|first=|date=1 November 2018|work=Channel NewsAsia|access-date=}}
7. ^{{cite web | url=http://www2.caretas.pe/Main.asp?T=3082&S=&id=12&idE=1255&idSTo=0&idA=75179#.Wj1qNR2Wb0o | title=Memorias de una Recoletana | work=Caretas | date=April 14, 2016 | accessdate=December 23, 2017 | author=Crespo, Silvia|language=es}}
8. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/28/world/americas/28peru.html?_r=0 | title=Keiko Fujimori Contends For Peru’s Presidency | work=The New York Times | date=May 27, 2011 | accessdate=December 23, 2017 | author=Romero, Simon| authorlink = Simon Romero}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=Fujimori's Ex-Wife Says He Ordered Her Killed|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2001/07/29/fujimori-ex-wife-says-ordered-her-killed.html|agency= Associated Press|publisher=Fox News|date=July 29, 2001|location=Lima, Peru}}
10. ^{{cite news|title=Meet the Fujimoris: Peru power family with a dark past|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/371451|agency=Sun Daily|date=July 29, 2001}}
11. ^{{cite web | url=http://larepublica.pe/politica/323415-revela-que-fundacion-por-los-ninos-del-peru-esta-sin-fondos-eliane-karp-instalara-oficinas | title=Revela que Fundación por los Niños del Perú está sin fondos; Eliane Karp instalará oficinas | work=LaRepublica.pe | date=August 1, 2001 | accessdate=December 23, 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web | url=http://larepublica.pe/politica/903193-keiko-fujimori-admite-que-carece-de-una-experiencia-laboral-solida | title=Keiko Fujimori admite que carece de una experiencia laboral sólida | work=LaRepublica.pe | date=December 15, 2015 | accessdate=December 23, 2017}}
13. ^{{Cite news|title = New extradition plea for Fujimori|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3746662.stm|newspaper = BBC|date = 2004-10-15|access-date = 2016-02-13}}
14. ^NorthJersey.Com. "Peruvian candidate Fujimori courts votes in North Jersey" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929091508/http://www.northjersey.com/news/072210_Peruvian_candidate_Fujimori_pushes_for_congressional_seat_in_North_Jersey_stop.html |date=2012-09-29 }}, NorthJersey.Com (2010-07-22): "Fujimori, who holds a master degree in business administration from Columbia University".
15. ^{{Cite news|title = Fujimori 'to run for presidency'|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3673082.stm|newspaper = BBC|date = 2004-09-20|access-date = 2016-02-13}}
16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-30/fujimori-nostalgia-makes-daughter-a-peru-presidential-contender.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20111215235501/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-30/fujimori-nostalgia-makes-daughter-a-peru-presidential-contender.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=December 15, 2011 |title=Fujimori Nostalgia Makes Daughter a Peru Presidential Contender |publisher=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=June 30, 2010 |accessdate=June 30, 2010 }}
17. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/30/us-peru-election-idUSTRE72T5HO20110330 | agency=Reuters | title=Analysis: Two polarizing figures may meet in Peru run-off | date=March 30, 2011}}
18. ^1 {{cite web|last=Quigley |first=John |publisher=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-01/fujimori-nostalgia-in-peru-fuels-daughter-s-candidacy.html |title=Fujimori Nostalgia in Peru Fuels Daughter's Candidacy |date=2010-07-01 |quote=After previously vowing to pardon her father if elected, she now says she will wait for the Constitutional Court to rule on an appeal before deciding. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112095454/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-01/fujimori-nostalgia-in-peru-fuels-daughter-s-candidacy.html |archivedate=2010-11-12 |df= }}
19. ^{{cite web| title= Rudy Giuliani loses election – in Peru | url= http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0611/56325.html | date= June 6, 2011 | publisher= Politico | accessdate=2011-06-06}}
20. ^https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/09/peru-julio-guzman-disqualified-presidenital-election
21. ^http://perureports.com/2016/03/24/exonerated-keiko-fujimori-to-continue-in-perus-2016-elections/
22. ^{{cite news|title=Peru's Fujimori signs pledge to avoid authoritarian ways of father|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-election-debate-idUSKCN0X10AF|accessdate=25 April 2016|agency=Reuters|date=4 April 2016}}
23. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Leon|first1=Adriana|last2=Kraul|first2=Chris|title=Keiko Fujimori looks like a winner in the first round of Peru's presidential election|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-peru-elections-20160410-story.html|accessdate=25 April 2016|agency=The Los Angeles Times|date=10 April 2016}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Peru election: Keiko Fujimori leads in first round|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36011844|website=BBC News|accessdate=13 April 2016}}
25. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/peru-accidental-president-moves-against-corruption|title=In Peru, an Accidental President Moves Against Corruption|last=|first=|date=|website=Americas Quarterly|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-09-14}}
26. ^{{Cite news|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/1297892-encuesta-cpi-desaprobacion-keiko-fujimori-incrementa-88|title=Encuesta CPI: desaprobación a Keiko Fujimori se incrementa a 88%|last=|first=|date=2018-08-14|work=La Republica|access-date=2018-09-14|language=es}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://peru21.pe/politica/piden-keiko-fujimori-aclarar-validez-su-tesis-maestria-2245978|title=Piden a Keiko Fujimori aclarar validez de su tesis de maestría|last1=Castillo|first1=Carlos|website=Peru21|publisher=Peru21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512180806/http://peru21.pe/politica/piden-keiko-fujimori-aclarar-validez-su-tesis-maestria-2245978|archivedate=May 12, 2016|deadurl=yes|accessdate=May 29, 2016|df=}}
28. ^{{cite news|last1=Fowks|first1=Jacqueline|title=Financistas de Keiko Fujimori figuran en los ‘Panama Papers’|url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2016/04/04/america/1459741516_974092.html|accessdate=21 April 2016|agency=El País|date=4 April 2016}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://rpp.pe/politica/elecciones/jorge-javier-yoshiyama-rechaza-vinculos-con-panama-papers-noticia-950854?ns_source=self&ns_mchannel=articulo.body&ns_campaign=content.rel|title=Jorge Javier Yoshiyama rechaza vínculos con Panamá Papers|website=rpp.pe|access-date=2016-04-15}}
30. ^{{cite web|last1=Dube|first1=Ryan|title=Peruvian Presidential Candidate Keiko Fujimori Extends Her Lead in Poll|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/peruvian-presidential-candidate-keiko-fujimori-extends-her-lead-in-poll-1463967678|publisher=WallStreet Journal|accessdate=May 22, 2016}}
31. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41109132|title=Politicians suspected in bribery scandal|date=2017-12-15|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-04-03|language=en-GB}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/10/peru-opposition-leader-keiko-fujimori-detained-in-financial-investigation|title=Peru opposition leader Keiko Fujimori detained over 'money laundering'|last=Collyns|first=Dan|date=2018-10-10|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-10-10}}
33. ^{{cite web|lang=es|url=https://m.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/peru/tribunal-recogio-la-apelacion-de-keiko-fujimori-y-ordeno-su/2018-10-17/233031.html|title=Tribunal recogió la apelación de Keiko Fujimori y ordenó su excarcelación|website=cooperativa.cl|date=2018-10-17|accessdate=2018-10-21}}
34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20181018-peru-court-orders-keiko-fujimori-release|title=Peru court orders Keiko Fujimori release|date=2018-10-18|work=France 24|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US}}
35. ^{{Cite news|url=https://rpp.pe/politica/judiciales/juez-dicto-36-meses-de-prision-preventiva-contra-keiko-fujimori-noticia-1160217|title=Keiko Fujimori {{!}} Richard Concepción Carhuancho dictó 36 meses de prisión preventiva contra Keiko Fujimori|last=|first=|date=31 October 2018|work=RPP|access-date=2018-11-01|language=es}}
36. ^{{Cite web|url=http://larepublica.pe/politica/766645-para-la-fiscalia-es-falsa-la-version-de-que-el-abuelo-de-keiko-fujimori-financio-sus-estudios|title=Para la fiscalía, es falsa la versión de que el abuelo de Keiko Fujimori financió sus estudios|author=|date=2016-05-11|website=La República|language=Spanish|trans-title=For the prosecution, the version that Keiko Fujimori's grandfather financed his studies is false|access-date=2018-02-05}}
37. ^{{Cite book|last=Sakuda|first=Alejandro|date=1999|title=El futuro era el Perú: Cien años o más de immigración japonesa|trans-title=The future was Peru: One hundred years or more of Japanese immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xml7AAAAMAAJ&q=Koshiro+Higuchi&dq=Koshiro+Higuchi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0raDty4_ZAhVmp1kKHQIsAX0Q6AEIOzAE|language=Spanish|publisher=ESICOS|page=371}}
38. ^1 {{cite book|last=Kimura|first=Rei|date=2011|title=Alberto Fujimori of Peru|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pdPdvRcGBNoC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=mutsue+fujimori&source=bl&ots=nQkODiyVay&sig=bAX2hTeAqbC3wUqf0uG90-n9Oz0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3uMzu35PNAhUKNSYKHYNcCgMQ6AEIPTAG#v=onepage&q=mutsue%20fujimori&f=false|publisher=www.bangkokbooks.com|page=4|isbn=978-616-245-053-2}}

External links

  • Biography in-depth by CIDOB Foundation {{es icon}}
  • Analysis of Keiko Fujimori by Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA)
{{s-start}}{{s-hon}}{{s-bef|before=Susana Higuchi}}{{s-ttl|title=First Lady of Peru|years=1994–2000}}{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|Nilda Jara de Paniagua}}}}
|-{{s-ppo}}{{s-new|office}}{{s-ttl|title=President of the Popular Force|years=2010–present}}{{s-inc}}{{s-end}}{{Current Peruvian Congress}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Fujimori, Keiko}}

17 : 1975 births|Boston University School of Management alumni|Candidates for President of Peru|Children of national leaders|Columbia Business School alumni|First Ladies of Peru|Fujimori family|Fujimorista politicians|Living people|Members of the Congress of the Republic of Peru|Official social partners of national leaders|Peruvian politicians of Japanese descent|Peruvian Roman Catholics|Peruvian women in business|Peruvian women in politics|21st-century Peruvian politicians|21st-century women politicians
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