| 词条 | Couvade syndrome |
| 释义 |
Couvade syndrome, also called sympathetic pregnancy, is a proposed condition in which a partner experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior as an expectant mother.[1] These most often include minor weight gain, altered hormone levels, morning nausea, and disturbed sleep patterns. In more extreme cases, symptoms can include labor pains, fatigue, postpartum depression, and nosebleeds.[2] The labor pain symptom is commonly known as sympathy pain. Couvade syndrome is not recognized as a real syndrome by many medical professionals.[3] Its source is a matter of debate. Some believe it to be a psychosomatic condition, while others believe it may have biological causes relating to hormone changes.[4]SymptomsSymptoms experienced by the partner can include stomach pain, back pain, indigestion, changes in appetite, weight gain, acne, diarrhea, constipation, headache, toothache,[5] cravings, nausea, breast augmentation, breast growth, dry navel, hardening of the nipple, excessive earwax, and insomnia.[4] A qualitative study listed 35 symptoms from Couvade literature, including gastrointestinal, genitourinary, respiratory, oral or dental, stiffening of the glutes, generalized aches and pains, and other symptoms.[6] Psychological theoriesPsychological causes suggested have included anxiety, pseudo-sibling rivalry, identification with the fetus, ambivalence about fatherhood, or parturition envy.[5][7] According to Osvlosky and Culp (1989), pregnancy causes the male counterpart to experience an emergence of ambivalence as well as a recurrence of Oedipal conflict.[8] In 1920s France, Couvade was claimed to be more common in conditions where sex roles are flexible and the female is of a dominant status.[9] Physiological theories{{expand section |date = September 2011}}Studies have shown that the male partner cohabitating with a pregnant female will experience hormonal shifts in his prolactin, cortisol, estradiol, and testosterone levels, typically starting at the end of the first trimester and continuing through several weeks post-partum.[10] References1. ^{{cite web |last=Lack |first=Evonne |date=April 2012 |title=Strange but true: Couvade syndrome (sympathetic pregnancy) |work=Baby Center |url=http://www.babycenter.com/0_strange-but-true-couvade-syndrome-sympathetic-pregnancy_10364940.bc}}{{self-published inline|date=March 2015}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Counihan |first=Carole |title=The Anthropology of Food and Body: Gender, Meaning, and Power |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |page=69 |isbn=978-0-415-92193-0}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Sympathetic Pregnancy: Is Couvade Syndrome Real?|url=http://www.babymed.com/symptoms/sympathetic-pregnancy-is-couvade-syndrome-real|website=BabyMed|date=2012-04-14}} 4. ^1 {{cite web |date=14 June 2007 |title=Partners suffer from phantom pregnancy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6751709.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=20 April 2012}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Klein |first1=Hilary |year=1991 |title=Couvade syndrome: Male counterpart to pregnancy |journal=International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=57–69 |doi=10.2190/FLE0-92JM-C4CN-J83T |pmid=2066258 }} 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Brennan |first1=Arthur |last2=Marshall-Lucette |first2=Sylvie |last3=Ayers |first3=Susan |last4=Ahmed |first4=Hafez |date=February 2007 |title=A qualitative exploration of the Couvade syndrome in expectant fathers |journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=18–39 |doi=10.1080/02646830601117142 }} 7. ^{{cite web |last=Griffiths |first=Mark |year=2012 |title=Things That Go Bump: A Brief Overview of Couvade Syndrome |url=https://drmarkgriffiths.wordpress.com/2012/11/07/things-that-go-bump-a-brief-overview-of-couvade-syndrome/}}{{self-published inline|date=March 2015}} 8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Brennan |first1=Arthur |last2=Ayers |first2=Susan |last3=Ahmed |first3=Hafez |last4=Marshall-Lucette |first4=Sylvie |date=August 2007 |title=A critical review of the Couvade syndrome: the pregnant male |journal=Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=173–89 |doi=10.1080/02646830701467207 }} 9. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Idw8NKD3zD4C&pg=PA11 |title=Histoire générale du féminisme des origines à nos jours |trans-title=General History of feminism origins to the present day |language=French |last=Abensour |first=Léon |publisher=Delagrave |year=1921 |page=11 |oclc=220162157}} 10. ^{{cite journal |first1=Anne E. |last1=Storey |first2=Carolyn J. |last2=Walsh |first3=Roma L. |last3=Quinton |first4=Katherine E. |last4=Wynne-Edwards |date=March 2000 |title=Hormonal correlates of paternal responsiveness in new and expectant fathers |journal=Evolution and Human Behavior |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00042-2 |pmid=10785345 }} Further reading{{Morefootnotes|article|date=March 2015}}
External links
3 : Andrology|Culture-bound syndromes|Human pregnancy |
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