1. Debris generation and destruction

2. Implications

3. Avoidance and reduction

4. Potential trigger

5. In fiction

6. See also

7. References

8. Further reading

9. External links

The Kessler syndrome (also called the Kessler effect,^[1][2] collisional cascading or ablation cascade), proposed by the NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler in 1978, is a scenario in which the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade where each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions.^[3] One implication is that the distribution of debris in orbit could render space activities and the use of satellites in specific orbital ranges impractical for many generations.^[3]

Debris generation and destruction

Every satellite, space probe, and manned mission has the potential to produce space debris. A cascading Kessler syndrome becomes more likely as satellites in orbit increase in number. As of 2014, there were about 2,000 commercial and government satellites orbiting the earth.^[4] It is estimated that there are 600,000 pieces of space junk ranging from 1 cm to 10 cm, and on average one satellite is destroyed each year.^[4][5]

The most commonly used orbits for both manned and unmanned space vehicles are low earth orbits, which cover an altitude range low enough for residual atmospheric drag to be sufficient to help keep the zone clear. Collisions that occur in this altitude range are also less of an issue because the directions into which the fragments fly and/or their lower specific energy often result in orbits intersecting with Earth or having perigee below this altitude.

Orbital decay is much slower at altitudes where atmospheric drag is insignificant. Slight atmospheric drag, lunar perturbation, and solar wind drag can gradually bring debris down to lower altitudes where fragments finally re-enter, but this process can take millennia at very high altitudes.

Implications

The Kessler syndrome is troublesome because of the domino effect and feedback runaway wherein impacts between objects of sizable mass spall off debris from the force of the collision. The shrapnel can then hit other objects, producing even more space debris: if a large enough collision or explosion were to occur, such as between a space station and a defunct satellite, or as the result of hostile actions in space, then the resulting debris cascade could make prospects for long-term viability of satellites in low earth orbit extremely low.^[6][7] However, even a catastrophic Kessler scenario at LEO would pose minimal risk for launches continuing past LEO, or satellites travelling at medium Earth orbit (MEO) or geosynchronous orbit (GEO). The catastrophic scenarios predict an increase in the number of collisions per year, as opposed to a physically impassable barrier to space exploration that occurs in higher orbits.

Avoidance and reduction

Designers of a new vehicle or satellite are frequently required to demonstrate that it can be safely disposed of at the end of its life, for example by use of a controlled atmospheric reentry system or a boost into a graveyard orbit.^[8]

In order to obtain a license to provide telecommunications services in the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires all geostationary satellites launched after March 18, 2002 to commit to moving to a graveyard orbit at the end of their operational life.^[9] U.S. government regulations require a boost, , of ≈300 km.^[10]

A proposed energy-efficient means of deorbiting a spacecraft from MEO is to shift it to an orbit in an unstable resonance with the Sun or Moon that speeds up orbital decay.^[11][12]

One technology proposed to help deal with fragments from 1 cm to 10 cm in size is the laser broom, a proposed multimegawatt land-based laser that could deorbit debris: the side of the debris hit by the laser would ablate and create a thrust that would change the eccentricity of the remains of the fragment until it would re-enter harmlessly.^[13]

Potential trigger

The Envisat satellite is a large, inactive satellite with a mass of {{convert|8211|kg|lb|abbr=on}} that drifts at {{convert|785|km|mi|abbr=on}}, an altitude where the debris environment is the greatest—two catalogued objects can be expected to pass within about 200 meters of Envisat every year^[16]—and likely to increase. It could easily become a major debris contributor from a collision during the next 150 years that it will remain in orbit.^[14]

In fiction

• The initial segment of Planetes is centered around an orbital debris cleaning crew, whose entire purpose is reducing the Kessler risk.
• The 2013 film Gravity features a Kessler syndrome catastrophe as the event that sets the plot in motion.^[15]
• The plot of Neal Stephenson's 2015 novel Seveneves begins with the unexplained explosion of the Moon into seven large pieces, the subsequent creation of a cloud of debris by Kessler syndrome collisions, and the eventual bombardment of Earth's surface by lunar meteoroids.^[16]
• The videogame Skies Unknown features a full scale occurrence of the event late in the storyline.
• The novel Tom Clancy: Oath of Office by Marc Cameron, has a plot by Iranian dissidents to shoot two Russian nuclear missiles into space to destroy an orbiting satellite which would then set off the Kessler Syndrome.

See also

• 1985 ASM-135 ASAT anti-satellite missile test
• 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test
• 2009 satellite collision
• P78-1
• SNAP-10A
• Space Liability Convention
• USA-193

References

Further reading

• {{cite web

• An article in the July 2009 issue of Popular Mechanics by Glenn Harlan Reynolds discusses the Kessler syndrome in regards to the February 2009 satellite collision and how international law may need to address the problem to help prevent future incidents: Reynolds, G. H. (2009, July). "Collision course". Popular Mechanics, pp. 50–52.
• Kessler was featured in an article named, "[https://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/05/ff_space_junk/ The Looming Space Junk Crisis: It’s Time to Take Out the Trash]," which appeared in the June 2010 issue of Wired magazine.
• Documentary: Collision point: The race to clean up space (length: 22 minutes 28 seconds), included in the extra material on the Blu-ray Disc for Gravity (film).

External links

• Don Kessler's Web Page
• {{APOD |date=18 February 2009 |title=Satellites Collide in Low Earth Orbit}}
• Mathematical Modeling of debris flux
• [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/06/science/space/06orbi.html The New York Times: "Orbiting Junk, Once a Nuisance, Is Now a Threat"]
• [https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/15.05/st_houston.html Wired: "Houston we have a trash problem"]
• {{cite news |last=Schwartz|first=Evan I.|date=May 24, 2010 |title=The Looming Space Junk Crisis: It’s Time to Take Out the Trash| url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/05/ff_space_junk/ |work=Wired|accessdate=14 June 2010}}
• [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/science/space/12satellite.html "Debris Spews Into Space After Satellites Collide"]
• Aggregated public information research on space debris, graveyard orbits, etc.
• "Space junk littering orbit; might need cleaning up", Associated Press (1 September 2011)

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