| 词条 | KH-9 Hexagon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
They are also officially known as the Broad Coverage Photo Reconnaissance satellites (Code 467), built by Lockheed Corporation for the National Reconnaissance Office.[1] The KH-9 was declassified in September 2011 and an example was put on public display for a single day on September 17, 2011 in the parking lot of the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum.[3][4][5] On January 26, 2012 the National Museum of the United States Air Force put a KH-9 on public display along with its predecessors the KH-7 and KH-8.[6] DevelopmentThe KH-9 was originally conceived in the early 1960s as a replacement for the Corona search satellites. The goal was to search large areas of the earth with a medium resolution camera. The KH-9 carried two main cameras, although a mapping camera was also carried on several missions. The photographic film from the cameras was sent to recoverable re-entry vehicles and returned to Earth, where the capsules were caught in mid-air by an aircraft. Four re-entry vehicles were carried on most missions, with a fifth added for missions that included a mapping camera. Between September 1966 and July 1967, the contractors for the Hexagon subsystems were selected. LMSC was awarded the contract for the Satellite Basic Assembly (SBA), Perkin Elmer for the primary Sensor Subsystem (SS), McDonnell for the Reentry Vehicle (RV), RCA Astro-Electronics Division for the Film Take Up system, and Itek for the Stellar Index camera (SI). Integration and ground-testing of Satellite Vehicle 1 (SV-1) was completed in May 1971, and it was subsequently shipped to Vandenberg Air Force Base in a {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=on|}} container. Ultimately, four generations ("blocks") of KH-9 Hexagon reconnaissance satellites were developed. KH9-7 (1207) was the first to fly a Block-II panoramic camera and SBA. Block-III (vehicles 13 to 18) included upgrades to electrical distribution and batteries. Two added tanks with ullage control for the Orbit Adjust System (OAS) and new thrusters for the Reaction Control System (RCS) served to increase KH-9's operational lifetime. In addition the nitrogen supply for the film transport system and the camera vessel was increased. Block-IV was equipped with an extended command system using plated wire memory.[9] In the mid 1970s, over 1,000 people in the Danbury, Connecticut area worked on the secret project.[7] A reentry vehicle from the first Hexagon satellite sank to {{convert|16000|ft|m||}} below the Pacific Ocean after its parachute failed. The {{USS|Trieste II|DSV-1}} retrieved its payload in April 1972 after a lengthy search but the film disintegrated due to the nine months underwater, leaving no usable photographs.[8] Over the duration of the program the lifetime of the individual satellites increased steadily. The final KH-9 operated for up to 275 days. Different versions of the satellite varied in mass; most weighed {{convert|11400|or|13300|kg|order=flip}}. Satellite Control SectionThe Satellite Control Section (SCS), which forms the aft part of the SBA, started as Air Force Project 467. SCS was intended as a more capable replacement for the on-orbit propulsion, which had been provided by the Agena upper stage for previous generations of reconnaissance satellites. The SCS featured an increased diameter of {{convert|10|ft|spell=in||}} (compared to {{convert|5|ft|spell= in||}} for the Agena) and a length of {{convert|6|ft|spell=in||}}. It incorporated a secondary propulsion system inherited from the Agena. SCS was equipped with deployable solar arrays and an unfurlable parabolic antenna for high data rate communication.[9] Main cameraThe main camera system was designed by Perkin-Elmer[10] to take stereo images, with a forward looking camera on the port side, and an aft looking camera on the starboard side. Images were taken at altitudes ranging from {{convert|90-200|mi|ft km||}}. The camera optical layout is an f/3.0 folded Wright Camera, with a focal length of {{convert|60|in|m|abbr=on}}. The system aperture is defined by a {{convert|20|in|m|abbr=on}} diameter aspheric corrector plate, which corrects the spherical aberration of the Wright design. In each of the cameras the ground image passes through the corrector plate to a 45-degree-angle flat mirror, which reflects the light to a {{convert|0.91|m|in|adj=mid|-diameter|order=flip}} concave main mirror. The main mirror directs the light through an opening in the flat mirror and through a four-element lens system onto the film platen. The cameras could scan contiguous areas up to 120 degrees wide, and achieved a ground resolution better than {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}} during the later phase of the project.[11][12] Mapping imageryMissions 1205 to 1216 carried a "mapping camera" (also known as a "frame camera") that used 9 inch film and had a moderately low resolution of initially {{convert|30|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}, which improved to {{convert|20|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} on later missions[13] (somewhat better than LANDSAT). Intended for mapmaking, photos this camera took cover essentially the entire Earth with at least some images between 1973 and 1980.[14] Almost all the imagery from this camera, amounting to 29,000 images, each covering {{convert|3400|km2|order=flip||}}, was declassified in 2002 as a result of Executive order 12951,[15] the same order which declassified CORONA, and copies of the films were transferred to the U.S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observation Systems office.[16] The KH-9 was never a backup project for the KH-10 Manned Orbital Laboratory. It was developed solely as a replacement for the Corona search system.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} High-altitude atmospheric densityMissions 1205 to 1207 carried Doppler beacons[17] to help map the atmospheric density at high altitudes in an effort to understand the effect on ephemeris predictions.[18][19] The measurements of the atmospheric density were released through NASA.[20] ELINT subsatellitesMissions 1203, 1207, 1208, 1209, and 1212 to 1219 included Ferret ELINT subsatellites, which were launched into a high earth orbit to catalogue Soviet air defence radars, eavesdrop on voice communications, and tape missile and satellite telemetry. Missions 1210 to 1212 also included scientific subsatellites.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] KH-9 missions
CostThe total cost of the 20 flight KH-9 program from FY1966 to FY1986 was US$3.262 billion in respective year dollars (equivalent to {{inflation|USD|3.262|1976|r=2}} billion in {{inflation-year|USD}}, with an average reference year of 1976).[30] SpecificationsData source: The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft[1] and NSSDC
GallerySee alsoOther U.S. imaging spy satellites:
References1. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Yenne, Bill|title=The Encyclopedia of US Spacecraft|publisher=Exeter Books (A Bison Book), New York|year=1985|isbn=0-671-07580-2}}p.32 Big Bird 2. ^1 {{cite web |title=34D-9: Titan rocket with last KH-9 explodes after liftoff (18.4.86) (F) |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXBl03wVHOY }} 3. ^https://fas.org/blogs/secrecy/2011/09/nro_50th/ 4. ^http://www.space.com/12996-secret-spy-satellites-declassified-nro.html 5. ^Doyle, John M., Big Bird, uncaged, Air and Space, December 2011/January 2012, p.10 6. ^Cohen, Aubrey, "Three former spy satellites go on display", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Thursday, January 26, 2012 7. ^{{cite news |title=Decades Later, a Cold War Secret Is Revealed |date=December 25, 2011 |work=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/12/26/decades-later-cold-war-secret-is-revealed/ }} 8. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/historical-collection-publications/underwater-ice-station-zebra/ice-station-zebra.pdf| title=An Underwater Ice Station Zebra: Recovering a Secret Spy Satellite Capsule from 16,400 feet Below the Pacific Ocean| work=Historical Collection Publications| date=2013-05-28| accessdate=2013-06-29| author=Walthrop, David| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028153210/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/historical-collection-publications/underwater-ice-station-zebra/ice-station-zebra.pdf| archivedate=2013-10-28| df=}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.governmentattic.org/12docs/USAFandNSecSpacePgm1946-1988.pdf |title=The Air Force and the National Security Space Program 1946 - 1988 |publisher=USAF Historical Research Center|first=R. Cargill|last=Hall|date=1988}} 10. ^Doyle, John M., Big Bird, uncaged, Air & Space, December 2011/January 2012, p.10 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/gambhex/index.html|title=Critical to US Security: the development of the GAMBIT and HEXAGON satellite reconnaissance system|publisher=National Reconnaissance Office|year=1997|author=Gerald K. Haines|access-date=2011-09-24|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AM8fQThM?url=http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/gambhex/index.html|archive-date=2012-09-01|dead-url=yes|df=}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/gambhex/index.html|title=A history of the HEXAGON program|publisher=National Reconnaissance Office|year=1985|author=Richard J. Chester|access-date=2011-09-24|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AM8fQThM?url=http://www.nro.gov/history/csnr/gambhex/index.html|archive-date=2012-09-01|dead-url=yes|df=}} 13. ^{{cite web| title=NRO's Review & Redaction Guide (RRG), 2008| publisher=NRO| url=http://nro.gov/foia/NRO_RRG_redacted.PDF}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 14. ^NARA ARC database description of "Keyhole-9 (KH-9) Satellite Imagery", accession number NN3-263-02-011 15. ^{{cite web|title=National Archives Releases Recently Declassified Satellite Imagery| date=2002-10-09 | publisher=National Archives and Records Administration press release| url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2003/nr03-02.html}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=NIMA Sponsors Historical Imagery Declassification Conference America's Eyes: What We Were Seeing|publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=9535}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=NIMS file by satellite name |publisher=NASA| url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/publication/satx.doc|date=2006-04-28 |author= Barbara Pope}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=Atmospheric Density Determination from Analysis of Doppler Beacon Satellite Data| date=1975-04-01|publisher=Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Hanscom AFB| url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA012195|author1=James N. Bass |author2=Krishin H. Bhavnani |author3=Isabel M. Hussey }} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Atmospheric drag analyses of low-altitude Doppler beacon satellites| year=1976|publisher=New Mexico State University| bibcode=1976sdp..conf..343C|author1=K.S.W. Champion |author2=J.M. Forves }} 20. ^{{cite web|title=National Reconnaissance Office Review and Redaction Guide: Version 1.0 2008 Edition|date=2002-10-09|publisher=NRO|url=http://www.nro.gov/foia/foia_fri.html|author=Scott F. Large|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506220319/http://www.nro.gov/foia/foia_fri.html|archivedate=2009-05-06|df=}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1972-052C|title=1972-052C|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1973-088B|title=1973-088B|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1974-020B|title=1974-020B|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1974-020C|title=1974-020C|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1974-085B|title=1974-085B|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1976-065B|title=1976-065B|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1976-065C|title=1976-065C|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1984-065C|title=1984-065C|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1360/1|title=Robotic ravens: American ferret satellite operations during the Cold War|publisher=thespacereview.com|date=2009-04-27|first=Dwayne|last=Day}} 30. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.nro.gov/foia/declass/GAMHEX/GAMBIT%20and%20HEXAGON%20Histories/7.PDF|title=The HEXAGON story|publisher=National Reconnaissance Office|year=1988|access-date=2011-10-06|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AMDdPmpN?url=http://www.nro.gov/foia/declass/GAMHEX/GAMBIT%20and%20HEXAGON%20Histories/7.PDF|archive-date=2012-09-01|dead-url=yes|df=}} 31. ^1971-056A 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1971-056A|title=KH 9-01|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 33. ^1972-002A 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1972-002A|title=KH 9-02|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 35. ^1972-052A 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1972-052A|title=KH 9-03|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 37. ^1972-079A 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1972-079A|title=KH 9-04|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 39. ^1973-014A 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1973-014A|title=KH 9-05|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 41. ^1973-043A 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1973-046A|title=KH 9-06|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 43. ^1973-088A 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1973-088A|title=KH 9-07|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 45. ^1974-020A 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1974-020A|title=KH 9-08|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 47. ^1974-085A 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1974-085A|title=KH 9-09|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 49. ^1975-051A 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1975-114A|title=KH 9-10|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 51. ^1975-114A 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1975-114A|title=KH 9-11|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 53. ^1976-065A 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1976-065A|title=KH 9-12|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 55. ^1977-056A 56. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1977-056A|title=KH 9-13|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 57. ^1978-029A 58. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1978-029A|title=KH 9-14|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 59. ^1979-025A 60. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1979-025A|title=KH 9-15|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 61. ^1980-052A 62. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1980-052A|title=KH 9-16|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 63. ^1982-041A 64. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1982-041A|title=KH 9-17|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 65. ^1983-060A 66. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1983-060A|title=KH 9-18|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 67. ^1984-065A 68. ^{{cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1984-065A|title=1984-065A|publisher=NASA National Space Science Data Center|date=2010-10-08}} 69. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA491628 |title=Reentry Breakup and Survivability Characteristics of the Vehicle Atmospheric Survivability Project (VASP) Vehicles |publisher=dtic.mil |first=Richard G.|last=Stern|date=2008-08-05}} External links{{Commons category|KH-9 HEXAGON}}
4 : 1971 in spaceflight|Black projects|Reconnaissance satellites of the United States|Surveillance |
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