| 词条 | Cowra breakout |
| 释义 |
|Event_Name = Cowra breakout |Image_Name = Cowrapowcamp.jpg |Imagesize = 300px |Image_Alt = |Image_Caption = Cowra POW Camp, 1 July 1944. Japanese POWs practicing baseball near their quarters, several weeks before the Cowra breakout. The photograph was taken for the Allied Far Eastern Liaison Office, with the intention of using it in propaganda leaflets, to be dropped over Japanese held islands and Japan itself. |Thumb_Time = |AKA = |Participants = |Location = Near Cowra, New South Wales, Australia |coordinates = {{coord|33|48|41|S|148|42|14|E|display=title,inline|region:AU_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}} |Date = 5 August 1944 |nongregorian = |Deaths = 235 |Result = ~545 Japanese POWs escape |URL = }} The Cowra breakout occurred on 5 August 1944, when at least 1,104 Japanese prisoners of war attempted to escape from a prisoner of war camp near Cowra, in New South Wales, Australia. It was the largest prison escape of World War II, as well as one of the bloodiest. During the escape and ensuing manhunt, four Australian soldiers and 231 Japanese soldiers were killed. The remaining escapees were captured and imprisoned. POW campCowra, a farming district {{cvt|314|km|abbr=on}} due west of Sydney, was the town nearest to No. 12 Prisoner of War Compound, a major POW camp, where 4,000 Axis military personnel and civilians were detained. The prisoners at Cowra also included 2,000 Italians, Koreans who had served in the Japanese military, and Indonesian civilians detained at the request of the Dutch East Indies government.[1] By August 1944, there were 2,223 Japanese POWs in Australia, including 544 merchant seamen. There were 14,720 Italian prisoners, the majority of whom had been captured in the North African Campaign, and 1,585 Germans, mostly naval or merchant seamen.{{cn|date=March 2019}} Although the POWs were treated in accordance with the 1929 Geneva Convention, relations between the Japanese POWs and the guards were poor, due largely to significant cultural differences.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} A riot by Japanese POWs at Featherston prisoner of war camp in New Zealand, in February 1943, led to security being tightened at Cowra.{{cn|date=March 2019}} Eventually the camp authorities installed several Vickers and Lewis machine guns to augment the rifles carried by the members of the Australian Militia's 22nd Garrison Battalion, which was composed mostly of old or disabled veterans or young men considered physically unfit for frontline service.{{cn|date=March 2019}} Breakout{{Moresources|section|date=March 2019}}In the first week of August 1944, a tip-off from an informer at Cowra led authorities to plan a move of all Japanese POWs at Cowra, except officers and NCOs, to another camp at Hay, New South Wales, some {{cvt|400|km|abbr=on}} to the west. The Japanese were notified of the move on 4 August. In the words of historian Gavin Long, the following night: {{quote|At about 2 a.m. a Japanese ran to the camp gates and shouted what seemed to be a warning to the sentries. Then a Japanese bugle sounded. A sentry fired a warning shot. More sentries fired as three mobs of prisoners, shouting "Banzai", began breaking through the wire, one mob on the northern side, one on the western and one on the southern. They flung themselves across the wire with the help of blankets. They were armed with knives, baseball bats, clubs studded with nails and hooks, wire stilettos and garotting cords.[2]}}The bugler, Hajime Toyoshima, had been Australia’s first Japanese prisoner of the war.[3] Soon afterwards, prisoners set most of the buildings in the Japanese compound on fire. Within minutes of the start of the breakout attempt, Privates Ben Hardy and Ralph Jones manned the No. 2 Vickers machine-gun and began firing into the first wave of escapees. They were soon overwhelmed by a wave of Japanese prisoners who had breached the lines of barbed wire fences. Before dying, Private Hardy managed to remove and throw away the gun's bolt, rendering the gun useless. This prevented the prisoners from turning the machine gun against the guards. Some 359 POWs escaped, while some others attempted or committed suicide, or were killed by their countrymen. Some of those who did escape also committed suicide to avoid recapture. All the survivors were recaptured within 10 days of their breakout.[4] Aftermath{{Moresources|section|date=March 2019}}During the escape and subsequent round-up of POWs, four Australian soldiers and 231 Japanese soldiers were killed and 108 prisoners were wounded. The leaders of the breakout ordered the escapees not to attack Australian civilians, and none were killed or injured. The government conducted an official inquiry into the events. Its conclusions were read to the Australian House of Representatives by Curtin on 8 September 1944. Among the findings were:
Privates Hardy and Jones were posthumously awarded the George Cross as a result of their actions. Australia continued to operate No. 12 Camp until the last Japanese and Italian prisoners were repatriated in 1947. Cowra maintains a significant Japanese war cemetery. In addition, a commemorative Japanese garden was later built on Bellevue Hill to memorialize these events. The garden was designed by Ken Nakajima in the style of the Edo period.[5] Depictions in film and literature
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cowraregion.com.au/home/?id=2295|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511065246/http://www.cowraregion.com.au/home/?id=2295|title=The Story of Italians at the POW Camp|work=Cowra Council|archivedate=11 May 2013|accessdate=6 August 2016}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Long|first=Gavin|year=1963|chapter-url=https://www.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070308--1-.pdf|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070206/|title=The Final Campaigns|chapter=Appendix 5 – The Prison Break at Cowra, August 1944|series=Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army|volume=Volume 7|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian War Memorial|oclc=1297619|pp=623-624}} 3. ^S Thompson. Exhibit - Objects through Time: COWRA bugle, c1930s {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120805114520/http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/bugle/ |date=5 August 2012 }}, Migration Heritage Centre, New South Wales, 2006 4. ^{{cite book | author=Wendy Lewis, Simon Balderstone and John Bowan | title=Events That Shaped Australia | pages=175–179 | publisher=New Holland | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-74110-492-9 }} 5. ^Tam, Tracy, "Australian town commemorates 1944 POW camp breakout", The Japan Times, (Kyodo News), 19 August 2014 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/693772|title=Dead men rising / [by] Kenneth Seaforth Mackenzie |publisher=National Library of Australia|accessdate=11 August 2010}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1589160|title=Die like the carp : the story of the greatest prison escape ever / Harry Gordon |publisher=National Library of Australia|accessdate=11 August 2010}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=http://aso.gov.au/titles/tv/cowra-breakout/notes/ | title=The Cowra Breakout - Curator’s notes + clips & credits | publisher=National Film and Sound Archive (NFSA) | accessdate=24 November 2011}} 9. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0135848/ | title=The Cowra Breakout (TV mini-series 1984) | publisher=IMDb| accessdate=24 November 2011}} External links
12 : 1944 riots|1944 in Australia|History of New South Wales|World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Australia|Prison uprisings|Military history of Australia during World War II|Military camps in Australia|POW escapes and rescues during World War II|Military history of Japan during World War II|20th century in New South Wales|August 1944 events|Cowra, New South Wales |
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