“Khaibakh massacre”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Khaibakh massacre was the mass execution of the Chechen civilian population of the aul (village) Khaibakh, in the mountainous part of Chechnya, by Soviet forces during the deportations of 1944 on 27 February 1944.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Timeline

The massacre took place on 27 February 1944 during Operation Lentil (the Soviet mass deportation of Chechens to prison camps in Central Asia). Due to inclement weather it was impossible to convoy Chechen deportees to the railway stations by the deadline set by Beria, resulting in over 700 villagers, including "non-transportable" elderly, pregnant women and small children, were locked in a stable fortified with dry hay and burned alive; those who broke from burning stable were shot. One of the witnesses assigned to the military unit, interpreter {{ill|Ziautdin Malsagov|ru|Мальсагов, Дзияудин Габисович}}, recalls that NKVD commander Gvishiani called the two newborn children in the stable "bandits" before ordering to burn the 704 people alive.^[5] After the incident, Gveshiani was reportedly congratulated for his success and good work by Lavrenty Beria, who promised him a medal.^[6]^[7]

Rediscovery

The aul of Khaibakh was rediscovered through archaeological finds in Ukraine. World War II archaeologists found the remains of North Caucasian scouts who died during an operation behind enemy (German) lines. Letters addressed to their relatives were found in their water-resistant pockets, addressed to aul Khaibakh. Stepan Kashurko, one of the archaeologists, accompanied by a former Soviet general, decided to inform the families that the bodies of their relatives were found, but they learned that the settlement no longer existed.^[8] In continuing their search, they discovered that while the Chechen soldiers were dying at the front, their relatives were burned alive by the Soviet soldiers.^[9]

Denialism

In a refusal to permit the release of the 2014 film Ordered to Forget about the massacre, the Russian Ministry of Culture stated that it had searched three Russian state archives, and that "as a result of the investigation, no documents were discovered proving the fact of the mass burning of residents" from Khaibakh. The ministry then claimed that the event was a case of historical falsification.^[10] However, the special commission responsible for investigating the massacre in 1990 concluded on 20 August that the massacre had indeed happened.^[11]

Deniers of the massacre cite an alleged telegram from Mikhail Gvishiani to Lavrenty Beria as the main documental evidence:

Russian historian Pavel Polyan considers the telegram questionable on the grounds that the phrase "Только для ваших глаз" (For your eyes only) was not used in official Soviet documents and that the real name of operation was "Чечевица" (Chechevytsa, Lentil), not "Горы" (Gory, Mountains); Gvishiani was also not a colonel but a 3rd Rank Commissar of State security. However, in 2003 interview with Radio Svoboda, Polyan acknowledged the existence of the massacre and mentioned several other massacres committed by the NKVD.^[12]

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVqqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA751&lpg=PA751&dq=khaibakh+massacre&source=bl&ots=4hKECUfWzi&sig=ACfU3U0cntru5jpWX1QYlxWkSzLUjG36kA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikhYe4t9PgAhWnTd8KHYedBnE4ChDoATAJegQIChAB#v=onepage&q=khaibakh%20massacre&f=false|title=Atrocities, Massacres, and War Crimes: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia|last=Mikaberidze|first=Alexander|date=2013-06-25|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598849264|language=en}}
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0jDCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|title=Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict|last=Askerov|first=Ali|date=2015-04-22|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442249257|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=|title=Ethnic cleansing in twentieth century Europe|last=Naimark|first=Norman M.|date=1998|publisher=Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=en}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3516876|title=The punished peoples : the deportation and fate of Soviet minorities at the end of the Second World War|last=Moiseevich)|first=Nekrich, A. M. (Aleksandr|date=1978|publisher=Norton|isbn=0393056465|edition=1st |location=New York|oclc=3516876}}
5. ^http://www.chechenpress.org/news/3111-2013-02-21-13-47-45.html
6. ^Gammer, Moshe. Lone Wolf and Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule. London 2006. Page 170. {{ISBN|978-0-8229-5898-7}}
7. ^Dunlop, John. Russia Confronts Chechnya: The Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Page 65. {{ISBN|978-0-521-63619-3}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://informacia.ru/topsecret/news19.htm |script-title=ru:Годовщине депортации народов Северного Кавказа посвящается... |trans-title=Interview with Stephan Kashurko, president of the special 1990 commission investigating the Khaibakh massacre |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614083251/http://informacia.ru/topsecret/news19.htm |archivedate=2008-06-14|language=ru}}
9. ^Дешериев Ю. Жизнь во мгле и борьбе: О трагедии репрессированных народов. {{ISBN|5-86020-238-5}} {{ru icon}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afp.com/en/news/russia-bans-historically-false-film-stalin-deportations-chechens |title=Russia bans 'historically false' film on Stalin deportations of Chechens |date=27 May 2014 |accessdate=1 June 2014 |website=AFP |quote=The ministry said it had searched three Russian state archives including the files of the NKVD security forces that carried out the deportations and Stalin's personal files. "As a result of the investigation, no documents were discovered proving the fact of the mass burning of residents," the ministry said. "This allows us to conclude that claims of this 'event' are a historical falsification." |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602194904/http://www.afp.com/en/news/russia-bans-historically-false-film-stalin-deportations-chechens |archivedate= 2 June 2014 |df= }}
11. ^{{Cite book|url=|title=Separatism: democracy and disintegration|last=Spencer|first=Metta|date=1998|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=|isbn=9780847685844|location=|pages=225|language=en}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/24204195.html|title=Операция "Чечевица"|website=Радио Свобода|language=ru|access-date=2019-02-24}}