“Khanate of Kalat”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Khanate of Kalat ({{lang-bal|خانات ءِ قلات}}) was a princely state that existed from 1666 to 1955 in the centre of the modern-day province of Balochistan, Pakistan. Prior to that they were subjects of Mughal emperor Akbar.^[4]^[5] Ahmedzai Baloch and Brahui Khan ruled the state independently until 1839, when it became a self-governing state in a subsidiary alliance with British India. After the signature of the Treaty of Mastung by the Khan of Kalat and the Baloch Sardars in 1876, Kalat became part of the Baluchistan Agency.^[6] It was briefly independent from 12 August 1947 till 27 March 1948, later the Khan acceded his state to the new Dominion of Pakistan. It remained a princely state of Pakistan until 1955, when it was incorporated into the country.

Geography

The Khanate of Kalat occupied the central part of the territory of modern-day Balochistan province in Pakistan. To the north was Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province).

The principal mountains are the Central Baloch, Kirthar, Pab, Siahan, Central Makran and Makran Coast Ranges, which descend in elevation from about 10,000 to {{convert|1200|ft|m}}. The drainage of the country is almost all carried off to the south by the Nari, Mula, Hab, Porali, Hingol and Dasht rivers. The only large river draining northwards is the Rakhshan. The coast line includes Gawadar, Pasni, Sonmiani and Geewani, modern-day Pakistani Balochistan.

Subdivisions

Independent states under British protectorate

History

According to Ta'rikh-i Yahyae al-muluk, at the end of the 16th century the Kelat region (former Turan ) was under the control of the Safavids, but at the beginning of the 17th century the Baluchi tribe of Lashari stood up against the Sistan Khan and the Kermanian Beglar-Begi, and took control of Turan and Makran, until the Kelat Khanate appeared.^[7] The Khanate of Kalat was founded in 1666 by [[Ahmad I (Kalat)|Mir Ahmad Khan. The Khanate reached at its peak during the period of Khan of Kalat Mir Naseer Khan Noori Ahmadzai Baloch, in 1758, who unified Kalat region under his flag.^[8] The territories controlled by the state fluctuated over the centuries but eventually were established by treaties with the British Agent Robert Sandeman in the late 19th century. Parts of the state to the north and northeast were leased or ceded to form the province of British Baluchistan which later gained the status of a Chief Commissioners province.

From 12 August 1947 to 27 March 1948, the region was de facto independent before acceding to Pakistan on 27 March 1948. The Baluchistan States Union was formed on 3 October 1952 with three neighbouring states. The Khanate of Kalat ceased to exist on 14 October 1955 when the province of West Pakistan was formed.

The khanate of Kelat had a flag green over red. In the center occupying the red part and a little part of the green, a large white crescent pointed upwards and a white star (the star exactly in the center of the two stripes). Within the star and crescent an Islamic inscription. On the star there is a maxim: "God is the Greatest" and on the crescent moon the inscription says: "There is no deity but God and Muhammad is His Messenger". All of this is placed on the horizontal bicolor of green over red. These are colors to which Muslim Baluch assign great significance.^[9]

Rulers of Kalat

The rulers of Kalat held the title of Wali originally but in 1739 also took the title (Begler Begi) Khan usually shortened to Khan. The last Khan of Kalat ({{lang-bal|خان قلات}}) had the privilege of being the President of the Council of Rulers for the Baluchistan States Union.

See also

References

1. ^Treaty of Kalat between Balochistan and Afghanistan in 1758
2. ^"Baluchistan" Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol. 6, p. 277, from the Digital South Asia Library, accessed 15 January 2009
3. ^http://thebaluch.com/documents/Nasir%20Khan%20Noori.pdf
4. ^Treaty of Kalat between Balochistan and Afghanistan in 1758
5. ^"Baluchistan" Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol. 6, p. 277, from the Digital South Asia Library, accessed 15 January 2009
6. ^Balochistan Archives - Records of the Agent to the Governor General in Balochistan
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus16/Sistani/text5.phtml|title=Восточная Литература - библиотека текстов Средневековья|website=www.vostlit.info|access-date=2018-07-16}}
8. ^¹{{cite book|author=Naseer Dashti|title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0Jg3q33mkgC&pg=PA280|accessdate=6 August 2013|date=8 October 2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-5897-5|pages=280}}
9. ^http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-kalat.html
10. ^{{citation |last=Siddiqi |first=Farhan Hanif |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC&pg=PA59 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |ISBN=978-0-415-68614-3 |page=62}}