| 词条 | Kichwa language | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Kichwa |altname= |nativename=Kichwa Shimi, Runa Shimi |states=Ecuador, Colombia, Peru |speakers=1.209 million |date=1991–2010 |ref=e18 |familycolor=American |fam1=Quechuan |fam2=Quechua II |fam3=Northern |lc1= inb |ld1= Inga |lc2= inj |ld2= Jungle Inga |lc3= qvo |ld3= Napo Lowland |lc4= qup |ld4= Southern Pastaza |lc5= qud |ld5= Calderón Highland |lc6= qxr |ld6= Cañar Highland |lc7= qug |ld7= Chimborazo Highland |lc8= qvi |ld8= Imbabura Highland |lc9= qvj |ld9= Loja Highland |lc10= qvz |ld10= Northern Pastaza |lc11= qxl |ld11= Salasaca Highland |lc12= quw |ld12= Tena Lowland |glotto=colo1257 |glottorefname=Colombia–Ecuador Quechua IIB |map=Quechua (subgrupos).svg |mapcaption=Distribution of Quechua sub-groups. Kichwa is shown in light blue (II B). |notice=IPA }} Kichwa (Kichwa shimi, Runashimi, also Spanish Quichua) is a Quechuan language that includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia (Inga), as well as extensions into Peru. It has an estimated 1,000,000 speakers. The most widely spoken dialects are Chimborazo Highland and Imbabura Highland Kichwa, with 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 speakers. Cañar Highland Quechua has 100,000–200,000 speakers; the other dialects have from 10,000 to 20,000 speakers each. Kichwa belongs to the Northern Quechua group of Quechua II, according to linguist Alfredo Torero. OverviewKichwa syntax has undergone some grammatical simplification compared to Southern Quechua, perhaps because of partial creolization with the pre-Inca languages of Ecuador. A standardized language, with a unified orthography (Kichwa Unificado, Shukyachiska Kichwa), has been developed. It is similar to Chimborazo but lacks some of the phonological peculiarities of that dialect. The earliest grammatical description of Kichwa was written in the 17th century by Jesuit priest Hernando de Alcocer.[1] First efforts for language standardization and bilingual educationAccording to linguist Arturo Muyulema, the first steps to teach Kichwa in public schools dates to the 1940s, when Dolores Cacuango founded several indigenous schools in Cayambe. Later, indigenous organizations initiated self-governed schools to provide education in Kichwa in the 1970s and 1980s (Muyulema 2011:234). Muyulema says that the creation of literary pieces such as "Caimi Ňucanchic Shimuyu-Panca", "Ňucanchic Llactapac Shimi," "Ňucanchic Causaimanta Yachaicuna," and " Antisuyu-Punasuyu" provided the catalysts for the standardization of Kichwa language. This was initiated by DINEIB (National Board of Intercultural Bilingual Education).[2] Afterward a new alphabet was created by ALKI (Kichwan Language Academy). It comprises 21 characters; including three vowels (a, i, u); two semi-vowels (w, y); and 16 consonants (ch, h, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, p, r, s, sh, t, ts, z, zh), according to Muyulema's article "Presente y Futuro de la lengua Quichua desde la perspectiva de la experiencia vasca (Kichwa sisariy ňan)" (Muyulema 2011:234). Later, the bigger and much more comprehensive dictionary Kichwa Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu was published in 2009 by the linguist Fabián Potosí, in conjunction with other scholars sponsored by the Ministry of Education of Ecuador.[3] In Laura Resau's book, The Queen of Water, a true story about the main character, Maria Virginia Farinango, mentions the language. Virginia is an Ecuadorian indigena born into a poor family, speaking Quichwa. Virginia is sold to a wealthy mestizo family, who are abusive. She learns Spanish, and eventually forgets most of her home tongue. Please read the book to learn more about Virginia and her language. CharacteristicsIn contrast to other regional varieties of Quechua, Kichwa does not distinguish between the original ("Proto Quechua") {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/q/}}, which are both pronounced {{IPA|[k]}}. {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}}, the allophones of the vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} near {{IPA|/q/}}, do not exist. Kiru can mean both "tooth" (kiru in Southern Quechua) and "wood" (qiru {{IPA|[qero]}} in Southern Quechua), and killa can mean both "moon" (killa) and "lazy" (qilla {{IPA|[qeʎa]}}). Additionally, Kichwa in both Ecuador and Colombia has lost possessive and bidirectional suffixes (verbal suffixes indicating both subject and object), as well as the distinction between the exclusive and inclusive first person plural:
On the other hand, other particularities of Quechua have been preserved. As in all Quechuan languages, the words for 'brother' and 'sister' differ depending on to whom they refer. There are four different words for siblings: ñaña (sister of a woman), turi (brother of a woman), pani (sister of a man), and wawki (brother of a man). A woman reading "Ñuka wawki Pedromi kan" would read aloud Ñuka turi Pedromi kan (if she referred to her brohter). If Pedro has a brother Manuel and the sisters Sisa and Elena, their mother could refer to Pedro as Manuelpak wawki or Sisapaj turi. And to Sisa as Manuelpak pani or as Elenapak ñaña. DialectsThe missionary organization FEDEPI (2006) lists eight dialects of Quechua in Ecuador, which it illustrates with "The men will come in two days." (Ethnologue 16 (2009) lists nine, distinguishing Cañar from Loja Highland Quechua.) Below are the comparisons, along with Standard (Ecuadorian) Kichwa and Standard (Southern) Quechua:
MusicA band from Ecuador, "Los Nin", which raps in Kichwa and Spanish, has toured internationally. The band hails from the town of Otavalo, which is known for its traditional music.[4] The Ecuadorian band "Yarina", which sings in Kichua and Spanish, won Best World Music Recording with their album "Nawi" in the 2005 Native American Music Awards[5] References1. ^Ciucci, Luca & Pieter C. Muysken 2011. Hernando de Alcocer y la Breve declaración del Arte de la lengua del Ynga. El más antiguo manuscrito de quichua de Ecuador. Indiana 28: 359-393. [6]2. ^(Muyulema 2011:234) 3. ^(Muyulema 2011:234-5) 4. ^{{Cite news| last = Manuela Picq| title = Hip-hop Kichwa: Sounds of indigenous modernity| work = Al Jazeera English| accessdate = 2012-08-21| url = http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/08/201285142554706344.html}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nativeamericanmusicawards.com/nama-7|title=NAMA 7|website=nativeamericanmusicawards.com|access-date=2019-02-06}} 6. ^Conejo Muyulema, Arturo. “Presente y futuro de la lengua quichua desde la perspectiva de la experiencia vasca (Kichwa sisariy ñan)” Voces E Imagenes De Las Lenguas En Peligro. Ed. Marleen Haboud and Nicholas Ostler. 1st ed. Abya-Yala, 2014. 234-5. Print Bibliography
External links{{Incubator|qug|Kichwa}}
6 : Indigenous languages of the Andes|Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia|Languages of Ecuador|Languages of Colombia|Languages of Peru|Quechuan languages |
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