| 词条 | Kielder |
| 释义 |
|country = England |official_name= Kielder |coordinates = {{coord|55.235|-2.591|display=inline,title}} |static_image_name = Catcleugh.jpg |static_image_caption = Kielder Village, Deadwater Fell in the background |population = 218 |population_ref= (2011)[1] |unitary_england= Northumberland |lieutenancy_england= Northumberland |region= North East England |constituency_westminster= Hexham |post_town= HEXHAM |postcode_district = NE48 |postcode_area= NE |dial_code= 01434 |os_grid_reference= NY625935 }} Kielder is a small, remote village in western Northumberland, England. Located at the head of Kielder Water and in the north west of Kielder Forest, the village is {{convert|3|mi|km|0}} from the Scottish border. HistoryEarly settlement around Kielder Castle, a hunting lodge built by the Duke of Northumberland in 1775. Previous settlements were expanded in the 1950s by the Forestry Commission who constructed housing to accommodate the workers employed in the planting of Kielder Forest. Most of this housing has now been sold back to the private sector. GovernanceKielder is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham. Until 1 April 2009 it was within Tynedale local government district, but following local government restructing in Northumberland the county is now covered by a unitary authority, Northumberland County Council.[2] GeographyIt is claimed that Kielder has the lowest level of light pollution in England[3] – hence the construction nearby of Kielder Observatory. ClimateAs with the rest of the British Isles, Kielder experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. There is a Met Office weather station at Kielder Castle. Since 1960, reported temperatures have ranged from {{convert|-21.7|C|F}} in January 1982,[4] up to {{convert|30.0|C|F}} during August 2003.[5] {{Weather box|location = Kielder Castle 201m asl, 1971–2000, Extremes 1960– |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 12.9 |Feb record high C = 15.0 |Mar record high C = 18.3 |Apr record high C = 23.6 |May record high C = 26.3 |Jun record high C = 28.2 |Jul record high C = 29.7 |Aug record high C = 30.0 |Sep record high C = 25.2 |Oct record high C = 21.1 |Nov record high C = 15.8 |Dec record high C = 12.9 |year record high C = 30.0 |Jan high C = 4.8 |Feb high C = 5.4 |Mar high C = 7.6 |Apr high C = 10.4 |May high C = 14.2 |Jun high C = 16.5 |Jul high C = 18.9 |Aug high C = 18.5 |Sep high C = 15.1 |Oct high C = 11.6 |Nov high C = 7.6 |Dec high C = 5.7 |year high C = |Jan low C = -1.1 |Feb low C = -0.8 |Mar low C = 0.1 |Apr low C = 1.3 |May low C = 3.7 |Jun low C = 6.7 |Jul low C = 8.9 |Aug low C = 8.5 |Sep low C = 6.6 |Oct low C = 3.9 |Nov low C = 1.0 |Dec low C = -0.5 |year low C = |Jan record low C = -21.7 |Feb record low C = −18.3 |Mar record low C = −17.1 |Apr record low C = −10.0 |May record low C = -6.1 |Jun record low C = -2.8 |Jul record low C = -1.7 |Aug record low C = -2.0 |Sep record low C = -3.8 |Oct record low C = -7.8 |Nov record low C = -11.7 |Dec record low C = −17.2 |year record low C = −21.7 |Jan precipitation mm = 149.02 |Feb precipitation mm = 118.87 |Mar precipitation mm = 119.67 |Apr precipitation mm = 80.15 |May precipitation mm = 80.49 |Jun precipitation mm = 77.54 |Jul precipitation mm = 86.08 |Aug precipitation mm = 96.06 |Sep precipitation mm = 99.44 |Oct precipitation mm = 125.95 |Nov precipitation mm = 139.92 |Dec precipitation mm = 157.91 |year precipitation mm = |source 1 = Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute/KNMI[6] |date=November 2011 }} DemographyThe population of Kielder in 2001 was 207.[7] EconomyThe economy of Kielder has relied on forestry but now also incorporates tourism. Prior to the 20th century the economy of Kielder revolved around sheep farming. The use of the area as a hunting ground by the Dukes of Northumberland added an extra element to the area. Due to its location close to the border with Scotland, there was a black economy concerned with the smuggling of whisky from Scotland to England.[8] ForestryThe Forestry Act 1919 established the Forestry Commission with a purpose of forming a strategic reserve of timber for the country. The first plantings at Kielder were in 1926 when {{convert|800|ha|sqmi|0}} of coniferous trees were planted.[9] A further {{convert|19000|ha|sqmi}} were purchased in 1932[9] and today {{convert|62000|ha|sqmi|0}} of forest are under Forestry Commission control.[9] Although timber production remains an integral part of the forestry operation, it also has the aims of encouraging the public to use the forest as an educational resource and to sustain and enhance wildlife conservation.[9] Over 50% of the red squirrel population of England is now found in the forest.[10] TourismWith the creation of Kielder Water in 1982[11] great strides have been taken to develop the area as a tourist destination with the establishment of facilities such as Leaplish Waterside Park by Northumbrian Water, which offers both accommodation and recreational facilities,[12] the Kielder Observatory and various artworks in the landscape, such as the Kielder Skyspace.[13] TransportKielder was served by Kielder railway station on the Border Counties Railway which linked the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, near Hexham, with the Border Union Railway at Riccarton Junction. The first section of the route was opened between Hexham and Chollerford in 1858, the remainder opening in 1862. The line was closed to passengers by British Railways in 1956.[14] The station building, now a private house, still stands here by the 'Station Garage'. The station was renamed Kielder Forest in 1948. The Kielder Reservoir now floods much of the route eastwards to Falstone, but a very fine castellated viaduct near Kielder Castle still stands. About half a mile east from here the line is obliterated as its route is now reservoir and some scouring and embankment removal has removed the traces of its course. Slightly further east its course would be below today's water level. EducationThe village is served by Kielder Community First School. In the academic year 2009–10 this has a roll of nine pupils aged 4 to 9.[15] Children aged 9 to 13 attend Bellingham Middle School and from 13 to 18, Haydon Bridge High School. As the high school is a considerable distance away the option to board at the school exists.[16] Religious sitesKielder lies within the Anglican parish of Falstone with Greystead & Thorneyburn.[17] Public servicesWithin the village there are a pub, a shop and sub post office and a YHA youth hostel. Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11125163&c=NE48+1AR&d=16&e=62&g=6453547&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1435245329984&enc=1|title=Parish population 2011|accessdate=25 June 2015}} 2. ^{{UK SI |year = 2008 |number = 494|title = The Northumberland (Structural Change) Order 2008 |isbn = 978-0-11-081017-1|made = 25 February 2008 |laid= 17 December 2007 |force=26 February 2008}} 3. ^{{cite web |title= Observatory boasts darkest skies |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/7366394.stm |publisher=BBC |date=25 April 2008 |accessdate= 1 April 2009}} 4. ^{{Cite web | publisher = KNMI | url= http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1836 | title = 1982 temperature}} 5. ^{{Cite web | publisher = KNMI | url= http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=2003&indexid=TXx&stationid=1836 | title = 2003 temperature}} 6. ^{{cite web| url =http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=FD&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=0&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-925714.285714&miny=-5052380.952381&maxx=807619.047620&maxy=-3752380.952381&MapSize=560%2C420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=241&mainmap.y=82&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom | title = Kielder Climate | accessdate = 7 November 2011 | publisher = KNMI}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Kielder & Falstone: Short term housing needs study |url=http://www.tynedale.gov.uk/residents/showdesc.asp?id=230 |publisher=Tynedale District Council |format=pdf |date=May 2007 |accessdate=19 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621220415/http://www.tynedale.gov.uk/residents/showdesc.asp?id=230 |archivedate=21 June 2011 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web |first=Dean |last=Grindle |title= Reivers cycle route |url=http://www.reivers-guide.co.uk/kielder.htm |publisher= Dean Grindle |year=2005 |accessdate=19 May 2009 }} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last1=Read |first1=Helen |last2=Frater |first2=Mark |others=Jo Wright |title=Woodland Habitats |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rx3FXryJVxMC&dq=isbn:0415180902 |accessdate=19 May 2009 |series=habitat guides |date=10 June 1999 |origyear= |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-0-415-18090-0 |page= 123}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=Kielder Water and Forest |url=http://www.visitnorthumberland.com/site/highlights/the-icons/kielder-water-and-forest-park |publisher= Northumberland Tourism Ltd |year=2009 |accessdate=19 May 2009 }} 11. ^{{cite web |last=Simpson |first=David |title=North Tynedale |url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/NorthTynedale.htm#KIELDER |publisher=talktalk.net |year=2006 |accessdate= 19 May 2009 }} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Visit Kielder |url=http://www.nwl.co.uk/Planyourbreak.aspx|publisher=Northumbrian Water |year= 2009 |accessdate= 19 May 2009}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://kielderartandarchitecture.com/art-architecture/cat-cairn-the-kielder-skyspace.html |title=Cat Cairn: The Kielder Skyspace |author= |date= |website=Kielder Art and Architecture |accessdate=23 January 2019}} 14. ^{{cite book |last1=Sewell |first1=G W M |title= The North British railway in Northumberland |year=1991 |publisher=Merlin Books |location=Braunston, Devon |isbn= 0-86303-613-9 |page=71}} 15. ^{{cite web |last= Cromey-Hawke |first=Nigel |title= Kielder Community First School |url= http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/oxedu_reports/display/(id)/105762 |publisher= Ofsted|date= 5 March 2009 |accessdate= 19 May 2009}} 16. ^{{cite web |title=Boarding at Ridley Hall |url=http://haydonbridgehigh.co.uk/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=46 |publisher= Haydon Bridge High School |date=22 June 2007 |accessdate= 19 May 2009 }} 17. ^{{cite web |title=A church near you |url=http://www.achurchnearyou.com/parishmap.php?x=-2.5801563262939453&y=55.23183752710242 |publisher= Church of England |year= 2008 |accessdate= 19 May 2009 }} External links{{Commons category|Kielder, Northumberland}}
1 : Villages in Northumberland |
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