“Cracking joints”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The act of cracking joints means bending a person's joints to produce a distinct cracking or popping sound, often followed by a feeling of satisfaction or relaxation to the person. It is sometimes undertaken within a healthcare setting by a physical therapist or within the alternative medicine field when performed by a chiropractor or osteopath.

According to traditional belief, the popping of joints, especially knuckles, can lead to arthritis and other joint problems. However, medical research has yet to conclusively demonstrate a connection between knuckle cracking and long-term joint problems. The cracking mechanism and the resulting sound is caused by carbon dioxide cavitation bubbles suddenly partially collapsing inside the joints.^[1]

Causes

For many decades, the physical mechanism that causes the cracking sound as a result of bending, twisting, or compressing joints was uncertain. Suggested causes included:

There were several theories to explain the cracking of joints. Synovial fluid cavitation had some evidence to support it.^[5] When a spinal manipulation is performed, the applied force separates the articular surfaces of a fully encapsulated synovial joint, which in turn creates a reduction in pressure within the joint cavity. In this low-pressure environment, some of the gases that are dissolved in the synovial fluid (which are naturally found in all bodily fluids) leave the solution, making a bubble, or cavity, which rapidly collapses upon itself, resulting in a "clicking" sound.^[6] The contents of the resultant gas bubble are thought to be mainly carbon dioxide.^[7] The effects of this process will remain for a period of time known as the "refractory period," during which the joint cannot be "re-cracked," which lasts about twenty minutes, while the gases are slowly reabsorbed into the synovial fluid. There is some evidence that ligament laxity may be associated with an increased tendency to cavitate.^[8]

In 2015, research showed that bubbles remained in the fluid after cracking, suggesting that the cracking sound was produced when the bubble within the joint was formed, not when it collapsed.^[2] But in 2018, an improved mathematical model and further experimentation and simulation demonstrated that the cavitation bubbles only partially collapse during cracking, and explained that the 2015 experiments were observing the smaller remaining bubbles.^[1]^[9]^[10]

The snapping of tendons or scar tissue over a prominence (as in snapping hip syndrome) can also generate a loud snapping or popping sound.^[11]

Effects

The common claim that cracking one's knuckles causes arthritis is not supported by evidence.^[12] A study published in 2011 examined the hand radiographs of 215 people (aged 50 to 89) and compared the joints of those who regularly cracked their knuckles to those who did not.^[13] The study concluded that knuckle-cracking did not cause hand osteoarthritis, no matter how many years or how often a person cracked their knuckles.^[13] An earlier study also concluded that there was no increased preponderance of arthritis of the hand of chronic knuckle-crackers; however, habitual knuckle-crackers were more likely to have hand swelling and lowered grip strength.^[14] Habitual knuckle-cracking was associated with manual labour, biting of the nails, smoking, and drinking alcohol and was suggested to result in functional hand impairment.^[14] This early study has been criticized for not taking into consideration the possibility of confounding factors, such as whether the ability to crack one's knuckles is associated with impaired hand functioning rather than being a cause of it.^[15]

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{Cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/now-we-know-why-knuckle-cracking-makes-that-awful-sound-1824154323|title=Simulation May Finally Explain Why Knuckle Cracking Makes That Awful Sound|last=Dvorsky|first=George|work=Gizmodo|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}
2. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=Gregory N. Kawchuk |author2=Jerome Fryer |author3=Jacob L. Jaremko |author4=Hongbo Zeng |author5=Lindsay Rowe |author6=Richard Thompson |year=2015 |title=Real-Time Visualization of Joint Cavitation |journal=PLoS ONE |issue=6 |pages=384–390 |pmid= 25875374|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0119470 |volume= 10|pmc=4398549|bibcode=2015PLoSO..1019470K }}
3. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/11539913/Why-knuckle-cracking-makes-a-popping-sound-and-why-it-might-be-beneficial.html|title=Why knuckle cracking makes a popping sound, and why it might be beneficial|last1=Knapton|first1=Sarah|date=15 April 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=17 December 2016|location=London}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/apr/15/cracked-it-scientists-solve-puzzle-of-why-knuckles-crack-when-pulled|title=Cracked it! Scientists solve puzzle of why knuckles pop when pulled|first1=Ian|last1=Sample|first2=science|last2=editor|date=15 April 2015 |accessdate=20 September 2016|work=The Guardian |location=London}}
5. ^{{cite journal |author=Brodeur R. |title=The audible release associated with joint manipulation |journal=J Manipulative Physiol Ther |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=155–64 |year=1995 |pmid=7790795}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Maigne|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Vautravers|first2=Philippe|title=Mechanism of action of spinal manipulative therapy|journal=Joint Bone Spine|date=September 2003|volume=70|issue=5|pages=336–341|doi=10.1016/S1297-319X(03)00074-5}}
7. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Unsworth A, Dowson D, Wright V|year=1971|title='Cracking joints'. A bioengineering study of cavitation in the metacarpophalangeal joint.|journal=Ann Rheum Dis|volume=30|issue=4|pages=348–58|doi=10.1136/ard.30.4.348|pmc=1005793|pmid=5557778}}[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1005793/pdf/annrheumd00004-0008.pdf]
8. ^{{cite journal |author1=Fryer, Gary |author2= Jacob Mudge |author3=McLaughlin, Patrick |last-author-amp=yes |year=2002 |title=The Effect of Talocrural Joint Manipulation on Range of Motion at the Ankle |journal=Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics |issue=6 |pages=384–390 |pmid=12183696 |doi=10.1067/mmt.2002.126129 |volume=25|url= http://vuir.vu.edu.au/504/1/Ankle_manipulation_-_revised.pdf }}
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5220275/knuckles-crack-science-why-reason/|title=Why Does Cracking Your Knuckles Make So Much Noise? Science Finally Has an Answer|website=Time|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Chandran Suja|first=V.|last2=Barakat|first2=A. I.|date=2018-03-29|title=A Mathematical Model for the Sounds Produced by Knuckle Cracking|journal=Scientific Reports|language=En|volume=8|issue=1|page=4600|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-22664-4|pmid=29599511|pmc=5876406|issn=2045-2322|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.4600C}}
11. ^¹²{{cite journal |vauthors=Protopapas M, Cymet T, Protapapas M |title=Joint cracking and popping: understanding noises that accompany articular release. |journal=J Am Osteopath Assoc |volume=102 |issue=5 |pages=283–7 |date=1 May 2002|pmid=12033758 |url=http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/reprint/102/5/283 }}
12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Rizvi|first=Asad|last2=Loukas|first2=Marios|last3=Oskouian|first3=Rod J.|last4=Tubbs|first4=R. Shane|date=August 2018|title=Let's get a hand on this: Review of the clinical anatomy of "knuckle cracking"|journal=Clinical Anatomy|language=en|volume=31|issue=6|pages=942–945|doi=10.1002/ca.23243|pmid=30080300|issn=0897-3806}}
13. ^¹{{cite journal |vauthors=Deweber K, Olszewski M, Ortolano R | title = Knuckle cracking and hand osteoarthritis | journal = J Am Board Fam Med | pages = 169–174 | year = 2011 | doi = 10.3122/jabfm.2011.02.100156| pmc = | volume = 24 | pmid=21383216 | issue = 2}}
14. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=Castellanos J. |author2=Axelrod D. | title = Effect of habitual knuckle cracking on hand function | journal = Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases | pages = 49(5):308–9 | year = 1990 | doi = 10.1136/ard.49.5.308 | pmc = 1004074 | volume = 49 | pmid=2344210 | issue = 5}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last=Simkin|first=Peter|title=Habitual knuckle cracking and hand function.|journal=Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases|date=November 1990 |volume=49 |issue=11 |page=957 |doi=10.1136/ard.49.11.957-b|pmid=2256753|pmc=1004281}}