| 词条 | Craic |
| 释义 |
"Craic" ({{IPAc-en|k|r|æ|k}} {{respell|KRAK|'}}) or "crack" is a term for news, gossip, fun, entertainment, and enjoyable conversation, particularly prominent in Ireland.[1][2][3] It is often used with the definite article – the craic[1] – as in the expression "What's the craic?" (meaning "How are you?" or "What's happening?"). The word has an unusual history; the Scots and English crack was borrowed into Irish as craic in the mid-20th century and the Irish spelling was then reborrowed into English.[1] Under either spelling, the term has great cultural currency and significance in Ireland. HistoryThe word crack is derived from the Middle English crak, meaning "loud conversation, bragging talk".[4] A sense of crack found in Northern England and Scotland meaning "conversation" or "news"[5] produces expressions such as "What's the crack?",[6] meaning "how are you?" or "have you any news?" The context involving "news" and "gossip" originated in Northern English[7] and Scots.[8] A book on the speech of Northern England published in 1825 equates crack with "chat, conversation, news".[9] The term is recorded in Scotland with this sense as far back as the 16th century, with both Robert Fergusson and Robert Burns employing it in the 1770s and 1780s.[10][11][12] The Scottish song "The Wark o The Weavers", which dates back to the early part of the 19th century, published by David Shaw, who died in 1856, has the opening line "We're a' met thegither here tae sit an tae crack, Wi oor glesses in oor hands...."[13][14] A collection of folk songs from Cumberland published in 1865 refers to villagers "enjoying their crack".[15] "Crack" is prominent in Cumbrian dialect and everyday Cumbrian usage (including the name of an online local newspaper), with the meaning "gossip".[16][17] A glossary of Lancashire terms and phrases published in 1869 lists crack as meaning "chat",[18] as does a book on the local culture of Edinburgh published in the same year.[19] Glossaries of the dialects of Yorkshire (1878), Cheshire (1886), and Northumberland (1892) equate crack variously with "conversation", "gossip", and "talk".[20][21][22] These senses of the term entered Hiberno-English from Scots through Ulster at some point in the mid-20th century and were then borrowed into Irish.[1] The Dictionary of the Scots Language records use of the term in Ulster in 1929.[11] Other early Irish citations from the Irish Independent relate to rural Ulster: from 1950, "There was much good 'crack'... in the edition of Country Magazine which covered Northern Ireland";[23] or from 1955, "The Duke had been sitting on top of Kelly's gate watching the crack."[24] At this time the word was, in Ireland, associated with Ulster dialects: in 1964 linguist John Braidwood said of the term, "perhaps one of the most seemingly native Ulster words is crack.... In fact the word is of English and Scots origin."[25] It can frequently be found in the work of 20th century Ulster writers such as Jennifer Johnston (1977): "I'm sorry if I muscled in on Saturday. Did I spoil your crack?"[26] and Brian Friel (1980): "You never saw such crack in your life, boys".[27] Like many other words over the centuries, crack was borrowed into the Irish language with the Gaelicized spelling craic.[1] It has been used in Irish since at least 1968,[28] and was popularised in the catchphrase Beidh ceol, caint agus craic againn ("We'll have music, chat and craic"), used by Seán Bán Breathnach for his Irish-language chatshow SBB ina Shuí, broadcast on RTÉ from 1976 to 1982.[1][29][30] The Irish spelling was soon reborrowed into English, and is attested in publications from the 1970s and 1980s.[1] Craic has also been used in Scottish Gaelic since at least the early 1990s, though it is unknown if it was borrowed directly from Irish or from English.[1] At first the craic form was uncommon outside Irish, even in an Irish context. Barney Rush's 1960s song "The Crack Was Ninety in the Isle of Man" does not use the Irish-language spelling, neither is it used in Christy Moore's 1978 version.[31] However, The Dubliners' 2006 version adopts the Irish spelling.[32] The title of Four to the Bar's 1994 concert album, Craic on the Road, uses the Irish-language spelling as an English-language pun,[33] as does Irish comedian Dara Ó Briain's 2012 show Craic Dealer.[34] Now, 'craic' is interpreted as a specifically and quintessentially Irish form of fun. The adoption of the Gaelic spelling has reinforced the sense that this is an independent word (homophone) rather than a separate sense of the original word (polysemy). Frank McNally of The Irish Times has said of the word, "[m]ost Irish people now have no idea it's foreign."[35] Criticism of spellingThe craic spelling has attracted criticism when used in English. English-language specialist Diarmaid Ó Muirithe wrote in his Irish Times column "The Words We Use" that "the constant Gaelicisation of the good old English-Scottish dialect word crack as craic sets my teeth on edge".[36] Writing for the Irish Independent, Irish journalist Kevin Myers criticised the craic spelling as "pseudo-Gaelic" and a "bogus neologism".[37] Other linguists have referred to the craic form as "fake Irish".[38] Sociology"The craic" has become a part of Irish culture. In a 2001 review of the modern Irish information economy, information sciences professor Eileen M. Trauth called "craic" an intrinsic part of the culture of sociability that distinguished the Irish workplace from those of other countries.[39] Trauth wrote that even as Ireland transitioned away from an economy and society dominated by agriculture, the traditional importance of atmosphere and the art of conversation – "craic" – remains, and that the social life is a fundamental part of workers' judgment of quality of life.[40] Critics have accused the Irish tourism industry and the promoters of Irish theme pubs of marketing "commodified craic" as a kind of stereotypical Irishness.[41] In his Companion to Irish Traditional Music, Fintan Vallely suggests that use of craic in English is largely an exercise on the part of Irish pubs to make money through the commercialisation of traditional Irish music.[42] Likewise, Donald Clarke in The Irish Times associates the change of spelling to craic with the rebranding of the Irish pub as a tourist attraction during the 1990s.[43] See also
Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |title= Craic|trans-title=|website=Oxford English Dictionary |url= http://oed.com/view/Entry/254949?redirectedFrom=craic#eid |accessdate=31 May 2012 |subscription=yes |quote= craic, n. Fun, amusement; entertaining company or conversation... Freq. with the.}} 2. ^{{cite journal |last= |first= |authorlink= |date= March 2012 |title= Crack, n. (I.5.c.)|trans_title= |journal=Oxford English Dictionary |volume= |issue= |pages= |id= |url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/43630#eid7937932 |accessdate= 31 May 2012|quote= }} 3. ^Corrigan, Karen P. (2010). Irish English: Northern Ireland. Edinburgh University Press. p. 79. {{ISBN|978-0748634293}} 4. ^Dolan, T. P. (2006). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. Gill & MacMillan. p. 64. {{ISBN|978-0-7171-4039-8}} 5. ^Oxford English Dictionary "crack (noun)" sense I.5.a 6. ^Else, David (2007). British Language and Culture. Lonely Planet. p. 191. {{ISBN|978-1-86450-286-2}} 7. ^"Crack, Craic" from Hiberno-English dictionary {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121193606/http://www.hiberno-english.com/comment.php?id=688 |date=21 November 2007 }} 8. ^"Crak" from the Dictionary of the Scots Language 9. ^Brockett, John Trotter (1825). [https://archive.org/details/glossaryofnor00broc A Glossary of North Country Words, In Use. From An Original Manuscript, With Additions]. E. Charnley. p. 47 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/crak_n|title=Dictionary of the Scots Language :: DOST :: Crak n.|publisher=}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/crack_n1|title=Dictionary of the Scots Language :: SND :: Crack n.1|publisher=}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/crack_v|title=Dictionary of the Scots Language :: SND :: Crack v.|publisher=}} 13. ^{{cite book|last1=Buchan|first1=Norman|title=101 Scottish Songs: The Wee Red Book|date=1962|publisher=Collins}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://chivalry.com/cantaria/lyrics/work-weavers.html |work=chivalry.com |title=Work Weavers |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117035235/http://chivalry.com/cantaria/lyrics/work-weavers.html |archivedate=17 November 2012 |df= }} 15. ^Gilpin, Sidney (1865). [https://archive.org/details/songsballadsofcu00gilp The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland : To Which Are Added The Best Poems In the Dialect; With Biographical Sketches, Notes, & Glossary] G. Coward. p. 185. 16. ^{{cite web|title=The Cumbrian Dictionary|url=http://www.cumbriandictionary.co.uk/#C|website=the Cumbrian Dictionary|accessdate=29 December 2017}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Cumbrian Crack|url=https://www.cumbriacrack.com/|website=Cumbrian Crack|accessdate=29 December 2017}} 18. ^Morris, James P. (1869) [https://archive.org/details/aglossarywordsa00morrgoog A Glossary of the Words and Phrases of Furness (North Lancashire)]. J. Russell Smith. p. 22 19. ^Chambers, Robert (1869). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BpI9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA171#v=onepage&q=crack&f=false Traditions of Edinburgh by Robert Chambers]. W & R. Chambers. p. 171 20. ^Castillo, John (1878). [https://archive.org/details/poemsinnorthyork00castrich Poems in the North Yorkshire Dialect]. p. 64 21. ^Holland, Robert (1886). [https://archive.org/details/glossaryofwordsu16holluoft A Glossary of Words Used In the County of Chester]. Trübner. p. 84 22. ^Haldane, Harry (1892). [https://archive.org/details/northumberlandw00heslgoog Northumberland Words]. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 192. 23. ^{{cite news |work=Irish Independent |title=Radio review |first=Maxwell |last=Sweeney |date=2 December 1950 |page=5 }} 24. ^{{cite news |work=Irish Independent |title=Over the Fields: Life, Day by Day on an Ulster Farm |author="Francis" |date=13 August 1955 |page=7 }} 25. ^Braidwood, John, “Ulster and Elizabethan English” in Ulster Dialects: An Introductory Symposium (1964) Ulster Folk Museum, p. 99. 26. ^Jennifer Johnston: Shadows on Our Skin 27. ^Brian Friel: Translations 28. ^See, for example, this newspaper advertisement: {{cite news |title=TEACH FURBO: AG OSCAILT ANOCHT: CEOL AGUS CRAIC |work=Connacht Sentinel |page=5 |date=30 July 1968 |language=Irish }} 29. ^{{cite news |title=The Week Ahead |last=Boylan |first=Philip |date=23 October 1977 |work=Sunday Independent |page=2 |quote=Friday, RTÉ, 5.30: 'SBB na Shui' [sic] is a new half-hour series with the star of Radio na Gaeltachta, Sean Ban Breathnach, in the chair presenting music, serious discussion and yarns, i.e., ceol, caint agus craic.}} 30. ^{{cite news |title=Television topics |last=Moore |first=Richard |date=11 July 1981 |work=Meath Chronicle |page=20 |quote="Ceoil, caint agus craic" is how Mr. Breathnach introduces the programme.}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.christymoore.com/lyrics_tabs_detail.php?id=16 |title=lyrics: Crack Was Ninety In The Isle of Man |publisher=Christy Moore, official website |accessdate=18 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117033222/http://www.christymoore.com/lyrics_tabs_detail.php?id=16 |archivedate=17 November 2007 }} 32. ^{{cite AV media notes |title= Too Late to Stop Now: The Very Best of the Dubliners|titlelink= Too Late to Stop Now: The Very Best of the Dubliners|others= The Dubliners|year=2006 |chapter= |url= |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |pages= |type= |publisher= DMG TV|id= |location= }} 33. ^Four to the Bar: Craic on the Road 34. ^{{cite web|last=Richardson|first=Jay|title=Review - Dara O'Briain: Craic Dealer|url=http://www.comedy.co.uk/live/jay_richardson/dara_obriain_craic_dealer_review/|work=British Comedy Guide|accessdate=28 February 2014}} 35. ^{{cite book|title=Xenophobe's Guide to the Irish|last=McNally|first=Frank|year=2005|location=London|isbn=1-902825-33-0|publisher=Oval|page=19}} 36. ^{{cite news |title=The Words We Use |work=The Irish Times |page=27 |date=5 December 1992 |first=Diarmaid |last=Ó Muirithe }}; reprinted in {{cite book |title=The Words We Use |first=Diarmaid |last=Ó Muirithe |pages=154–5 |date=October 2006 |isbn=978-0-7171-4080-0 |publisher=Gill & Macmillan |location=Dublin}} 37. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/columnists/kevin-myers/kevin-myers-the-day-of-indulgence-is-done-the-time-of-duty-has-arrived-2108890.html | work=Irish Independent | title=Kevin Myers: The day of indulgence is done – the time of duty has arrived | date=24 March 2010}} 38. ^Momma, Haruko, Matto, Michael (2009). A Companion to the History of the English Language. John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 371. {{ISBN|978-1444302868}} 39. ^Trauth, p. 147. 40. ^Trauth, pp. 149–150. 41. ^McGovern 2002, p. 91 42. ^{{cite book |title=Companion to Irish Traditional Music |isbn=0-8147-8802-5 |last=Vallely |first=Fintan |year=1999 |publisher=New York University Press |location=New York| page=91}} 43. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/who-will-set-us-free-of-the-bogus-irishness-of-craic-1.1438746|title=Who will set us free of the bogus Irishness of craic?|last=Clarke|first=Donald|date=22 June 2013|work=The Irish Times|accessdate=22 June 2013}} References
5 : English words|English-language slang|Irish culture|Irish words and phrases|Scottish words and phrases |
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