1. History

2. Governance

3. Geography

4. Demography

5. Economy

6. Culture and community

7. Cultural references

8. Landmarks
     Windmills  

9. Transport

10. Education

11. Religious sites

12. Sport

13. Notable people

14. Climate

15. Industry and commerce

16. Politics

17. Media

18. Invention and discovery

19. Future plans

20. Filmography

21. Public services

22. See also

23. References
      Reference bibliography  

24. Further reading

25. External links

Cranbrook is a small town in the civil parish of Cranbrook and Sissinghurst, in the Weald of Kent in South East England. It lies roughly half-way between Maidstone and Hastings, about {{convert|38|mi|km}} southeast of central London.

The smaller settlements of Sissinghurst, Swattenden, Colliers Green and Hartley lie within the civil parish. The population of the parish was 6,717 in 2011.

History

The place name Cranbrook derives from Old English cran broc, meaning Crane Marsh, marshy ground frequented by cranes (although more probably herons). Spelling of the place name has evolved over the centuries from Cranebroca (c. 1100); by 1226 it was recorded as Cranebroc, then Cranebrok. By 1610 the name had become Cranbrooke, which evolved into the current spelling.^[2][3]

Edward III brought over Flemish weavers to develop the Wealden cloth industry using wool from Romney Marsh; Cranbrook became the centre of this as it had local supplies of fuller's earth and plenty of streams that could be dammed to drive the fulling mills. Iron-making was carried on at Bedgebury on the River Teise, an industry which dates back to Roman times. The tributaries of the River Beult around Cranbrook powered 17 watermills at one time. In 1290 the town received a charter from Archbishop Peckham, allowing it to hold a market in the High Street.

Baker's Cross on the eastern edge of the town is linked to John Baker, Chancellor of the Exchequer under Queen Mary, a Catholic.^[4][5][6] Legend holds that he was riding on his way to Cranbrook in order to have two local Protestants executed, when he turned back after the news reached him that Queen Mary was dead. Different versions of the legend have it that he heard the parish church bells ringing, or that he was met by a messenger. The place where this happened was, in the words of biographer and historian Arthur Irwin Dasent, "at a place where three roads meet, known to this day as Baker's Cross".^[4][5][6][7] Popular legend also has it that Baker was killed at Baker's Cross; although in fact he died in his house in London.^[8][9]

The town developed around the "King's High Road" (now named as High Street, Stone Street and Waterloo Road) until the Second World War. Following the war, additional housing was built adjacent to the historic centre - the Wheatfield Estate to the north and the Frythe Estate to the south. In the 1970s a Conservation Area was designated in the town centre.^[10]

Governance

In 1974 Cranbrook Rural District was merged into the Borough of Tunbridge Wells. In 2010 Francis Rook of the Liberal Democrats won one of the three council seats in the Benenden and Cranbrook ward from the Conservatives to become one of only 6 non-Conservative councillors out of 48 in the borough.

The name of the parish council was changed from Cranbrook Parish Council to Cranbrook and Sissinghurst Parish Council in 2009.^[11] The parish council is based in the Old Fire Station on Stone Street.^[12]

Geography

Located on the Maidstone to Hastings road, it is five miles north of Hawkhurst. Baker's Cross is on the eastern outskirts of the town.

Cranbrook is on the Hastings Beds, alternating sands and clays which are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding clays and so form the hills of the High Weald.^[13] The geology of the area has played a major role in the town's development, deposits of iron ore and fuller's earth were important in the iron industry and cloth industry respectively.

Demography

At the 2011 census, Cranbrook had 6,717 residents.^[14] The Kent Structure Plan calls it the smallest town in Kent,^[15] although Fordwich has a town council and just 381 residents.^[16]

Economy

Since the decline of the cloth trade, agriculture became the mainstay of the economy.^[17]

The first bank was opened in Cranbrook in 1803 by Samuel Waddington. It closed in 1805. In 1804, the Cranbrook Bank was opened. It changed its name to the Weald of Kent Bank in 1812 and then to Bishop & Co's Bank in 1813 before being declared bankrupt in October 1814.^[18]

The Tooth family of Great Swifts, near Cranbrook, established a brewery at Baker's Cross. A large part of their trade was the export of beer to Australia. Subsequently, John Tooth emigrated to Australia in the early 1830s, traded for a time as a general merchant, and then in 1835, with his brother-in-law, John Newnham, opened a brewery in Sydney. He named the brewery Kent Brewery, which continued to 1985. Meanwhile, the brewery at Cranbrook had been sold to one William Barling Sharpe, whose daughter had married the local estate agent, William Winch. The brewery Sharpe & Winch was established in Baker's Cross at some point prior to 1846 by William Barling Sharpe (who is buried with his wife, Ann, in the cemetery at Westwell, and his daughter, Elizabeth Louisa, who married William Francis Winch). The brewery assumed the name Sharpe & Winch in 1892, and was purchased and taken over by Frederick Leney & Sons Ltd, a Wateringbury company, in 1927.^{[19][20][21][22]} The brewery were responsible for the mock-Tutor extension to the 18th century Baker's Cross House (a Grade II listed building).^[23][24]

Culture and community

During the 19th century, a group of artists known as the "Cranbrook Colony" were located here. The Colony artists tended to paint scenes of domestic life in rural Kent – cooking and washing, children playing, and other family activities.

Queen's Hall Theatre, part of Cranbrook School, sponsors many theatre groups, including the Cambridge Footlights and Cranbrook Opera and Dramatic Society (CODS). The Showtimers pantomime group produces an annual show. Cranbrook Town Band, founded in the 1920s, is a British-style brass band, which performs regular concerts in the Queen's Hall, St Dunstan's Church and around Kent.

There have been many plans to create a community hub, starting with a proposal to convert the old council offices. The focus then switched to a £2m building planned on Wilkes Field, next to the Co-op carpark. {{Asof|2013}} plans included small community rooms and three large day rooms which could convert into a hall for 300 people, along with a day care centre, council offices, public toilets and even the police station.^[25] In April 2016 residents voted against the parish council taking out the £2m loan required for the project, but in September 2016 the Borough Council approved a £20m regeneration plan that would create shops, flats and a community centre.^[26]

In common with many towns a number of public houses have closed in recent years. In the town centre itself The George Hotel in Stone Street and White Horse in Carriers Road have survived and in October 2017 a Micropub named Larkins' Alehouse opened in High Street.

Cultural references

Landmarks

There are many medieval buildings in the area. At Wilsley Green, to the north of the town, is a Grade I-listed Wealden hall house and cloth hall that dates to the late 14th century.^[28] There are a number of medieval cloth halls around the town - the George Hotel is in one dating to 1400,^[29] there are two more further down the High St on the north side dating from the late 15th century^[30] and 16th century.^[31] There are 15th century examples at Goddards Green Farm on Angley Rd,^[32] Hill House on The Hill,^[33] and on Friezley Lane.^[34]

Glassenbury Park is a late-15th-century manor house on the road to Iden Green with a 1730s front block, remodelled in 1877-79 by Anthony Salvia.^[35] Wilsley Hotel was originally built in 1864-70 as a home for the Colony artist John Callcott Horsley, designer of the first Christmas card twenty years earlier. The architect was Richard Norman Shaw in his first important domestic commission.^[36] The war memorial was erected on Angley Road in 1920.^[37]

Windmills

Over the years there have been four windmills in and around Cranbrook of which only the Union Mill survives and dominates the local skyline. It was built in 1814 for Henry Dobell, who went bankrupt five years later. Then the mill was run by a union of creditors until 1832. The Russell family ran it for the next 128 years, when it was sold to Kent County Council, who have restored it. The mill is kept in working order to this day. It stands ¼ mile (400 m) southeast of the church.^[38]

Cranbrook Common smock mill had common sails and was winded^[39] by hand. It was marked on the Ordnance Survey map covering the area which was published between 1858 and 1872. The mill was last worked in 1876 and was demolished on 9 August 1902. The mill stood 1¾ miles (2.8 km) north north east of the church.^[38]

Windmill Hill is thought to have been a smock mill that was moved to Sissinghurst c. 1814. It stood ¼ mile (400 m) west north west of the church.^[38] This mill was marked on Emanuel Bowen's map of Kent (1736) and also on Andrews, Drury and Herbert's map of Kent, 1769. The latter also shows a mill at Saint's Hill, 1 mile 5 furlongs (2.6 km) north east of the church.^[38]

Transport

The junction of the A262 (Lamberhurst – Biddenden) and the A229 (Rochester – Hawkhurst) pass near Cranbrook. Cranbrook is served by Arriva Southern Counties buses.

The Hawkhurst Branch Line ran a short distance from the town, but Cranbrook railway station, which was {{convert|2|mi}} southwest of the centre, stopped operations on 12 June 1961.^[40] The nearest operating station is at Staplehurst.

Education

Rainbow Pre-school provides early years education in the centre of town. Cranbrook Church of England Primary School has been on its current site in Carriers Road since 1985; it was placed in special measures from November 2013 until June 2015.^[41] Colliers Green Primary School also lies within the parish, to the north-west of Cranbrook. Dulwich Preparatory School (3–13) at Coursehorn to the east of town, is a legacy of the World War II evacuation of Dulwich College Preparatory School from London. Alumni include Sophie, Countess of Wessex and its buildings include two cloth halls, one dating from the 15th century^[42] and one from the 16th century.^[43]

High Weald Academy (11–18) is a comprehensive school formerly known as Angley School. It was formed by the merger of Mary Sheafe Girls' School and Swattenden Boys' School in the 1970s and became Kent's first specialist sports college in 2000.^[44] In September 2012 it was taken over by the Hayesbrook Academy Trust (now the Brook Learning Trust) who run the Hayesbrook School in Tonbridge.

Cranbrook School (13–18) is a voluntary-aided grammar school, dating back to 1518. A third of the pupils are boarders. The schoolhouse built in 1727 is now the Headmaster's House.^[45] The school's observatory is named after alumnus and NASA astronaut Piers Sellers; it houses the 22.5 inch Alan Young telescope operated by the Cranbrook and District Science and Astronomy Society (CADSAS).

Religious sites

St Dunstan's church is known as the "Cathedral of the Weald";^[46] its 74 feet-high tower, completed in 1425, has a wooden figure of Father Time and his scythe on the south face. It also contains the prototype for the Big Ben clock in London.^[46] Work started in the late 13th century, the chancel arch and porch are a century later, the nave and tower were added after 1500, and Slater and Christian restored the building in 1863. It is administered by the Weald Deanery, part of the Archdeaconry of Maidstone which is in turn one of three archdeaconries in the Diocese of Canterbury.

Cranbrook Strict Baptist Chapel was built in 1787 and is the only survivor of two Strict Baptist chapels within a short distance in the village centre; Providence Chapel is now closed. Cranbrook Congregational Church was built in Neo-Gothic style in 1857,^[47] replacing an earlier chapel. It remains Congregational, having stayed outside the United Reformed Church denomination. The Catholic St Theodore's Church opened in 1958.

Sport

In 1652, a court case brought at Cranbrook by church authorities against John Rabson and others refers to "a certain unlawful game called cricket", one of the sport's earliest references. The court, however, ruled that the game was not unlawful.^[48] Kent County Cricket Club played two first-class cricket matches on School Field, Cranbrook in the 1850s and two on Swifts Park, an estate just north-east of the town, in the 1860s.^[49]

The Weald Sports Centre has indoor and outdoor facilities, including tennis courts, an indoor sports hall, a swimming pool and a dance studio.^[50] Cranbrook joggers club runs routes around Angley Woods and Bedgebury Forest.

There was an open-air swimming pool on the Frythe Estate, which closed when the Weald Sports Centre opened in 2000.

Cranbrook Football Club are based at High Weald Academy and play in the East Sussex Football League. The juniors play in the Weald Friendly League and Crowborough Junior League. Home matches are played on the Ball Field, Cranbrook on Sunday mornings. Cranbrook Rugby Football Club (CRFC) play their home matches on the various rugby pitches situated around the town, including Rammell and Scott Field. The clubhouse is based at the Cranbrook Rugby Club, on Angley Road. Age groups range from Under 7s to the senior adult teams.

Notable people

• Rev William Robert Fountains Addison VC, (1883–1962),^[51] recipient of the Victoria Cross in the First World War
• Robert Triall, Presbyterian minister and prisoner on the Bass Rock
• Boyd Alexander, (1873–1910), British Army officer, explorer and ornithologist
• Giles Cooper, (1968–), entertainment producer & promoter. Best known as Chairman of the annual Royal Variety Performance
• Frederick Daniel Hardy, (1827–1911), genre painter and member of the Cranbrook Colony
• Harry Hill, (1964–), comedian, born Matthew Hall, educated in Cranbrook
• William Huntington S.S., (1745–1813), preacher and eccentric
• Chris Langham, (1949–), actor and writer
• Kevin Lygo, (1957–), Head of ITV
• Piers Sellers, (1955–2016), first British-born astronaut
• Tim Smit, (1954–), founder of the Eden Project
• Robert Tooth, (1821–1893), prominent Sydney businessman and brewer
• Arthur Tooth, (1839–1931), Church of England priest imprisoned under the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874
• Thomas Webster, (1800–1886), genre painter
• Peter West, (1920–2003), TV presenter and sports commentator, born, brought up and educated in Cranbrook

Climate

The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate).^[52]

See also

• Cranbrook, British Columbia, named by Colonel James Baker for his hometown in Kent.

References

Reference bibliography

• {{cite journal|ref=CITEREFACHS1969|magazine=The magazine of Albemarle County history|volume=26|publisher=Albemarle County Historical Society|location=Virginia|year=1969}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|title=A century of British brewers, 1890–1990|first=Norman|last=Barber|publisher=Brewery History Society|year=1994|isbn=978-1-873966-04-4}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|title=England, picturesque and descriptive: A reminiscence of foreign travel|first=Joel|last=Cook|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Porter and Coates|year=1882}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|title=The speakers of the House of Commons from the earliest times to the present day|first=Arthur Irwin|last=Dasent|location=London|publisher=John Lane|year=1911}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|url=http://kentarchaeology.org.uk./Research/Libr/MIs/MIsWestwell/MIsWestwell.htm|title=The Monumental Inscriptions in The Church and Churchyard of Westwell, Kent|date=September 1920|first=Leland L.|last=Duncan|others=Christine Pantrey, transcriber, Zena Bamping, checker|edition=republished 2001,2007|publisher=Kent Archaeological Society}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|chapter=Baker's Cross House, Cranbrook, Kent|title=Dennis Flanders' Britannia|first=Dennis|last=Flanders|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1984|isbn=978-0-85362-206-2}}
• {{cite book|ref=|title=The Hardy Family of Artists: Frederick Daniel, George, Heywood, James and their descendants|first=Kimber G.|last=Hardy|publisher=ACC Art Books|year=2016|isbn=978-185149-826-0|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk|pages=}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|title=A handbook for travellers in Kent and Sussex|first=Richard John|last=King|edition=3rd|year=1868|location=London|publisher=John Murray|chapter=The Weald}}
• {{cite book|ref=CITEREFNQ1859|title=Choice Notes from "Notes and Queries": Folk lore|location=London|publisher=Bell and Daldy|year=1859|chapter=Legend of Sir Richard Baker}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|title=The Brewing industry: a guide to historical records|volume=1|series=Studies in British business archives|first1=Lesley|last1=Richmond|first2=Alison|last2=Turton|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7190-3032-1}}
• {{cite book |last=Underdown |first=David |authorlink=David Underdown |title=Start of Play |year=2000 |publisher=Allen Lane}}
• {{cite book|ref=harv|title=Albion: a guide to legendary Britain|first=Jennifer|last=Westwood|publisher=Granada|year=1985|isbn=978-0-246-11789-2}}

Further reading

• {{cite book|title=A Companion to Baker's-Cross Grove, Cranbrook|publisher=S. Waters|year=1815}}
• {{cite journal|title=From Dyehouse to Brewhouse|magazine=The Cranbrook Journal|issue=4|year=1991|first=Tony|last=Singleton|url=http://tonysing.me.uk./History/BakersX/article1.htm}}
• {{cite journal|title=Baker's Cross Brewery, Cranbrook|magazine=The Cranbrook Journal|issue=7|year=1994|first=Tony|last=Singleton|url=http://tonysing.me.uk./History/BakersX/article2.htm}}
• {{cite web|title=Baker's Cross |url=http://theweald.org./P3.asp?PId=Ck.BakersX |work=The Weald |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311073904/http://theweald.org/P3.asp?PId=Ck.BakersX |archivedate=11 March 2012 |df=dmy }}
• {{cite web|title=Little Baker's Cross|work=British Listed Buildings|url=http://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk./en-168867-little-baker-s-cross-cranbrook}}

External links

• Official Cranbrook & Sissinghurst Parish Council website
• Official Cranbrook Town website
• History of Cranbrook (2008), Cranbrook Town
• St. Dunstan's Parish Church
• Cranbrook Union Mill site

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