| 释义 |
- Description
- Taxonomy List of species Etymology
- Biogeography and evolution
- Ecology
- Cultivation
- Uses
- References
- Bibliography Articles and books Websites
- External links
{{short description|Genus of Australasian flowering plants of Asteraceae (daisy) family}}{{Italic title}}{{taxobox
|image = Craspedia canens.jpg
|image_caption = Craspedia canens
|regnum = Plantae
|unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
|unranked_classis = Eudicots
|unranked_ordo = Asterids
|ordo = Asterales
|familia = Asteraceae
|subfamilia = Asteroideae
|tribus = Gnaphalieae
|genus = Craspedia
|genus_authority = G.Forst.
| type_species = Craspedia uniflora
| type_species_authority = G.Forst.{{sfn|TPL|2013}}
|synonyms_ref={{sfn|Flann|2009}}
|synonyms=- Cartodium Sol. ex R.Br.
- Richea Labill. 1800 rejected name not R.Br. 1810 (Ericaceae) nor Kuntze 1891 (Rhizophoraceae)
| diversity = About 20 species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = see list
}}Craspedia is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family commonly known as billy buttons and woollyheads. They are native to Australia and New Zealand where they grow in a variety of habitats from sea level to the Alps. The genus is found in every state of Australia except the Northern Territory. In New Zealand, Craspedia is found from East Cape on the North Island south to Stewart Island. It also occurs on Campbell Island and the Chatham Islands. Description Craspedia are rosette-forming herbs with compound capitula borne on erect, unbranched scapes. The capitula are hemispherical to spherical heads of tiny flowers. Most species are perennial; one species is recorded as an annual (Craspedia haplorrhiza). The leaves have considerable variation in form, ranging in colour from white to green, and are often covered in fine hairs. A closely related genus is Pycnosorus, also often called billy buttons. The genera can be distinguished by the attachment of individual flower heads to the compound heads; in Pycnosorus they are directly attached, and in Craspedia they arise on small stalks.{{sfn|Everett|Doust|2019}} The two genera may actually be monophyletic.{{sfn|Schmidt-Lebuhn|2013}} Taxonomy The genus Craspedia was first described by Johann Georg Adam Forster in 1786.{{sfn|Forster|1786}} It is placed within the family Asteraceae, tribe Gnaphalieae, with about 23 species.{{sfn|Tropicos|2019}}{{sfn|Ford et al|2007}} The original description included only one species, Craspedia uniflora. Early authors included Pycnosorus, which was later segregated.{{sfn|Rozefelds et al|2011}} Molecular phylogeny suggested the two genera were sister clades,{{sfn|Ford et al|2007}}{{sfn|Rozefelds et al|2011}} but there is some evidence that the two genera may in fact be monophyletic.{{sfn|Schmidt-Lebuhn|2013}} List of species According to the Global Compositae Checklist{{sfn|Flann|2009}} {{columns-list|colwidth=22em|- Craspedia adenophora K.L.McDougall & N.G.Walsh
- Craspedia alba J.Everett & Joy Thomps.
- Craspedia alpina
- Craspedia aurantia J.Everett & Joy Thomps.
- Craspedia canens J.Everett & Doust
- Craspedia coolaminica J.Everett & Joy Thomps.
- Craspedia costiniana J.Everett & Joy Thomps.
- Craspedia crocata J.Everett & Joy Thomps.
- Craspedia glabrata (Hook.f.) Rozefelds
- Craspedia glauca (Labill.) Spreng.
- Craspedia incana Allan
- Craspedia jamesii J.Everett & Joy Thomps.
- Craspedia lamicola J.Everett & Joy Thomps.
- Craspedia lanata (Hook.f.) Allan
- Craspedia leucantha F.Muell.
- Craspedia major (Hook.f.) Allan
- Craspedia maxgrayi J.Everett & Joy Thomps.
- Craspedia minor (Hook.f.) Allan
- Craspedia paludicola J.Everett & Doust
- Craspedia pilosa Spreng.
- Craspedia preminghana Rozefelds
- Craspedia richea Cass.
- Craspedia robusta (Hook.f.) Cockayne
- Craspedia uniflora G.Forst.
- Craspedia variabilis J.Everett & Doust
}} Etymology The genus is named for the Greek Kraspedon, meaning an edge, hem or border, because of the woolly fringes of the leaves belonging to the type species.{{sfn|BGSA|2018}} Biogeography and evolution There are two centres of diversity in Craspedia, both associated with upland areas. One of these is in the alpine and subalpine zone of Kosciuszko National Park, where seven species are found. The other centre is a larger area on the northwestern South Island, where several species grow.{{sfn|Ford et al|2007}} Ecology Species of Craspedia are found in a wide range of habitats from coastal to alpine and are generally plants of open areas, sometimes ruderal. Observations of some Australian species suggest they re-establish well after fire. In Australia Craspedia are commonly found growing in forest habitat, whereas in New Zealand they are generally excluded from closed Nothofagus forests. Craspedia species may occur in dense, widespread populations in mainland Australia, but generally not in New Zealand or Tasmania. Most Australian non-alpine species are found in native grasslands and shrublands associated with Eucalyptus forests. Alpine species occur in Tasmania. In New Zealand, species can be found on coastal sand dunes, wetlands, fellfields, and greywacke rock scree. Craspedia grow in a wide range of soil types, including sands, gravels, clays, and loams, which are derived from different geologies across a broad rainfall gradient. They appear to be intolerant only of very infertile and acidic soils. This is apparent in the absence of Craspedia from parts of western Tasmania which are characterised by soils derived from pre-Cambrian quartzose rock. These sandy, infertle soils are dominated by a wet heath ecosystem known as buttongrass moorland. Cultivation Craspedia is hardy to USDA zones 9–11. It can be propagated by cutting a rosette from a clump, but generally seed is a more reliable and rapid method. Seeds will sprout in days on germination media. Plants are generally self-fertile. The alpine species need regular water and excellent drainage. All species prefer cool roots; surrounding the plants with rock, gravel, or sand provides better conditions. A plant will start growing as a single rosette, and each rosette generally produces one flower stalk.{{sfn|BGW|2015}} Cultivars include ‘Golf Beauty’.{{sfn|Sparks|2017}}{{sfn|GITS|2017}} Uses Craspedia is grown both as an ornamental garden plant, and floriculture for cut flowers and floral arrangements, including dried flowers.{{sfn|Interflora|2019}}{{sfn|BGW|2015}}{{sfn|GITS|2017}} Africa is a source of exports.{{sfn|USDA|2007}} References Bibliography Articles and books {{refbegin|30em}}- {{cite journal |last1=Ford |first1=Kerry A. |last2=Ward |first2=Josephine M. |last3=Smissen |first3=Rob D. |last4=Wagstaff |first4=Steven J. |last5=Breitwieser |first5=Ilse |title=Phylogeny and Biogeography of Craspedia (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) Based on ITS, ETS and psbA-trnH Sequence Data |journal=Taxon |date=August 2007 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=783–794 |doi=10.2307/25065861 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233785923_Phylogeny_and_Biogeography_of_Craspedia_Asteraceae_Gnaphalieae_Based_on_ITS_ETS_and_psbA-trnH_Sequence_Data|jstor=25065861|ref={{harvid|Ford et al|2007}}}}
- {{cite book |last1=Forster |first=Johann Georg Adam|authorlink=Johann Georg Adam Forster|title=Florulae insularum Australium: prodromus (Fl.Ins.Austr.)|chapter=Craspedia |date=1786 |publisher=Joann. Christian Dietrich |location=Gottingae |page=58 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11162964#page/66/mode/1up|ref=harv}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Rozefelds |first1=Andrew C. |last2=Buchanan |first2=Alex M. |last3=Ford |first3=Kerry A. |title=New Species Of Craspedia (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) From Tasmania And Determination Of The Identity Of C. Macrocephala Hook. |journal=Kanunnah |date=June 2011 |volume=4 |pages=93–116 |url=https://www.tmag.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/128568/KANUNNAH4.pdf#page=99|ref={{harvid|Rozefelds et al|2011}}}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Schmidt-Lebuhn |first1=Alexander N. |title=Reciprocal monophyly of Craspedia and Pycnosorus (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) and the problems of using ribosomal DNA at the lowest taxonomic levels |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |date=2013 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=233 |doi=10.1071/SB13018|ref=harv}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Schmidt-Lebuhn |first1=Alexander N. |last2=Milner |first2=Kirsty V. |title=A quantitative study of morphology in Australian Craspedia (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |date=2013 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=238 |doi=10.1071/SB13017|ref=harv}}
Websites - {{cite web |title=How to Grow Craspedia - Growing Billy Buttons |url=https://balconygardenweb.com/how-to-grow-craspedia-growing-billy-buttons/ |website=Balcony Garden Web |accessdate=13 February 2019 |date=21 October 2015|ref={{harvid|BGW|2015}}}}
- {{cite web |last1=Sparks |first1=Brian |title=Growing Tips for Craspedia ‘Golf Beauty’ |url=https://www.greenhousegrower.com/varieties/growing-tips-for-craspedia-golf-beauty/ |website=Greenhouse Grower |accessdate=14 February 2019 |date=9 January 2017|ref=harv}}
- {{cite web |title=Craspedia Forster f. |url=http://idtools.org/id/cutflowers/key/Cut_Flower_Exports_of_Africa/Media/Html/Fact_sheets/Craspedia.htm |website=Cut Flower Exports of Africa |publisher=USDA |accessdate=14 February 2019 |date=September 5, 2007|ref={{harvid|USDA|2007}}}}
- {{cite web |last1=The Shade Gardener |title=Craspedia 'Golf Beauty' |url=https://www.gardeningintheshade.com/2017/02/12/craspedia-golf-beauty/ |website=Gardening in the Shade |accessdate=14 February 2019 |date=12 February 2017|ref={{harvid|GITS|2017}}}}
- {{cite web |last1=Delhaye |first1=Céline |title=Craspedia |url=https://www.gerbeaud.com/jardin/fiches/craspedia,1974.html |website=Gerbeaud |publisher=Société Nationale d'Horticulture de France |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=fr |date=1 August 2018|ref=harv}}
- {{cite web |title=Craspedia |url=http://www.flowers.org.uk/flowers/flowers-names/a-d/craspedia/ |website=Flowers & Plants |publisher=Interflora |accessdate=14 February 2019|ref={{harvid|Interflora|2019}}}}
- Databases
- {{cite web |title=Craspedia |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/83262/api/apni-format |website=Vascular Plants: Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) APC |publisher=Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria |accessdate=14 February 2019|ref={{harvid|APNI|2019}}}}
- {{cite web|last1=TPL|authorlink=The Plant List |title=Craspedia|website=The Plant List Version 1.1|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=craspedia|publisher =Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden |accessdate=13 January 2019|date=2013|ref=harv}}
- {{cite web|editor-last=Flann|editor-first=C|title=Craspedia G.Forst.|website=Global Compositae Checklist|url=https://compositae.landcareresearch.co.nz/Default.aspx?Page=NameSearch&searchText=Craspedia|publisher=Landcare Research, New Zealand|date=2009|accessdate=13 January 2019|ref=harv}}
- {{cite web|last=Tropicos|authorlink=Tropicos|title=Craspedia G. Forst.|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40015885|publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden|accessdate=13 February 2019|date=2019|ref=harv}}
- {{cite web |title=Craspedia |url=https://spapps.environment.sa.gov.au/SeedsOfSA/scientificresults.html?family=&genus=craspedia&species=&sortby=genus&synonyms=true |website=Seeds of South Australia |publisher=Botanic Gardens of South Australia |accessdate=14 February 2019 |date=2018|ref={{harvid|BGSA|2018}}}}
- Flora
- {{cite web |last1=Everett |first1=J. |last2=Doust |first2=A. N. L. |title=Genus Craspedia |url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Craspedia |website=PlantNET FloraOnline |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney |accessdate=13 February 2019|ref={{harvid|Everett|Doust|2019}}}}
- {{cite web |title=Craspedia G.Forst. |url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/search/quick?q=craspedia |website=Florabase: the Western Australian flora |publisher=Western Australian Herbarium |accessdate=14 February 2019|ref={{harvid|WAH|2019}}}}
- {{cite web |last1=Everett |first1=J. |title=Craspedia |url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/093b23fe-23f4-4227-b7ff-7be949370451 |website=Vicflora: Flora of Victoria |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne |accessdate=14 February 2019 |date=1999}}
{{refend}} External links {{commons}}{{wikispecies}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q5182455}} 2 : Gnaphalieae|Asteraceae genera |