| 词条 | Kishen Pershad |
| 释义 |
| name = Sir Kishen Pershad | honorific_prefix = Maharaja | honorific_suffix = Yamin us Saltanat | image = File:KishenPershad ca1915.jpeg | order = 30th | office = Prime Minister of Hyderabad | monarch1 = Osman Ali Khan | term_start1 = 25 November 1926 | term_end1 = 18 March 1937 | predecessor1 = Wali-ud-Daula Bahadur | successor1 = Akbar Hydari | monarch2 = Mahbub Ali Khan Osman Ali Khan | term_start2 = 1901 | term_end2 = 11 July 1912 | predecessor2 = Viqar-ul-Umra | successor2 = Yousuf Ali Khan | birth_name = Kishen Pershad | birth_date = 1864 | birth_place = Hyderabad, Hyderabad State (present-day Telangana, India) | death_date = {{death date and age|1940|5|13|1864}} | death_place = Hyderabad, Hyderabad State (present-day Telangana, India) | spouse = 7 | residence = | alma_mater = }} Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad Bahadur Yamin us-Sultanat GCIE (1864 – 13 May 1940) was an Indian noble who served as Prime Minister of Hyderabad twice. Born to a Hindu khatri family which traces its roots to Raja Todar Mal, Pershad studied at a western school under the patronage of Salar Jung I. Pershad was a childhood friend of the Nizam and was a staunch Nizam loyalist throughout his life. In 1892, Pershad became the peshkar (deputy minister) of the state. Nine years later, Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan appointed him dewan (prime minister) of the state. During his first tenure as dewan, he was credited with increasing the revenue of the state and helping the victims affected by the Great Musi Flood of 1908. In 1926, he was reappointed as dewan. During this period, he passed the Mulki regulations, which favoured local citizens instead of Britishers for administrative positions. A proponent of the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, Pershad also wrote Urdu and Persian poems which were influenced by Sufism. He was a patron of poetry, paintings and music. He had seven wives which included both Hindus and Muslims. Early lifeAlthough Pershad was born in 1864, his exact date of birth is unrecorded. According to him, he was "born two years before his highness [ Mir Osman Ali Khan ]".{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=107}} Pershad was a direct descendant of Raja Todar Mal, the finance minister of Mughal emperor Akbar. Kishen Pershad's ancestor Rai Mull Chand migrated from Delhi to Hyderabad with Asaf Jah I. His grandfather Narinder Pershad served as dewan and peshkar during the reign of Mahbub Ali Khan.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=107}} They were Hindu by faith[1] and belonged to the khatri caste and suryavanshi family.{{sfn|Leonard|1994|p=183}}[2] At his youth, Pershad was disinherited by his grandfather Narinder Pershad in favour of his younger brother. Subsequently, he was patronised by Salar Jung I and educated him along with his sons in a western school. Pershad studied accountancy, medicine, religion, astrology and sufism. Besides these, he inculcated martial arts, Mughal etiquette and court grooming in his school.[2] Pershad studied Sanskrit language because of his Hindu faith; accountancy because he had the hereditary charge of the royal treasury.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=108}} Political careerIn 1892, Pershad was appointed as peshkar (deputy minister) of Hyderabad.[3] He was appointed dewan (Prime Minister) in 1902. During this period of ten years, he played an insignificant role in the administration of the state. He became a member of the Nizam{{'}}s cabinet as the military minister. He also fulfilled his responsibilities as a peshkar, which included being in persistent personal attendance to the Nizam and helped him in completing the formalities of the state.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=111}} In 1901, the Nizam appointed Pershad as dewan (prime minister) of Hyderabad and dismissed Viqar-ul-Umra.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=115}} He was also conferred with the title "Yamin us Saltanat" ('English: right hand of the realm) and was raised from the status of a raja to maharaja.[2] In an attempt to improve the economic conditions of the state, he decreased the income of the mansabdars (landowners). He also increased the revenues from agriculture, railways, and customs. In 1908, a flood occurred at the state due to the overflowing of the Musi river, and killed people and destroyed properties. In response, Pershad gave aids and personal donation for the victims and paid salaries in advance and waived debts.[2] During Pershad's first tenure as the dewan of Hyderabad, cash reserves of the state quadrupled. Although the British historians credit the finance minister Casson Walker of Britain for this achievement, Hyderabadi traditions credit this to Pershad. He also maintained a friendly relationship with the British resident.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=117}} After the death of Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan in 1911, Osman Ali Khan ascended the throne. Under his reign, Pershad found it difficult to continue as the dewan and hence resigned in 1912.[3] In November 1926, he was reappointed in that position and continued until March 1937.[4] During his second tenure, friction occurred between Pershad and Walker over political appointments. While Walker was in favour of appointing British people in administrative positions, Pershad was in favour of appointing "Mulkies" (local citizens). Panic spread amongst the citizens due to Walker's preference and they thought that no post of even moderate to less importance would be available to them. The clash between Pershad and Walker over this matter was continuous and all the departments were affected by it.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=117}} Pershad passed the Mulki regulations. According to it, it was decided that an "outsider" would not be appointed to any position if a Mulki was available for the job. The Mulki's education qualifications would be given more importance than his/her family background. Retirement was also fixed at fifty-five years of age.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=119}}[3] Personal lifeMarriagesPershad had seven wives. Three were Hindus of Brahmin caste and four were Muslims (which also included Shia Muslims). His Muslim wives bore him six sons and his Hindu wives bore him nine sons. The wives followed their own religion and their children were brought up in the religion of their mother. The children from Muslim wives had Islamic names and the children from Hindu wives had Hindu names.[5][6][7] One of Pershad's favourite wife was Ghousia Begum. Ghousia Begum belonged to an orthodox Muslim family. Although she lived under a strict purdah, they managed to court each other by disguises. According to Islamic law, marriage between a Muslim and a Hindu is not allowed. To marry her, he was ready to convert to Islam.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=122}} However, Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan was not in favour of him to convert as he didnot want a Muslim peshkar. Subsequently, she eloped with him and was married of by a kazi appointed by her uncle.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=123}} Interests and beliefsPershad wrote Persian and Urdu poems under the pen name "Shad" (English: happy). His poetry was influenced by Sufism. He was also a proponent of Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb (communal harmony between Hindus and Muslims).[8][9] He wrote {{quote|I am neither Hindu nor a Muslim My faith reposes in every religion Shad alone knows of his religious beliefs As none but the free can fathom the essence of freedom.[9] Pershad was a patron of poetry, paintings and music. In spite of the quality of their work, he used to encourage painters, writers and musicians. In early morning, artists from different parts of India as well as from Persia and Arab countries used to visit him.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=126}} He also published an Urdu magazine of poetry titled Mahbub Al Kalam. In the magazine, the first ghazal was written by Nizam Mahbub Ali Khan and the rest were written by Pershad. The ghazals were written in the form a dialogue between two lovers.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=126}} Pershad's hobbies included painting, playing sitar, photography and sculpting. He was a childhood friend of the Nizam and throughout his life, he was a staunch Nizam loyalist.[3] The Times of India wrote the following about him: His charismatic personality and legendary largesse endeared him with the masses. His eminence as the supreme personification of all that was good in erstwhile Hyderabad has ensured that 'Maharaja' implies none other than Kishen Pershad.[9] Image and characterDespite the fact that Hyderabadi society was feudal in nature and Pershad belonged to an upper caste, during his reign as a minister, his associates consisted people of every caste and class. According to his family members, he would sit with a beggar on his sofa at his drawing room and would serve him tea.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=112}} When he was criticised for his acts, he replied Do not despite anyone. You never know, it may be God himself who visits you in the guise of a beggar.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=112}} Due to his contacts, Pershad was able to understand the sentiments of all sections of society. Even after becoming the prime minister of Hyderabad, he continued his participation in public functions like inauguration of schools, clinics and also continued to appear as chief guest in circus. During the marriage season, he also attended marriages of the common public including poor in which he was invited.{{sfn|Ronken Lynton|1992|p=112}} KnighthoodPershad was conferred with the KCIE in January 1903[10] and the GCIE in 1910.[11] DeathPershad died at Hyderabad on 13 May 1940.[12] Upon his death, Nizam Osman Ali Khan said "society has witnessed the departure of the last vestige of the Mughal empire".[3] References1. ^{{cite book |author1=Karen Isaksen Leonard |title=Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad |date=2007 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804754422 |page=18}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book |author1=Syeda Imam |title=The Untold Charminar |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=9788184759716 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&pg=PT87&dq=kishen+pershad+1864&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy-77lq6LhAhV18XMBHZO_D2cQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=kishen%20pershad&f=false}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |last1=Shahid |first1=Sajjad |title=The last icon of the Mughal way of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-last-icon-of-the-Mughal-way-of-life/articleshow/10721951.cms |publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=28 March 2019 |date=14 November 2011}} 4. ^{{cite web |title=Princely States of India A-J |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html#Haydarabad |publisher=World Statesmen |accessdate=28 March 2019}} 5. ^{{cite book |author1=Syeda Imam |title=The Untold Charminar |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&pg=PT89&dq=kishen+pershad+wives+seven&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij_7jtqKThAhX57HMBHRYhAEQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=kishen%20pershad%20wives%20seven&f=false}} 6. ^{{cite book |author1=Rajendra Prasad |title=The Asif Jahs of Hyderabad: Their rise and decline |date=1984 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House Private, Limited |isbn=9780706919653 |page=128}} 7. ^{{cite book |author1=Narendra Luther |authorlink1=Narendra Luther |title=Hyderabad: Memoirs of a City |date=1955 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=9788125006886 |page=223}} 8. ^{{cite book |author1=Alka Patel |author2=Karen Leonard |title=Indo-Muslim Cultures in Transition |date=2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004218871 |page=185}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |last1=Shahid |first1=Sajjad |title=Kishen Pershad — people's Maharaja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kishen-Pershad-peoples-Maharaja/articleshow/30072051.cms |publisher=The Times of India |accessdate=28 March 2019 |date=9 February 2014}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=To be Knight Commanders|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27511/supplement/3|publisher=The London Gazette|page=3|date=30 December 1902}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=To be a Knight Grand Commander|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28388/supplement/4477|publisher=The London Gazette|date=23 June 2010}} 12. ^{{cite news |title=Sir Kishen Pershad passes away |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=168-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=AkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6865%2C1236175 |accessdate=28 March 2019 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=14 May 1940}} Notes
External links{{commons category|Kishen Pershad}}
before=Sir Vicar-ul-Umra| title=Prime Minister of Hyderabad | years=1901–1912| after=Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III }}{{Succession box | before=Wali-ud-Daula Bahadur| title=Prime Minister of Hyderabad | years=1926–1937| after=Sir Akbar Hydari }}{{S-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Pershad, Kishen}} 10 : Indian Hindus|Urdu poets from India|Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire|Indian knights|1864 births|1940 deaths|Hyderabad State politicians|Nizams of Hyderabad|Indian maharajas|Prime Ministers of Nizams kingdom |
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