请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Creation and evolution in public education
释义

  1. Overview

  2. By country

     Australia  Brazil  China  Council of Europe  Denmark  Iran  Netherlands  Norway  Pakistan  Poland  Romania  Russia  Saudi Arabia  Serbia  Turkey  United Kingdom  United States 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{creationism2}}{{Evolutionary biology}}

The status of creation and evolution in public education has been the subject of substantial debate and conflict in legal, political, and religious circles. Globally, there is a wide variety of views on the topic. Most western countries have legislation that mandates only evolutionary biology is to be taught in the appropriate scientific syllabuses.[1]

Overview

While many doctrines do not raise theological objections to the modern evolutionary synthesis as an explanation for the present form of life on Earth, various fundamentalist sects, including many churches within Christianity, have objected vehemently.[2] Some adherents are passionately opposed to the consensus view of the scientific community. Literal interpretations of religious texts are the greatest cause of conflict with evolutionary and cosmological investigations and conclusions.

Internationally, evolution is taught in science courses with limited controversy, with the exception of a few areas of the United States and several Islamic fundamentalist countries. In the United States, the Supreme Court has ruled the teaching of creationism as science in public schools to be unconstitutional, irrespective of how it may be purveyed in theological or religious instruction. In the United States, intelligent design (ID) has been represented as an alternative explanation to evolution in recent decades, but its "demonstrably religious, cultural, and legal missions" have been ruled unconstitutional by a lower court.[3][4][5][6]

By country

Australia

Although creationist views are popular among religious education teachers and creationist teaching materials have been distributed by volunteers in some schools,[7] many Australian scientists take an aggressive stance supporting the right of teachers to teach the theory of evolution, unhindered by religious restrictions.

{{cquote| An essential element in the teaching of science is the encouragement of students and teachers to critically appraise the evidence for notions being taught as science. The Society states unequivocally that the dogmatic teaching of notions such as Creationism within a science curriculum stifles the development of critical thinking patterns in the developing mind and seriously compromises the best interests of objective public education. This could eventually hamper the advancement of science and technology as students take their places as leaders of future generations. |||Geological Society of Australia[8]}}

Brazil

In Brazil, teaching of creationism in scientific education classes is forbidden by the Ministry of Education (MEC).[9] Religious education is not forbidden as such, but the federal constitution states that the union can neither impose, nor promote, nor finance any religion, because by law Brazil is a secular state.[10] In 2004 however, teachers of religious education classes in schools of the education department of Rio de Janeiro began to present creationism in their classes as scientific fact. The practice was directly initiated by politicians in power who were promoting their personal religious views, and their action moved Brazilian scientists to protest the abuse.[11][12] Subsequently, in congress a "religious bench," or faction, has become increasingly influential.[12] For example, a Brazilian senator, Marcelo Crivella, the former Minister of Fishing and Aquiculture, publicly declared his religiously founded antagonism to evolution.[13] Such prominent influences have drawn the attention of the defenders of the secular state.[14]

China

All of China, including mainland China[15], Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR and Taiwan , offer evolution theory education. In mainland China, private religious schools are rare, meaning that nearly all students receiving elementary or secondary education in China receives biology classes based on evolution theory. However, it is pointed out that there are problems with the textbook, including absence of some topics in the past.[16]

Council of Europe

Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe Resolution 1580

On October 4, 2007, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) adopted its Resolution 1580 titled The dangers of creationism in education. The resolution observed that "The war on the theory of evolution and on its proponents most often originates in forms of religious extremism closely linked to extreme right-wing political movements," and urged member states "firmly oppose the teaching of creationism as a scientific discipline on an equal footing with the theory of evolution and in general the presentation of creationist ideas in any discipline other than religion."[17]

http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=11751&lang=en

Drafting and adoption

The Assembly's work leading to adopting the resolution began in 2006, when several delegates of the assembly, led by British Labour Party politician Andrew McIntosh, suggested to adopt a recommendation on this theme.[18] During drafting, the report and draft resolution[19] were prepared by the delegate from the French Socialist Party, Guy Lengagne.

The report was returned by PACE to its Committee on Culture, Science and Education for revision in June 2007 with 63 votes against 46,[20] at the request by the leader of the Christian Democratic group in the Assembly Luc Van den Brande.[21] Reuters noted that calling off the debate and vote "also won support from east European deputies,{{which|date=February 2014}} who recalled that Darwinian evolution was a favorite theory of their former communist rulers."[22] The procedure used for the referral was criticized by the Assembly's Committee on Culture, Science and Education.[23] After the revision by a new rapporteur, Anne Brasseur, a delegate from Luxembourg representing the Liberal group in the Assembly[24] and several amendments made by the Assembly, the resolution was adopted, by 48 votes against 25.[25]

Content

The resolution's aim is "to warn against certain tendencies to pass off a belief as science … the Parliamentary Assembly is worried about the possible ill-effect of the spread of creationist ideas within our education systems and about the consequences for our democracies. If we are not careful, creationism could become a threat to human rights."[26] It rejects that creationism in any form, including "intelligent design," can be considered scientific (Para. 4), but considers possible its inclusion in religion and cultural classes (Para. 16). The resolution concludes that teaching creationism in school as a scientific theory may threaten civil rights (Paras. 13 and 18). The resolution summarizes itself in Para. 19:[17]

{{quotation|

The Parliamentary Assembly therefore urges the member states, and especially their education authorities to:

  1. defend and promote scientific knowledge;
  2. strengthen the teaching of the foundations of science, its history, its epistemology and its methods alongside the teaching of objective scientific knowledge;
  3. make science more comprehensible, more attractive and closer to the realities of the contemporary world;
  4. firmly oppose the teaching of creationism as a scientific discipline on an equal footing with the theory of evolution and in general the presentation of creationist ideas in any discipline other than religion;
  5. promote the teaching of evolution as a fundamental scientific theory in the school curricula.}}
Coverage and reaction
After the rejection of Lengagne's report, the former rapporteur was interviewed on the subject by the French newspaper 20 Minutes, where he evaluated the events as follows: "We are witnessing a return to the Middle Ages."[28]

The resolution was criticised by deputy head of the Department for External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church, Archpriest Vsevolod Chaplin, stating that "those few fossils presented by the anthropologists as examples of ape-human transitional forms could be explained by random mutations. We don't claim to found a new species upon finding a fish with two heads."[29] and by the president of Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Albert Mohler considering that "this can only mean that Europe (at least as represented by the Council of Europe) has forgotten even its Christian memory."[30]

In February 2009, the resolution was a starting point of a conference held in Dortmund, Germany, and led by Dittmar Graf from the Dortmund University of Technology. The conference, including participation of Anne Brasseur, among others, was held in cooperation with the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, University of Vienna and Hacettepe University and with support from German Ministry of Education and Research.[31]

Michael Poole, a King's College London Visiting Research Fellow in Science and Religion and a founding member of the International Society for Science and Religion, criticised the resolution for being too restrictive while disapproving of young Earth creationism and the intelligent design movement.[32]

Deutsche Welle, covering the disagreement among members of the Assembly on whether the resolution constituted an attack on religious beliefs,[26] and Die Welt, pointing to journalists-expressed suspicions of wishing to limit freedom of conscience and Brasseur's response that the aim was to draw a line between the spheres of faith and science.[33]

Denmark

On April 25, 2007, Member of Parliament Martin Henriksen (Danish People's Party) asked Education Minister Bertel Haarder (Liberal Party of Denmark) for information about how many educational institutions had received The Atlas of Creation (2006) by Harun Yahya.[34] The minister responded that the Ministry of Education was not in possession of information about the number of educational institutions that had received the book. Further, he stated that the choice of educational materials is decided by local school boards. Moreover, it is his view that the end goal of primary school biology instruction is to enable students to acquire the knowledge and skills needed to explain the basic elements of heredity and evolution and to address the issues related to the biological coursework.[35]

In interview sessions during 2002, less than 10% of the interviewed Danes declared the theory of evolution as being definitely false.[36]

Iran

Iranian scientific development, especially the health-related aspects of biology, has been a goal of the Islamic government since the Iranian Revolution of 1979.[37] Since Iranian traditional practice of Shi'a religion isn't preoccupied with Qur'anic literalism as in case of fundamentalist Wahhabism but ijtihad, many influential Iranian Shi'ite scholars, including several who were closely involved in the Iranian Revolution, are not opposed to evolutionary ideas in general, disagreeing that evolution necessarily conflicts with the Muslim mainstream.[37] Evolution is incorporated in the science curriculum starting from the 5th grade. An emphasis is placed on empirical evidence, such as the study of fossils, rather than Islamic scripture, thus portraying geologists and other types of scientists as the authoritative voices of scientific knowledge.[37]

Netherlands

In the Netherlands some factions teach creationism in their own schools, besides evolution.[38] In May 2005, a discussion on intelligent design erupted when Minister of Education Maria van der Hoeven suggested that debate about intelligent design might encourage discourse between the country's various religious groups. She sought to "stimulate an academic debate" on the subject. Following strong objection from some scientists,[39] she dropped plans of holding a conference on the matter.[12]

After the 2007 elections, she was succeeded by Ronald Plasterk, described as a "molecular geneticist, staunch atheist and opponent of intelligent design."[40]

Norway

In 1986, Norway's then-Minister of Church and Education Affairs Kjell Magne Bondevik proposed new education plans for the elementary and middle school levels which included skepticism to the theory of evolution and would hold that a final answer to the origin of mankind was unknown. The proposal was withdrawn after it had generated controversy.[41]

Pakistan

Although it has been claimed that evolution is not taught in Pakistani universities;[42] the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, which is the federal body which sets standards of course content, has knowledge and understanding of evolution as being compulsory for several courses such as microbiology,[43] bioinformatics,[44] zoology,[45] botany[46] as well as others. In 2006, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences became a signatory of the InterAcademy Panel Statement on "The teaching of evolution."[47] Many of the contemporary titles on the creation-evolution controversy, such as those by biologist Richard Dawkins, are available for general sale.[48]

Poland

Poland saw a controversy over creationism in 2006 when Deputy Education Minister Mirosław Orzechowski denounced evolution as a lie taught in Polish schools. His superior, Minister of National Education Roman Giertych, has stated that the theory of evolution would continue to be taught in Polish schools, "as long as most scientists in our country say that it is the right theory." Giertych's father, Member of the European Parliament Maciej Giertych, has however opposed the teaching of evolution and has claimed that "in every culture there are indications that we remember dinosaurs. The Scots have Nessie; we Poles have the Wawel dragon."[49]

Romania

In 1998, Ioan Moisin, a Christian Democratic senator and a Greek Catholic priest, called upon Romania's Ministry of Education to establish a commission of Catholics who would revise biology textbooks and philosophical textbooks to not contradict Biblical creationism. Moisin disapproved of students learning from their religious teachers that God created human beings and then learning to the contrary from biology and philosophy teachers that humans descend from apes as a product of evolution by Darwinian natural selection. Moisin's proposal to establish the commission also sought to form a Council of Public Morality that would feature representatives composed of teachers and clergy, to oversee public education, and to be subordinated only to the direct authority of the President of Romania. Romania's Parliament and Ministry of Education never seriously considered the latter proposals.[50] However, starting the year 2006 and ongoing{{When|date=December 2017}} Darwinian evolution was discontinued from newly printed school books throughout the country without being reintroduced.[51][52]

Russia

In December 2006, a schoolgirl in Saint Petersburg, Russia, and her father took the issue of the teaching of evolution in Russian schools to court. The Russian Ministry of Education supports the theory of evolution. Representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church backed the suit.[53][54] In February 2007, the first instance court, and in July, the second instance court, ruled in favour of the Ministry.[55]

In August 2014 the Mayor of Kazan, Il'sur Metshin, expressed surprise at schools teaching the "theory of Darwin".[56]

He added that he intended to raise the question of the school curriculum at the federal level.[57]

Saudi Arabia

A Saudi 12th-grade textbook mentions evolution by name only where it claims that Charles Darwin has "denied Allah's creation of humanity".[37] The rest of the textbook focuses on descriptions of the taxonomic ranks: it makes no further mention of evolution, only quoting Qur'an verses as relevant to certain groups of animals.[37]

Serbia

In Serbia the teaching of evolution was suspended for one week in 2004, under Minister of Education and Sport Ljiljana Čolić, only allowing schools to reintroduce evolution into the curriculum if they also taught creationism.[58] "After a deluge of protest from scientists, teachers and opposition parties" says the BBC report, Čolić's deputy, Milan Brdar, made the statement, "I have come here to confirm Charles Darwin is still alive" and announced that the decision was reversed.[59] Čolić resigned after the government said that she had caused "problems that had started to reflect on the work of the entire government."[60]

Turkey

In Turkey, a country where the majority of population is Muslim, evolution is often a controversial subject. Evolution was added to the school curriculum shortly after the Turkish Revolution of the 1920s and 30s.[61] There was some resistance to this, such as that of Said Nursî and his followers, but opposition was not particularly powerful.[61] In fact, some prominent Turkish scholars during the first decades of the new-born Turkish republic, such as Ahmet Hamdi Akseki (d. 1951), who once served as the President of Religious Affairs of Turkey, and İzmirli İsmail Hakkı (d. 1946) thought that the theory of evolution cannot be seen as contrary to Islam because it was already to be found in the classical works of Muslim theology.[62] In the 1980s, conservatives came into power, and used the ideas of scientific creationists in the US as a method of discrediting evolution (notwithstanding material on the age of the Earth, which Islamic creationism is less specific about).

One anti-evolutionist group in Turkey is the Istanbul based Bilim Araştırma Vakfı (BAV), or "Science Research Foundation," which was founded by Adnan Oktar in 1990. Its activities include campaigns against the teaching of evolution. It has been described as one of the strongest anti-evolution organizations outside of North America.[63] US based creationist organizations such as the Institute for Creation Research (ICR) have worked alongside them. Some scientists have protested that anti-evolution books published by this group (such as The Evolution Deceit (1999) by Harun Yahya) have become more influential than real biology textbooks. The teaching of evolution in high schools has been fought by Ali Gören, a member of parliament and professor of medicine, who believes such education has negative effects.

The situation is very fragile, and the status of evolution in education varies from one government to the next. For example, in 1985 the Minister of National Education, Youth and Sports Vehbi Dinçerler had scientific creationism added to high school texts, and also had the discredited Lamarckism presented alongside Darwinism. Only in 1998 was this changed somewhat, with texts presenting a more balanced view, though still mentioning creationism and Lamarckism.[63] At present the moderate Islamist Justice and Development Party, which is sympathetic to creationist views,[61] holds power. It was elected in 2002 and again with a greater majority in 2007.

In general, material that conflicts with religious beliefs is highly controversial in Turkey. For example, in November 2007 a prosecutor launched a probe into whether Richard Dawkins' book The God Delusion (2006) is "an attack on religious values." Its publisher could face trial and up to one year in prison if the prosecutor concludes that the book "incites religious hatred" and insults religious values.[64]

Turkish academics who have defended evolutionary theory have received death threats, for instance Turkish biologist Aykut Kence received an email telling him to enjoy his "final days."[63] Kence helped establish the Evolution Group, whose aim is to improve public understanding of evolution. However, opposition to creationism is not very powerful; Umit Sayin, a neurologist, describes academics and universities as "slow and sluggish" in their response. Kence maintains that "if knowledgeable people keep quiet, it only helps those who spread nonsense."[63]

In June 2017, the education ministry announced the removal of evolution from the secondary school curriculum, scheduled to take effect in 2019; as of the date of the announcement the only other Muslim majority country where evolution is challenged in the education system was Saudi Arabia, where the concept is briefly named and heavily criticized in the curricula.[65][66]

United Kingdom

In each of the countries of the United Kingdom, there is an agreed syllabus for religious education with the right of parents to withdraw their children from these lessons. The religious education syllabus does not involve teaching creationism, but rather teaching the central tenets of major world faiths.[67] At the same time, the teaching of evolution is compulsory in publicly funded schools. For instance, the National Curriculum for England requires that students at Key Stage 4 (14–16) be taught:[68]

  1. that the fossil record is evidence for evolution
  2. how variation and selection may lead to evolution or extinction

Similar requirements exist in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

In 2003, the Emmanuel Schools Foundation (previously the Vardy Foundation after its founder, Sir Peter Vardy) sponsored a number of "faith-based" academies where evolution and creationist ideas would be taught side-by-side in science classes. This caused a considerable amount of controversy.[69]

The former Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, has expressed his view that creationism should not be taught in schools.[70][71]

An organisation called Truth in Science has distributed teaching packs of creationist information to schools, and claims that fifty-nine schools are using the packs as "a useful classroom resource."[72] The government has stated that "Neither intelligent design nor creationism are recognised scientific theories and they are not included in the science curriculum. The Truth in Science information pack is therefore not an appropriate resource to support the science curriculum." It is arranging to communicate this message directly to schools.[73]

The teaching of creationism and intelligent design in schools in the UK is being opposed by the British Centre for Science Education (BCSE).[19][74]

United States

{{Main|Creation and evolution in public education in the United States}}

In the United States, creationists and proponents of evolution are engaged in a long-standing battle over the legal status of creation and evolution in the public school science classroom.[75] Some 13 US states are exposed to offer pro-creationist contents in public or charter schools[76], and they often are criticized unconstitutional. There are also religious homeschool curriculum that offer creationist education.

See also

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Creation–evolution controversy
  • Flying Spaghetti Monster
  • Human timeline
  • Intelligent design in politics
  • Level of support for evolution
  • Life timeline
  • Nature timeline
  • "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution"
  • Religion and children
  • Evolution and the Catholic Church
  • Hindu views on evolution
  • Islamic views on evolution
  • Jewish views on evolution
{{div col end}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/evolution-education-abroad/|title=Evolution Abroad: Creationism Evolves in Science Classrooms around the Globe|last=Harmon|first=Katherine|date=3 March 2011|website=Scientific American|accessdate=12 June 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/ev_publi.htm |title=Beliefs of the U.S. public about evolution and creation |last=Robinson |first=Bruce A. |date=November 1995 |website=ReligiousTolerance.org |publisher=Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance |location=Kingston, Ontario |accessdate=2010-05-05}}
3. ^{{cite journal |last=Saletan |first=William |authorlink=William Saletan |date=December 21, 2005 |title=Is Creationism Destructible? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2005/12/is_creationism_destructible.html |journal=Slate |accessdate=2014-06-15}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.evolutionnews.org/2006/09/science_magazine_reviews_the_l002664.html |title=Science magazine reviews The Language of God by Francis Collins, Ignores the Book's Intelligent Design |last=Witt |first=Jonathan |date=September 29, 2006 |website=Evolution News & Views |publisher=Discovery Institute |location=Seattle, WA |accessdate=2014-06-15}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.criminalbrief.com/?p=798| title=Evilution |last=Lundin |first=Leigh |date=May 4, 2008 |website=Criminal Brief |publisher=CriminalBrief.com |location=Los Angeles, CA |accessdate=2010-03-05}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last=Annas |first=George J. |authorlink=George Annas |date=May 25, 2006 |title=Intelligent Judging — Evolution in the Classroom and the Courtroom |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=354 |pages=2277–2281 |doi=10.1056/NEJMlim055660 |pmid=16723620 |issue=21}}
7. ^{{cite news |last=Minus |first=Jodie |date=June 25, 2010 |title=Creationism creeps into NSW schools |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/creationism-creeps-into-nsw-schools/story-e6frg6nf-1225884487850 |newspaper=The Australian |location=Sydney |publisher=News Corp Australia |accessdate=2011-02-26}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gsa.org.au/pdfdocuments/management/POL_intel%20design_2008.pdf |title=Intelligent Design Policy: Science Education and Creationism |author= |date=December 17, 2008 |website=Geological Society of Australia |publisher=Geological Society of Australia Incorporated |location=Sydney |accessdate=2014-06-15}}
9. ^{{cite news |last1=Takahashi |first1=Fábio |last2=Bedinelli |first2=Talita |date=December 13, 2008 |title=MEC diz que criacionismo não é tema para aula de ciências |trans-title=MEC says that creationism is not subject for science class |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/educacao/2008/12/478968-mec-diz-que-criacionismo-nao-e-tema-para-aula-de-ciencias.shtml |newspaper=Folha de S.Paulo |language=Portuguese |location=São Paulo |publisher=Grupo Folha |accessdate=2014-06-15}}
10. ^{{cite book |author= |year=2010 |title=Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil |url=http://english.tse.jus.br/arquivos/federal-constitution |format=PDF |series=Textos básicos |issue=n. 57 |others=Translation by Istvan Vajda, Patricia de Queiroz Carvalho Zimbres, and Vanira Tavares de Souza |edition=3rd |location=Brasília |publisher=Documentation and Information Center; Publishing Coordination; Chamber of Deputies |page=29 |isbn=978-85-736-5736-4 |oclc=705932082}} See Title III, Chapter 1, Article 19.
11. ^{{cite news |last=Gazir |first=Augusto |date=May 13, 2004 |title=Escolas do Rio vão ensinar criacionismo |trans-title=Schools of Rio will teach creationism |url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u11748.shtml |newspaper=Folha de S.Paulo |language=Portuguese |location=São Paulo |publisher=Grupo Folha |accessdate=2014-06-15}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.revistaovies.com/reportagens/2011/12/um-estado-laico-com-bancada-evangelica/ |title=Um estado laico com bancada evangélica |trans-title=A secular state with evangelical bench |last=Severo |first=Felipe |date=December 12, 2011 |website=revista o Viés |language=Portuguese |type=Blog |accessdate=2014-06-15}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.senado.gov.br/atividade/plenario/sessao/disc/getTexto.asp?s=004.3.53.O&disc=183/1/S |title=Senado Federal: Secretaria-Geral da Mesa: Secretaria de Taquigrafia e Redação de Debates Legislativos |date=February 10, 2009 |website=Senado Federal |publisher=Federal Senate |location=Brasília |language=Portuguese |accessdate=2014-06-15}}*{{cite AV media |last=Crivella |first=Marcelo |authorlink=Marcelo Crivella |date=February 10, 2009 |title=Criacionista, Crivella filosofa sobre origem da ameba |trans-title=Creationist, Crivella philosophical about the origin of the amoeba |language=Portuguese |url=http://mais.uol.com.br/view/12574020 |format=Adobe Flash Video |location=São Paulo |publisher=UOL |accessdate=2014-06-15}}
14. ^{{cite journal |last=Coutinho |first=Simone Andréa Barcelos |date=August 23, 2011 |title=Escolha eleitoral deve considerar secularismo do Estado |trans-title=Electoral choice should consider secularism of the State |url=http://www.conjur.com.br/2011-ago-23/escolha-membros-poder-levar-conta-secularismo-estatal |journal=Consultor Jurídico |language=Portuguese |accessdate=2014-06-15}}
15. ^https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d8ab/86c6b216004b21fa228ae0233fdb44b00d35.pdf
16. ^https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/tea.3660310505
17. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=11751&lang=en |title=The dangers of creationism in education |date=October 4, 2007 |work=Committee on Culture, Science and Education |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |type=Resolution |id=Resolution 1580 |accessdate=2014-06-16}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=11416&lang=EN |title=The dangers of creationism in education |date=October 4, 2006 |work=Committee on Culture, Science and Education |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |type=Motion for a recommendation |id=Doc. 11065 |accessdate=2014-06-16}}
19. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=11678&Language=EN |title=The dangers of creationism in education |date=June 8, 2007 |work=Committee on Culture, Science and Education |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |type=Report |id=Doc. 11297 |accessdate=2014-06-16}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/proposed-council-of-europe-report-calls-creationism-dangerousthreat-to-huma |title=Proposed Council of Europe Report Calls Creationism 'Dangerous,' 'Threat to Human Rights' |last=White |first=Hilary |date=June 27, 2007 |website=LifeSiteNews.com |publisher=Campaign Life Coalition |location=Toronto, Ontario |accessdate=2014-06-16}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/Records/2007/E/0706251130E.htm |title=2007 Ordinary Session: (Third part): Report: Nineteenth Sitting: Monday 25 June 2007 at 11.30 a.m. |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |type=Verbatim record |id=AACR19 / AS (2007) CR 19 |accessdate=2014-06-16}} Verbatim record of the PACE sitting on June 25, 2007 - see para. 7.
22. ^{{cite news |last=Reilhac |first=Gilbert |date=June 25, 2007 |title=European rights body calls off creationism vote |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/06/25/life-europe-creationism-dc-idUKL2543885120070625 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=2014-06-16}}
23. ^{{cite journal |author= |date=June 26, 2007 |title=Statement by PACE's Committee on Culture, Science and Education, 26 June 2007 |url=http://assembly.coe.int/asp/apfeaturesmanager/defaultArtView.asp?ID=686 |journal=PACE News |accessdate=2014-06-16}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=11751&Language=EN |title=The dangers of creationism in education |date=September 17, 2007 |work=Committee on Culture, Science and Education |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |type=Report |id=Doc. 11375 |accessdate=2014-06-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307233347/http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=11751&Language=en |archivedate=2013-03-07 |df= }}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://assembly.coe.int//Main.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/PV/2007/0710041500E.htm |title=2007 Ordinary Session: (Fourth part): Thirty-fifth Sitting: Thursday 4 October 2007 at 3 p.m.: Minutes of Proceedings |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |type=Minutes |id=AS (2007) PV 35 |accessdate=2014-06-16}} Minutes of the PACE sitting on October 4, 2007.*{{cite web |url=http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Votes/DBVotesResults_EN.asp?VoteID=664&DocID=12120&SessionID=221 |title=Voting results (Participants) |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004172202/http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Votes/DBVotesResults_EN.asp?VoteID=664&DocID=12120&SessionID=221 |archivedate=2011-10-04 |accessdate=2014-06-16}} Voting results on the amendments and resolution ("The dangers of creationism in education" (Doc. 11375)). Vote on resolution: In favour: 48; against: 25; abstention: 3.
26. ^1 {{cite news |author= |title=Council of Europe: Keep Creationism Out of Science Classes |url=http://www.dw.de/council-of-europe-keep-creationism-out-of-science-classes/a-2809619 |work=Deutsche Welle |location=Berlin/Bonn, Germany |publisher=ARD |date=October 5, 2007 |accessdate=2014-06-16}}
27. ^Memorandum on Council of Europe legislation, Draft Resoluion Regarding Report on "The Dangers of Creationism in Education" European Center for Law and Justice, 2007
28. ^{{cite interview |last=Lengagne |first=Guy |authorlink=:fr:Guy Lengagne |interviewer=20 Minutes |title='Le Conseil de l'Europe cède à des religieux intégristes' |trans-title=The Council of Europe yields to religious fundamentalists |language=French |url=http://www.20minutes.fr/france/167016-conseil-europe-cede-a-religieux-integristes |newspaper=20 Minutes |location=Oslo, Norway |publisher=Schibsted |date=June 27, 2007 |accessdate=2014-06-16}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pravoslavie.ru/news/24362.htm |script-title=ru:В Русской Православной Церкви критикуют резолюцию ПАСЕ, направленную против креационизма |author= |date=October 12, 2007 |website=Православие.Ru |location=Moscow |language=Russian |accessdate=2014-06-19}}
30. ^{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Lawrence |date=October 10, 2007 |url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/evangelical-theologian-disputes-creationism-s-alleged-threat-to-human-rights-29644/ |title=Evangelical Theologian Disputes Creationism's Alleged 'Threat' to Human Rights |work=The Christian Post |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=The Christian Post, Inc. |accessdate=2014-06-19}}
31. ^{{cite journal |last=Hemminger |first=Hansjörg |authorlink=:de:Hansjörg Hemminger |date=April 2009 |title=Einstellungen zu Evolution und Wissenschaft in Europa |url=http://www.ekd.de/ezw/Publikationen_berichte_einstellungen_zu_evolution.php |journal=Materialdienst |language=German |accessdate=2014-06-19}}
32. ^{{cite journal |last=Poole |first=Michael |date=September 2008 |title=Creationism, intelligent design and science education |url=http://www.issr.org.uk/documents/SSR_Sept_2008_Poole.pdf |journal=School Science Review |volume=90 |issue=330 |pages=123–129 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929020848/http://www.issr.org.uk/documents/SSR_Sept_2008_Poole.pdf |archivedate=2011-09-29 |accessdate=2014-06-19}}
33. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Europäisches Gremium verurteilt Kreationismus |url=https://www.welt.de/politik/article1236940/Europaeisches-Gremium-verurteilt-Kreationismus.html |newspaper=Die Welt |language=German |location=Berlin |publisher=Axel Springer SE |date=October 5, 2007 |accessdate=2014-06-19}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.dk/Samling/20061/spoergsmaal/S4310/index.htm |title=§ 20-spørgsmål S 4310 Om bogen "Atlas of Creation" |last=Henriksen |first=Martin |authorlink=:da:Martin Henriksen |date=April 25, 2007 |website=Folketinget |publisher=The Danish Parliament |location=Copenhagen, Kingdom of Denmark |language=Danish |trans-title=§ 20-question S 4310 About the book 'Atlas of Creation' |accessdate=2014-06-19}}*{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Ole |date=April 24, 2007 |title=Muslimsk offensiv mod Darwin |trans-title=Muslim offensive against Darwin |url=http://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE5028710/muslimsk-offensiv-mod-darwin/ |newspaper=Jyllands-Posten |language=Danish |location=Viby J |publisher=JP/Politikens Hus |accessdate=2014-06-19}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.dk/samling/20061/spoergsmaal/s4310/svar/332659/372118.pdf |title=Undervisningsminister Bertel Haarders skriftlige svar til medlem af Folketinget Martin Henriksen (DF) på spørgsmål af 25. april 2007 nr. S 4310 |last=Haarders |first=Bertel |authorlink=Bertel Haarder |date=May 9, 2007 |website=Folketinget |publisher=The Danish Parliament |location=Copenhagen, Kingdom of Denmark |language=Danish |trans-title=Education Minister Bertel Haarder written reply to a Member of Parliament Martin Henriksen (DF) questions of 25 April 2007 No. S 4310 |accessdate=2014-06-19}}
36. ^{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Jon D.|last2=Scott|first2=Eugenie C.|authorlink2=Eugenie Scott|last3=Okamoto|first3=Shinji|date=August 11, 2006|title=Public Acceptance of Evolution|journal=Science|volume=313|issue=5788|pages=765–766|doi=10.1126/science.1126746|pmid=16902112}} "Supporting Online Material for Public Acceptance of Evolution" (PDF).
37. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |last=Burton |first=Elise K. |date=May–June 2010 |title=Teaching Evolution in Muslim States:Iran and Saudi Arabia Compared |url=http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/19234639/1613108208/name/Iran%20and%20Saudi%20Arabia%20Compared.pdf|journal=Reports of the National Center for Science Education |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=25–29 |accessdate=2014-01-13}}
38. ^Stefaan Blancke en Abraham C. Flipse, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312187402_The_Low_Countries The Low Countries], in: 'Creationism in Europe, red. Stefaan Blancke, Hans Henrik Hjermitslev and Peter C Kjærgaard (Medicin, science, and religion in historical context, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), 65-84.'
39. ^{{cite journal |last=Enserink |first=Martin |date=June 3, 2005 |title=Is Holland Becoming the Kansas of Europe? |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/308/5727/1394.2.summary |journal=Science |volume=308 |issue=5727 |page=1394 |doi=10.1126/science.308.5727.1394b |pmid=15933170}}
40. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Cabinet ministers announced (update 2) |url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2007/02/cabinet_ministers_announced_up.php |work=DutchNews.nl |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Dutch News BV |date=February 13, 2007 |accessdate=2008-05-31}}
41. ^{{cite news |last=Meldalen |first=Sindre Granly |date=February 1, 2009 |title=Halvparten av britene tror ikke på dette |url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2009/02/01/nyheter/innnenriks/forskning/darwin/4641873/ |newspaper=Dagbladet |language=Norwegian |location=Copenhagen, Kingdom of Denmark |publisher=Aller Media |accessdate=2009-09-09}}
42. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=MacKenzie |first=Debora |date=July 9, 2005 |title=Creationism special: A battle for science's soul |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7647-creationism-special-a-battle-for-sciences-soul.html?full=true |journal=New Scientist |volume=187 |issue=2507 |pages=8–9 |accessdate=2014-06-15 |quote=Eighty years after the Scopes trial drew the battle lines over evolution and creationism, Darwin's theory is under renewed attack, this time from 'intelligent design'. It's an idea that is spreading into US culture and beyond.}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/AECA/CurriculumRevision/Documents/Micro%20Biology%202008.pdf |title=Curriculum of Microbiology BS (4-Year) |last=Ali |first=Zulfiqar |others=Preface by Riaz-ul-Haq Tariq |year=2008 |website=Higher Education Commission, Pakistan |publisher=Higher Education Commission of Pakistan |location=Islamabad |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/AECA/CurriculumRevision/Documents/Bioinformatics-2010.pdf |title=Curriculum of Bioinformatics BS MS |last=Ali |first=Zulfiqar |others=Preface by Muhammad Javed Khan |year=2011 |website=Higher Education Commission, Pakistan |publisher=Higher Education Commission of Pakistan |location=Islamabad |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/AECA/CurriculumRevision/Documents/Zoology%202008.pdf |title=Curriculum of Zoology BS (4-Year) |others=Preface by Riaz-ul-Haq Tariq |year=2008 |website=Higher Education Commission, Pakistan |publisher=Higher Education Commission of Pakistan |location=Islamabad |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/AECA/CurriculumRevision/Documents/Draft-Botany-2012-13.pdf |title=Curriculum of Botany BS (4-Year) & MS/MPhil |last=Ali |first=Zulfiqar |others=Preface by Fida Hussain |year=2013 |website=Higher Education Commission, Pakistan |publisher=Higher Education Commission of Pakistan |location=Islamabad |type=Draft |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
47. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13901.aspx |title=IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution |author=IAP Member Academies |date=June 21, 2006 |website=IAP |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences |location=Trieste, Italy |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
48. ^Titles such as The Blind Watchmaker (1986) by Richard Dawkins are also available for general readership.
49. ^{{cite news |author= |date=December 18, 2006 |title=And finally... |url=http://www.wbj.pl/?command=article&id=35336&type=wbj |newspaper=Warsaw Business Journal |location=Warsaw, Poland |publisher=Valkea Media |accessdate=2014-06-19}}
50. ^{{cite journal |last1=Stan |first1=Lavinia |authorlink1=Lavinia Stan |last2=Turcescu |first2=Lucian |authorlink2=Lucian Turcescu |date=September 2005 |title=Religious education in Romania |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967067X0500036X |journal=Communist and Post-Communist Studies |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=381–401 |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2005.06.007 |accessdate=2012-08-07}}
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-2456107-cum-batut-europenii-americanii-pentru-darwin-dumnezeu.htm |title=Cum s-au batut europenii si americanii pentru Darwin si Dumnezeu [How Europeans and the US fought for Darwin and god] |date=February 27, 2008 |accessdate=2017-12-23}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.contributors.ro/administratie/educatie/teoria-evolutiei-trebuie-sa-se-predea-din-nou-in-scolile-din-romania/ |title=Teoria evoluţiei trebuie să se predea din nou în şcolile din România [Evolution must be taught again in Romanian schools] |date=January 23, 2015 |accessdate=2017-12-23}}>
53. ^{{cite news |last=Niedowski |first=Erika |date=January 3, 2007 |title= In Russia, a test of God vs. Darwin |url= http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2007-01-03/news/0701030102_1_darwin-theory-theory-of-evolution-charles-darwin |newspaper=The Baltimore Sun |location=Chicago, IL |publisher =Tribune Company |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
54. ^{{cite news |last=Leonov | first=Maksim |date=March 1, 2006 |title=St. Petersburg schoolgirl sues authorities over Darwinism |url=http://en.ria.ru/russia/20060301/43853593.html |location=Moscow |agency= RIA Novosti |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
55. ^{{cite news |author= | script-title=ru:Суд Санкт-Петербурга отклонил иск о преподавании теории Дарвина |url=http://ria.ru/society/20070704/68336516.html | location=Moscow |agency=RIA Novosti |language=Russian |date=July 4, 2007 |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
56. ^{{cite news | script-title=ru:Мэр Казани отвергает теорию Дарвина | url=http://www.evening-kazan.ru/news/mer-kazani-otvergaet-teoriyu-darvina.html | newspaper =Вечерняя Казань | language =Russian | publication-date=2014-08-21 | accessdate =2014-08-25 | quote =Выступая сегодня на городской конференции педагогов, казанский градоначальник Ильсур Метшин высказал удивление по поводу того, что в школах до сих пор преподают теорию Дарвина о происхождении человека}}
57. ^{{cite news| script-title=ru:Мэр Казани предлагает запретить теорию Дарвина | trans-title =The Mayor of Kazan' plans to forbid Darwin's theory| url =http://www.otr-online.ru/news/news_32967.html| newspaper =Общественное телевидение России| language =Russian| location =Moscow| publisher =Общественное телевидение России| publication-date=2014-08-23| accessdate =2014-08-25| quote =Он добавил, что планирует поднять вопрос о необходимости преподавания в школах теории Дарвина на федеральном уровне}}
58. ^{{cite news |last=de Quetteville |first=Harry |date=September 9, 2004 |title=Darwin is off the curriculum for Serbian schools |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1471367/Darwin-is-off-the-curriculum-for-Serbian-schools.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |publisher=Telegraph Media Group |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
59. ^{{cite news |author= |date=September 9, 2004 |title=Serbia reverses Darwin suspension |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3642460.stm |work=BBC News |location=London |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
60. ^{{cite news |author= |date=September 16, 2004 |title='Anti-Darwin' Serb minister quits |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3663196.stm |work=BBC News |location=London |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
61. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Edis |first=Taner |authorlink=Taner Edis |date=January 2008 |title=Islamic Creationism: A Short History |url=http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2008/NewsletterJanuary2008Creationism.html |journal=Newsletter |volume=37 |issue=1 |issn=0739-4934 |accessdate=2008-02-24 |quote=...Islam has been the world religion that has proved most resistant to Darwinian evolution. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716061337/http://www.hssonline.org/publications/Newsletter2008/NewsletterJanuary2008Creationism.html |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}
62. ^{{cite journal |last=Kaya |first=Veysel |date=April 2012 |title=Can the Quran Support Darwin? An Evolutionist Approach by Two Turkish Scholars after the Foundation of the Turkish Republic |journal=The Muslim World |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=357–370 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-1913.2011.01362.x |issn=1478-1913 }}
63. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last=Koenig |first=Robert |date=May 18, 2001 |title=Creationism Takes Root Where Europe, Asia Meet |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/292/5520/1286 |journal=Science |volume=292 |issue=5520 |pages=1286–1287 |doi=10.1126/science.292.5520.1286 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=11360976 |accessdate=2014-06-20 |quote=Harassed but hard-headed, some gutsy Turkish scientists are stepping up their efforts to promote the teaching of the theory of evolution...}}
64. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Turkey probes atheist's 'God' book |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/11/28/dawkins.turkey.ap/index.html |agency=Associated Press |date=November 28, 2007 |location=New York |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813055357/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/11/28/dawkins.turkey.ap/index.html |archivedate=2007-08-13 |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
65. ^{{cite news|last1=Kingsley|first1=Patrick|title=Turkey Drops Evolution From Curriculum, Angering Secularists|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/world/europe/turkey-evolution-high-school-curriculum.html|work=The New York Times|date=23 June 2017}}
66. ^{{cite journal |last1=Frazier |first1=Kendrick |authorlink1=Kendrick Frazier |title=CFI, Richard Dawkins, Teachers Slam as 'Unconscionable' Turkey's Decision to Ban Teaching Evolution |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=2017 |volume=41 |issue=5 |page=7}}
67. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2002/13989.htm |title=International Religious Freedom Report 2002: United Kingdom |website=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |publisher=United States Department of State |location=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
68. ^{{cite hansard |title=Creationism |house=House of Commons |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo060227/text/60227131.htm |date=February 27, 2006 |column_start=518W |column_end=519W}}
69. ^{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Matthew |date=May 30, 2006 |title=Parents rebel at 'Dickensian' school run by millionaire evangelist friend of Blair |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/may/30/politics.schools |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2016-07-18}}
70. ^{{cite interview |last=William |first=Rowan |authorlink=Rowan Williams |interviewer=Alan Rusbridger |title=Interview: Rowan Williams |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/21/religion.uk |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |publisher=Guardian Media Group |date=March 21, 2006 | accessdate=2014-06-20}}
71. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Fears over teaching creationism |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4828238.stm |work=BBC News |location=London |publisher=BBC |date=March 21, 2006 |accessdate=2010-04-30}}
72. ^{{cite news |last=Randerson |first=James |date=November 26, 2006 |title=Revealed: rise of creationism in UK schools |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/nov/27/controversiesinscience.religion |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |publisher=Guardian Media Group |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
73. ^{{cite news |last=Randerson |first=James |date=December 6, 2006 |title=Ministers to ban creationist teaching aids in science lessons |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/dec/07/schools.religion |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |publisher=Guardian Media Group |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
74. ^{{cite journal |last=Graebsch |first=Almut |author2=Schiermeier, Quirin |date=November 23, 2006 |title=Anti-evolutionists raise their profile in Europe |journal=Nature |volume=444 |pages=406–407 |doi=10.1038/444406a |pmid=17122815 |issue=7118}}
75. ^{{cite news |last=Slevin |first=Peter |date=March 14, 2005 |title=Battle on Teaching Evolution Sharpens |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32444-2005Mar13.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=The Washington Post Company |page=A01 |accessdate=2014-06-20}}
76. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/01/creationism_in_public_schools_mapped_where_tax_money_supports_alternatives.html|title=Map: Publicly Funded Schools That Are Allowed to Teach Creationism.|last=Kirk|first=Chris|date=2014-01-26|work=Slate|access-date=2019-03-25|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}

External links

  • {{cite journal |last=Simpson |first=George Gaylord |authorlink=George Gaylord Simpson |year=1961 |title=One Hundred Years without Darwin are Enough |url=http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/simpson_evolution.html |journal=Teachers College Record |volume=60 |pages=617–626 |issn=0161-4681 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}
  • [https://answersingenesis.org/education/ Creation education materials and articles] at Answers in Genesis
  • {{cite book |author=National Academy of Sciences |authorlink=National Academy of Sciences |year=1998 |title=Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309063647 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309063-64-7 |lccn=98016100 |oclc=245727856 |accessdate=2014-06-24|doi=10.17226/5787 }}
  • {{cite journal |last=Edis |first=Taner |date=Summer 1994 |title=Islamic Creationism in Turkey |url=http://edis.sites.truman.edu/islamic-creationism-in-turkey/ |journal=Creation/Evolution |volume=34 |issue=1 |issn=0738-6001 |accessdate=2014-06-24}}
  • {{youtube|i-GUYY4UZNc|Video (10:56) − "Raising Doubts About Evolution... in Science Class"}} − (NYT / Retro Report; November 2017)
{{Creation Science}}{{portal bar|Creationism|Evolutionary biology|Science}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Creation And Evolution In Public Education}}

5 : Creationism|Religion and education|Textbook controversies|Politics of science|Evolution and religion
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/10 12:58:47