| 词条 | Knobkierie |
| 释义 |
A Knobkierie, also spelled knobkerrie, knopkierie (Afrikaans) or knobkerry, is a form of club used mainly in Southern and Eastern Africa. Typically they have a large knob at one end and can be used for throwing at animals in hunting or for clubbing an enemy's head.[1] The knobkierie is carved from a branch thick enough for the knob, with the rest being whittled down to create the shaft. The name derives from the Afrikaans word knop, meaning knob or ball and the Nama (one of the Khoekhoe languages) word kierie, meaning walking stick. The name has been extended to similar weapons used by the natives of Australia, the Pacific islands and other places. Knobkieries were an indispensable weapon of war both in Africa and abroad. In Africa, the weapon found particular use among southern Nguni tribes such as the Zulu (as the iwisa) and the Xhosa. Outside Africa, the British called their trench clubs Knobkieries during World War I, though their form was often not traditional.[2][3][4] The weapon was used in No Man's Land by the poet Siegfried Sassoon as relayed in the Sherston trilogy, his pseudonymous autobiography.[5] During the Apartheid era in South Africa, they were often carried and used by protesters and sometimes by the police opposing them.[6][7] Knobkieries are still widely carried, especially in rural areas, while in times of peace it serves as a walking-stick, sometimes ornamental. Knobkieries that serve this function are on the current South African Coat of Arms[8] and on the Order of Mendi for Bravery.[9] A knobkierie appeared on the flag of Lesotho 1987-2006, on the Coat of Arms of Lesotho since its independence in 1966, and on the Coat of Arms of the Republic of Ciskei. Uses for Sotho PeopleKnown as molamu, it is a stick or kierie in Afrikaans, it can be a walking stick or alternatively, it can be used as a weapon.[10] The molamu is a stick that is made from the Mohlware tree Olea africana[11]. It is a fighting stick carried by men and boys from puberty. Practical UseA molamu symbolises authority and power, and represents a readiness to separate an enemy from a friend. The molamu is to symbolically used to break, to protect, to judge and to rectify social injustices. InitiationThe molamu is an indicator of one's adult male status along with the Basotho blanket seana marena, and are visual expressions of both practical and esoteric Sesotho ideals.[10] Molamu is a sign of manhood, all male initiates carry it upon their return from lebollo la banna. The molamu is traditionally passed down from one generation to another as men go through initiation. It is used to declare to Badimo that the young man has returned from his initiation, and garners their support and blessings[12]. The molamu is held up while the initiates sing “ditoko”, with the singer's eyes intently focused upon it. The molamu is also used to teach initiates the methods of “ho ya ka lanwa”, which is a historical Sesotho martial art.[10] Spiritual UseThe molamu is also used to bind empowering medicines, or moriana, to the staff, which affects the “seriti” which is the character or spirit of the owner. It is also a visual indicator of one's transition to adulthood, and maintains spiritual significance in Sesotho society.[10] ===Modern uses=== Following an initiate's public introduction as a functioning member of Sesotho adult society the molamu is typically stored in the ceiling of one's home, and represents the physical presence of the unseen. In contemporary southern Africa, one can also find decorative variations carried by new initiates after returning to their homes. These serve as accessories to the heavily ornamented outfits worn by the young men as a sign of celebration during the weeks following their return, and equally express the celebration of newly gained adulthood, drawing attention to the initiates[13]. See also{{portal|Africa}}
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Rudolph|first=C. J.|title=A guide for the Zulu court interpreter|publisher=Shuter & Shooter|location=Pietermaritzberg|url=https://archive.org/stream/guideforzulucour00rudoiala#page/20/mode/2up/}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=Canada in the Great World War: an authentic account of the military history of Canada from the earliest days to the close of the war of the nations|year=1918|publisher=United Publishers of Canada|location=Toronto|url=https://archive.org/stream/canadaingreatwor05torouoft#page/70/mode/2up}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Dawson|first=Alec John|title=A "Temporary gentleman" in France; home letters from an officer at the front|year=1918|publisher=Putnam|location=London, New York|url=https://archive.org/stream/temporarygentlem00dawsrich#page/94/mode/2up|page=94}} 4. ^{{cite web |title=Trench Club and Knobkerrie and Royal Engineers Type |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30001725 |website=Imperial War Museum |publisher=IWM |accessdate=12 January 2019}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Sassoon|first1=Siegfried|title=Memoirs of an Infantry Officer|date=1930|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0571268443}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/1999/99020112_pmb_990201pn.htm|title=Amnesty Hearing - Vlisi Thokozani Manqele|date=1999-02-01|publisher=Department of Justice and Constitutional Development|accessdate=2008-11-27}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doj.gov.za/trc/amntrans/1998/98070614_sbk_boipato1.htm|title=Amnesty Hearing - Victor Mthandeni Mthembu|date=1998-07-06|publisher=Department of Justice and Constitutional Development|accessdate=2008-11-27}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.za/aboutgovt/symbols/coa/index.htm|title=National Coat of Arms|publisher=South African Government Information|accessdate=2008-11-27}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/main.asp?include=orders/main.html |title=National Orders |publisher=The Presidency of the Republic of South Africa |accessdate=2008-11-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915065819/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/main.asp?include=orders%2Fmain.html |archivedate=September 15, 2008 |df= }} 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title=Visual Symbols of Self: South Sotho Arts and Initiation |url=https://africa.uima.uiowa.edu/topic-essays/show/43?start=0 |website=University of Iowa |accessdate=11 March 2019}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|doi = 10.17159/tvl.v.53i2.9|title = Insights into translation and the original text: Thomas Mofolo's Chaka|journal = Tydskrif Vir Letterkunde|volume = 53|issue = 2|year = 2016|last1 = Nakin|first1 = Moroesi R|last2 = Kock|first2 = Inie J}} 12. ^Riep, David Matthew Merkel. "House of the Crocodile: south Sotho art and history in southern Africa." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2011.http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2616.Futhwa, Fezekile. "Setho: Afrikan Thought and Belief System. Nalane ka Fezekile Futhwa, May 2011 13. ^Riep, David Matthew Merkel. "House of the Crocodile: south Sotho art and history in southern Africa." PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2011.http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2616.Futhwa, Fezekile. "Setho: Afrikan Thought and Belief System. Nalane ka Fezekile Futhwa, May 2011 Further reading
External links
7 : Throwing clubs|Clubs (weapon)|Primitive weapons|African weapons|Ritual weapons|Afrikaans words and phrases|Dutch words and phrases |
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