| 词条 | Kolponomos |
| 释义 |
| name = Kolponomos | image = Kolponomos newportensis .jpg | image_caption = Artist's restoration of Kolponomos newportensis. | fossil_range = {{Temporal range|Early Miocene}} | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Mammalia | ordo = Carnivora | subordo = Caniformia | superfamilia = Arctoidea | genus = †Kolponomos | genus_authority = Stirton 1960 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =
}}Kolponomos is an extinct genus of carnivoran mammal that existed in the Late Arikareean North American Land Mammal Age, early Miocene epoch, about 20 million years ago. The genus was erected in 1960 by Ruben A. Stirton, a paleontologist at the University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, for the species K. clallamensis, on the basis of a partial skull and jaw found on the Olympic Peninsula. At the time, Stirton questionably assigned it to Procyonidae, its systematic position remained problematic until the discovery of more fossils including a nearly complete cranium from the original locality of K. clallamensis which helped identify it as part of the group from which Pinnipeds evolved.[1] DescriptionIn life, species of Kolponomos had downturned snouts and broad, heavy molars that would have been suited to a diet of hard-shelled marine invertebrates, and their narrow snouts and anteriorly directed eyes indicate that they would have had stereoscopic vision.[1] Large neck muscle attachments and robust foot bones combine with these features to suggest that Kolponomos filled a unique niche among marine carnivores, approached today only by the very distantly related sea otter. Due to the lack of a complete skeleton, however, it is difficult to make inferences about this genus' other adaptations. DiscoveryKolponomos clallamensis is known from the Miocene of Slip Point Lighthouse, Washington ({{Coord|48.3|-124.2|display=inline}}, paleocoordinates {{Coord|48.0|-116.9|display=inline}}).[1][2][3] The species was originally based on a rostrum found in 1957 at Slip Point in Clallam Bay, Washington. A nearly complete cranium was found at the same location in 1988. Both K. clallamensis and K. newportensis are associated with the late Arikareean NALMA.[4]Kolponomos newportensis was described in 1994 by R. Tedford, L. Barnes and Clayton E. Ray. It is represented by single specimen: a nearly complete skull, jaw and post-cranial bones found in a concretion of sediment. The concretion was discovered in two pieces by fossil collector Douglas Emlong near Newport, Oregon, the first in 1969 and the second, eight years later, in 1977. Because the concretion had been hardened so much by tectonic stress, the paleontological laboratory at the Smithsonian Institution considered them "the most difficult materials ever encountered by our laboratory.,"[5] and a combination of techniques proved essential to its extraction and preparation, which lasted two decades. Discovery of K. newportensis disproved the earlier hypothesis that the genus was related to ancestors of raccoons, and showed instead that it is instead an early but unusual bear relative closely tied to the origin of Pinnipeds.[6]References1. ^{{Cite web | title = Kolponomos clallamensis | work = Fossilsworks | url = http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=71917 | accessdate = 30 December 2013}} 2. ^{{Cite web | title = Slip Point Lighthouse (Miocene of the United States) | work = Fossilworks | url = http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=45481 | accessdate = 30 December 2013}} 3. ^{{Cite journal | last = Stirton | first = R. A. | title = A Marine Carnivore from the Clallam Miocene Formation, Washington: Its Correlation with Nonmarine Faunas | year =1960 | journal = University of California publications in geological sciences | volume = 36 | issue = 7 | oclc = 692426}} 4. ^{{Cite book | last = Hunt | first = Robert M., Jr. | chapter = Ursidae, pp. 174–195 (180) | title = Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Terrestrial carnivores, ungulates, and ungulatelike mammals | editor1-last = Janis | editor1-first = C. M. | editor2-last = Scott | editor2-first = K. M. | editor3-last = Jacobs | editor3-first = L. L. | volume = 1 | series = Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America | year = 1998 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 9780521355193 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I-RgojcDyWYC&pg=PA180 | accessdate = 30 December 2013}} 5. ^{{cite journal|author = C. E. Ray|year = 1976|title = Fossil marine mammals of Oregon|journal = Systematic Zoology |doi = 10.2307/2412515|volume = 25 |issue=4|pages = 420|publisher = Society of Systematic Biologists|jstor = 2412515}} 6. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | last1 = Tedford | first1 = R. H. | authorlink = Richard H. Tedford | last2 = Barnes | first2 = L. G. | last3 = Ray | first3 = C. E. | title = The early Miocene littoral ursoid carnivoran Kolponomos: Systematics and mode of life | year = 1994 | journal = Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History | volume = 29 | pages = 11–32 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pdf1/000389400021705.pdf | accessdate = 24 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} External links
5 : Miocene mammals of North America|Miocene bears|Prehistoric marine mammals|Prehistoric mammal genera|Fossil taxa described in 1960 |
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