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词条 Crisis hotline
释义

  1. History

  2. Criticism and logistical issues

  3. Telephone counseling

  4. Online, telephone, TDD/TTY and SMS help

  5. See also

  6. References

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2011}}{{Suicide sidebar}}

A crisis hotline is a phone number people can call to get immediate emergency telephone counseling, usually by trained volunteers. The first such service was founded in England in 1953 and such hotlines have existed in most major cities of the English speaking world at least since the mid-1970s. Initially set up to help those contemplating suicide, many have expanded their mandate to deal more generally with emotional crises. Similar hotlines operate to help people in other circumstances, including rape victims, bullying victims, runaway children, human trafficking victims, and people who identify as LGBT or intersex.

History

Such services began in 1953, when Chad Varah, an English vicar, founded The Samaritans service, which soon established branches throughout the United Kingdom. The first Samaritans branch in the United States was established in Boston in 1974.[1] In addition to Boston, there are currently Samaritan branches in Falmouth, Massachusetts (serving the Cape Cod and Islands area),[2] the Merrimack Valley,[3] the Fall River/New Bedford area.[4] Outside of Massachusetts, there are branches in New York City,[5] Providence,[6] Hartford,[7] Albany,[8] and Keene, New Hampshire.[9]

In the United States, the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center was founded in 1958 and was the first in the country to provide a 24-hour suicide prevention crisis line and use community volunteers in providing hotline service.[10] San Francisco Suicide Prevention[11] started a hotline "Call Bruce" in 1962.

A similar service, Lifeline, was established in Australia in 1963.

Another service, the volunteer-run crisis helpline, Lifelink Samaritans Tas. Inc, originally called Launceston Lifelink, was established in Tasmania in 1968 by concerned citizens of Launceston, Tasmania who decided to create a phone service based on the principles of The Samaritans. The rationale was that people often become suicidal because they cannot discuss their emotional pain with family and friends.

This service provides emotional support 24 hours a day to people throughout Tasmania and does not have any religious affiliations. The organization is a member of Befrienders Worldwide and has a "twinning" relationship with Northampton Samaritans in the UK. Lifelink Samaritans are the oldest telephone befriending service in Tasmania and the fourth oldest in Australia and it receives at least 5,000 calls a year.

Criticism and logistical issues

One criticism of suicide hotlines in the past was that those who were determined to kill themselves were unlikely to call one. Also, those with social anxiety may not have the emotional resources to do so. There is little evidence that suicide hotlines reduce the incidence of suicide.[12] A 2007 study suggests as people's thoughts of suicide decreased during a call to a crisis line, and were lessened for several weeks after their call.[13] These callers are commonly known as frequent, chronic, multiple or repeat callers.[14]

Telephone counseling

Some countries regulate the use of the term "counselor". Telephone counseling and crisis hotlines provide a similar telephone support service, and both usually accept crisis and non-crisis calls. In the United States, many college campuses have established telephone counseling lines serviced by student volunteers to compensate for the high demand placed on college mental health services. These hotlines serve callers in crisis, but also serve to provide a listening ear for people who "just need to talk." Typically, hotlines are staffed by volunteers, and are not intended to replace professional, long-term counseling services. They are rather intended to carry callers through an immediate situation. Such hotlines exist at the University of Maryland,[15] the University of Minnesota, [16] Tufts University,[17] Columbia University,[18] Cornell University,[19] Drexel University,[20] Caldwell University,[21] and Texas A&M University.[22]

The term "emotional support helpline" is sometimes used – which does not imply crisis or counseling, and can include email and text messaging. Such services have allowed for the wider dissemination of resources for people facing mental health crises.

With developments in mobile telephony, the use of text or SMS (short message service) has been utilized by counseling services. Youthline, a youth-oriented crisis helpline in New Zealand began providing a text messaging counseling support line in 2004 [23]

Online, telephone, TDD/TTY and SMS help

{{main article|List of suicide crisis lines}}{{List dispute}}

Examples include:

Hotline/Resource Organization/Purpose/Focus Country
1-800-273-TALK
(1-800-273-8255)		 The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline,[24] a 24/7 hotline for callers in the United States United States
1-800-799-4TTY
(1-800-799-4889)		 TTY/TDD services at the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline United States
1-800-RUNAWAY
(1-800-786-2929)		 National Runaway Switchboard, hotline and live chat for runaway, homeless, and at-risk youth United States
800-273-TALK
(800-273-8255)
Then Press 1 when prompted		 US Veterans Crisis Hotline[25] United States
[https://www.veteranscrisisline.net/ veteranscrisisline.net] US Veterans Online chat and information Worldwide
866-48-TREVOR
(866-488-7386)		 An American hotline aimed principally at LGBT teenagers, run by The Trevor Project[26] United States
1-866-SPEAK-UP
(1-866-773-2587)		 American anonymous youth violence reporting hotline created by The Center to Prevent Youth Violence[27] United States
sociedadeamigosdavida.org.br Amigos da Vida (Brazil)[28] Brazil
The Lowdown A New Zealand project aimed at young New Zealanders suffering from Depression New Zealand
1-800-448-3000 The Boys Town National HotlineSM is open 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and is staffed by specially trained Boys Town counselors. United States
741-741 (United States)
686-868 (Canada)		A free, 24/7 SMS Hotline providing emotional support for those in crisis provided by Crisis Text Line. In Canada, the service is also provided with a partnership by Kids Help Phone.United States,
Canada
13 11 14 Lifeline offers 24/7 crisis support and suicide prevention services by phone. Australia
116 123 Samaritans provides a hotline providing emotional support in the UK and Ireland. United Kingdom, Ireland

The Volunteer Emotional Support Helplines (VESH) represents 1200 member centres in 61 countries. It has been formed by:

  • Befrienders Worldwide[29] (maintained by the Samaritans UK)
  • IFOTES – International Federation of Telephone Emergency Services[30]
  • Lifeline International[31]

See also

  • Hotline
  • Complaint system
  • List of counseling topics
  • List of suicide crisis lines
  • Telephone counseling
  • Veterans Press 1 (2013 documentary film)

References

1. ^Samaritanshope.org {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003030320/http://www.samaritanshope.org/who.html |date=October 3, 2008}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.capesamaritans.org/ |title=Capesamaritans.org |publisher=Capesamaritans.org |date=September 24, 2011 |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}
3. ^Familyserviceinc.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926164854/http://www.familyserviceinc.com/Program_files/Samaritans.htm |date=September 26, 2008}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samaritans-fallriver.org/ |title=Samaritans-fallriver.org |publisher=Samaritans-fallriver.org |date=August 26, 2011 |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.samaritansnyc.org/ |title=Samaritansnyc.org |publisher=Samaritansnyc.org |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samaritansri.org/ |title=Samaritansri.org |publisher=Samaritansri.org |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}
7. ^Suicidology.org {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708101635/http://www.suicidology.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=63 |date=July 8, 2007}}
8. ^Orgsites.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090127032444/http://www.orgsites.com/ny/samaritans-albany/ |date=January 27, 2009}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.volunteersolutions.org/volunteer-nh/org/645839.html |title=Volunteersolutions.org |publisher=Volunteersolutions.org |date=January 20, 2011 |accessdate=November 20, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304004229/http://www.volunteersolutions.org/volunteer-nh/org/645839.html |archivedate=March 4, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Brief History of Suicide Prevention in the United States |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK109918/|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine|accessdate=10 May 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://sfsuicide.org/ |title=The SFSP Website |publisher=Sfsuicide.org |date=October 25, 2011 |accessdate=May 10, 2015}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/mentalhealth/chapter3/sec5_1.html |title=Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General – Chapter 3 |publisher=Surgeongeneral.gov |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atypon-link.com/GPI/doi/pdf/10.1521/suli.2007.37.3.338 |title=An Evaluation of Crisis Hotline Outcomes – Part 2: Suicidal Callers |publisher=Atypon-link.com |date=January 1, 1970 |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}
14. ^{{cite journal |last1=Middleton |first1=Aves |last2=Gunn |first2=Jane |last3=Bassilios |first3=Bridget |last4=Pirkis |first4=Jane |title=Systematic review of research into frequent callers to crisis helplines |journal=Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare |date=11 February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=89–98 |doi=10.1177/1357633X14524156}}
15. ^{{Cite web| url = http://www.counseling.umd.edu/| title = University of Maryland - Counseling Center at University of Maryland| website = www.counseling.umd.edu| access-date = 2016-03-01}}
16. ^{{Cite web| url = http://mentalhealth.umn.edu/crisis/index.html| title = Crisis Connection| website = www.umn.edu| access-date = 2016-12-18}}
17. ^{{Cite web| url = http://sites.tufts.edu/ears4peers/| title = Tufts Ears for Peers {{!}} "Promise me you will always remember: you are braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think." –A.A. Milne| website = sites.tufts.edu| access-date = 2016-03-01}}
18. ^{{Cite web| url = http://www.columbia.edu/cu/nightline/| title = Nightline: Barnard-Columbia Peer Listening| website = www.columbia.edu| access-date = 2016-03-01}}
19. ^{{Cite web| url = http://ears.dos.cornell.edu/| title = EARS - Empathy, Assistance & Referral Service| website = ears.dos.cornell.edu| access-date = 2016-03-01}}
20. ^{{Cite web| url = http://drexel.edu/healthservices/counseling-center/peer-counseling/| title = Peer Counseling - Counseling and Health Services| website = Counseling and Health Services| access-date = 2016-03-01}}
21. ^{{Cite web| url = https://www.caldwell.edu/counseling-center/the-counseling-center-hotlines| title = The Counseling Center- Hotlines - Caldwell University, New Jersey| website = Caldwell University, New Jersey| language = en-US| access-date = 2016-03-01}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://scs.tamu.edu/HelpLine|title=HelpLine {{!}} Student Counseling Service|website=scs.tamu.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-05-09}}
23. ^Haxell, A. (2014). Textual activity at Youthline (NZ). New Zealand Journal of Counselling, 34(2), 18-31.
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org/ |title=Suicidepreventionlifeline.org |publisher=Suicidepreventionlifeline.org |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.veteranscrisisline.net |title=Veterans Crisis Hotline - Hotline & Online Chat |accessdate=December 6, 2011}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Lifeline & Trevor Chat |url=http://www.thetrevorproject.org/lifelinechat |accessdate=December 6, 2011}}
27. ^{{cite web |title=SPEAK UP Hotline Info |url=http://www.cpyv.org/programs/what-is-speak-up/ |accessdate=August 29, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004052609/http://www.cpyv.org/programs/what-is-speak-up/ |archivedate=October 4, 2011 |df=mdy }}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sociedadeamigosdavida.org.br/ |title=Sociedadeamigosdavida.org.br |publisher=Sociedadeamigosdavida.org.br |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.befrienders.org/support/helplines.asp |title=Befrienders.org |publisher=Befrienders.org |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}
30. ^IFOTES.org {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626004314/http://www.ifotes.org/welcome.html |date=June 26, 2008 }}
31. ^http://www.lifeline-international.org/looking_for_help
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