| 词条 | Kriegslokomotive |
| 释义 |
Kriegslokomotiven ({{lang-de|for "war locomotives"}}, singular: Kriegslokomotive) or Kriegsloks were locomotives produced in large numbers during the Second World War under Nazi Germany. Their construction was tailored to the economic circumstances of wartime Germany along with conquered and occupied territories across Europe, taking account of the shortage of materials, the transportation of goods in support of military logistics, ease of maintenance under difficult conditions, resistance to extreme weather, limited life and the need for rapid, cheap mass production. In order to meet these requirements, economic drawbacks such as relatively high fuel consumption had to be accepted.[1] Forced labour was used in the construction of some of the locomotives; German locomotive building firms employed prisoners from concentration camps and foreign, mostly Polish, workers. Kriegsloks were also used to haul Holocaust trains. ConstructionThe war locomotives (or Kriegslokomotiven) were kept technically as simple as possible and the use of scarce materials (particularly copper) was dropped. Several German firms used prisoners from concentration camps as forced labour in the production of Kriegslokomotiven.[2] Borsig Lokomotiv Werke (AEG) used forced labour from KL Auschwitz,[3] Schichau-Werke used forced labor from KZ Stutthof,[4] and its subcamps.[5] DWM Posen (Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken Posen) took over Polish manufacturer H. Cegielski – Poznań and turned its workforce into forced labour.[2] Oberschlesische Lokfabrik Krenau took over Polish manufacturer Fablok and used forced labour under threat of death.[2] Identical engines were produced in Vienna, Kassel, Berlin, Munich, Stuttgart, Kirchen, Plzeň (Pilsen), and Strasbourg.[3] The manufacture of electric locomotives as Kriegslokomotiven was a special case, because they could only be used in the core network where there was the working infrastructure able to supply the current: power stations, overhead transmission lines, electricity substations and catenary. As a rule, locomotives were preferred that were dependent on additional infrastructure as little as possible. German electric locomotives were given aluminium windings in the traction motors and transformers, and the steam engines had steel fireboxes, hence the name Heimstofflok or 'home-grown loco'. ClassesA Kriegslokomotive usually had two classifications: one based on the normal peacetime classification system and a separate wartime classification. For example, a wartime steam locomotive or Kriegsdampflokomotive (KDL) was given a KDL class as well as its DRG (Deutsche Reichsbahn) class. Likewise a wartime motorised locomotive or Kriegsmotorlokomotive had a KML class number and a wartime electric locomotive or Kriegselektrolokomotive would have a KEL class number. Besides the DRG, the German Armed Forces had their own locomotive classes. A field railway locomotive belonging to the Army were known as a Heeresfeldbahnlokomotive or HF. Standard gauge engines for the Wehrmacht, mostly diesel switchers, were designated "Wehrmacht Standard Gauge Locomotive" (Wehrmachtslokomotive für Regelspur) or WR.[6] The following classes of Kriegslokomotive were procured by the Deutsche Reichsbahn and other customers (industrial and military railways) during the Second World War:
A large number of DRB Class 52 locomotives were rebuilt by Deutsche Reichsbahn into DR Class 52.80. See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://old.pkp.pl/node/178 |title=25 września. Wcielenie kolei polskich na Śląsku, w Wielkopolsce i na Pomorzu do niemieckich kolei państwowych Deutsche Reichsbahn (Takeover of Polish Railways in Silesia, Greater Poland and Pomerania) |publisher=Polskie Koleje Państwowe PKP |year=2014 |accessdate=8 February 2014 |author=Jerzy Wasilewski |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140208175309/http://old.pkp.pl/node/178 |archivedate= 8 February 2014 |df= }} {{refbegin}}2. ^1 2 {{cite book|url=http://nowezaglebie.pl/katalog.net.pdf |chapter=Sosnowiec |publisher=Zagłębiowska Oficyna Wydawnicza Publishing |title=Katalog Zabytków Techniki Przemysłowej Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego |year=2012 |accessdate=27 February 2017 |author1=Michał Kubara |author2=Beata Mamcarczyk |author3=Marcin Paździora |author4=Sandra Schab |pages=84–85, 118 |isbn=978-83-928381-1-1 |format=PDF |via=direct download 9.97 MB |deadurl=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126195102/http://nowezaglebie.pl/katalog.net.pdf |archivedate=26 November 2013 |df= }} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/2019159/List_of_german_firms_that_used_prisoners_from_concentration_camps_for_slave_labor |title=List of german firms that used prisoners from concentration camps as slave labor |publisher=The International Tracing Service, ITS |work=Catalogue of Camps and Prisons in Germany and the German-Occupied Territories |date=July 1949 |accessdate=11 August 2014 |author=Eliah Meyer }} 4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsQMAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22Schichau+Werke%22 |title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum encyclopedia of camps and ghettos, 1933-1945 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2009 |accessdate=11 August 2014 |author=Geoffrey P. Megargee, USHMM |isbn=0253354293}} 5. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/gdansk/13,sites-of-martyrdom/27339,gdansk-kokoszki-kl-stutthof-sub-camp/ | title=Gdańsk-Kokoszki - KL Stutthof Sub Camp | publisher=POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews | work=Virtual Shtetl | date=2015 | accessdate=10 March 2015 | author=J. Więsyk}} 6. ^{{cite web |title=WR – Wehrmachtslokomotive für Regelspur |author=Heide-Express |work=Diesellokomotive D.L.00601 |date=2010–2017 |publisher=Arbeitsgemeinschaft Verkehrsfreunde Lüneburg e.V. |url=http://www.heide-express.de/index.php/601.html |accessdate=27 February 2017}} 7. ^Overview at dampflokomotivarchiv.de 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://fooblog.mexxoft.com/literaturverzeichnis/ |title=Wehrmachtslok |website=Die Deutsche Reichsbahn 1933-1945 at FooBlog |format=link to file}}
External links
4 : Steam locomotive types|Locomotives of Germany|Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft locomotives|Military locomotives of Germany |
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