“Kriváň (peak)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Kriváň ({{Audio|Sk-Krivan.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a mountain in the High Tatras, Slovakia, that dominates the upper part of the former Liptov County. Multiple surveys among nature lovers have ranked it as the country's most beautiful peak. Readily accessible along maintained marked trails and with the exceptional vistas afforded from its summit, it is the hikers' favorite mountain in the western part of the High Tatras. Kriváň has also been a major symbol in Slovak ethnic and national activism for the past two centuries. It has been referenced in works of art from 19th-century literature, through paintings, film documentaries, to a Polish rock track. A country-wide vote in 2005 selected it to be one of the images on Slovakia's euro coins.

Name

The name Kriváň, first recorded as Kriwan in 1639, is derived from the root kriv- meaning "bent" or "crooked". It reflects the angled appearance of its shape when viewed from the west and south, characterized in the work from 1639 as an "oxtail" (cauda bubula in the Latin original).^[1] The Slovak name is used in other languages including in Polish, rather than its potential Polonized version (Krzywań), except occasionally in Podhale in the immediate vicinity of the Tatras.^[2]

Two adjacent peaks in the nearby Malá Fatra range carry the same name, and so does the village of Kriváň farther away in southern Slovakia.

History

Elevation

Based merely on visual observation, Kriváň competed for the status of the highest mountain in the High Tatras with Lomnický štít, which dominates the view from the east, until 1793 when the latter was accurately identified as the higher of the two (but wrongly as the highest peak in the mountain range, an error corrected by Ludwig Greiner in 1837):

The relative elevations of the two mountains were determined by the English natural historian Robert Townson, who ascended both peaks in August 1793 and also made an early recorded comment on Kriváň's aesthetic appeal:

The exact elevation of Kriváň is currently recognized as {{convert|2,494.7|m|ft|1|abbr=out}}^[3]

Kriváň is believed to have the greatest height from its base in the whole Tatras, as it rises from the bottom of the Kôprova valley or from Tri Studničky up to {{convert|1,400|m|ft|abbr=off}}.

Ascents

Before 1800

A travel book Ungarisher oder Dacianisher Simplicissimus written by Daniel Georg Speer in 1693 mentions a current legend (may have more ancient roots) explaining how Krivan got its shape. Lucifer (the carrier of light) flew over Tatras carrying some people to hell. His foot tripped on the tip of Krivan which got bent, and losing his balance he dropped the sinners who populated since the county of Liptov.

Records of explorations by miners in the Kriváň massif date to the first half of the 15th century. Their presence increased during the gold rush of the 16th century. Although they may not have been the first to do so, it is probable that some of the miners reached the top of Kriváň; remnants of their shacks have survived below Priehyba Ridge at the elevation of about 2,000 m (6,560 ft.) through the present, and the highest, long abandoned, Terézia Shaft is merely about 60 m (200 ft.) below the summit. The commercial exploitation of the meager deposits discovered at Kriváň proved to be barely viable. It was abandoned in the 18th century.^[4]

The Scottish doctor Townson who ascended it in 1793 provided some evidence that Kriváň was already a recognized occasional destination for tourists in the second half of the 18th century. His guide from Važec had been to the top several times before and Townson saw him collect small coins from under a summit stone where hikers would leave them for luck.^[2] The first recorded ascent of Kriváň was by the Lutheran Pastor Andreas Jonas Czirbes from Spišská Nová Ves on 4 August 1773.^[5]

Celebrities

The first celebrity to attempt ascent of Kriváň was the 30-year-old Habsburg Archduke Joseph in 1806, but the plan was abandoned due to inclement weather although parts of the winding road to the old gold mine high on the slopes had already been improved and a campsite built.^[4] The first VIP actually to reach the summit was the 43-year-old King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony in 1840. The plaque placed at the top to commemorate the first monarch who stood there was gradually destroyed by activists in the 1850s-1860s, who would have wished the inscription to include a comment in Slovak and who objected to where the inscription spoke of the Hungarian (ethnic) nation in reference to all the subjects of the Kingdom of Hungary.

The ascent that became most memorable in Slovak culture was by Ľudovít Štúr, then a 25-year-old teaching assistant of Slovak at the Bratislava Lutheran Lýceum (a preparatory high school and college). In the summer of 1841 he traveled through the Slovak counties with his private Greek student Prince Aristarchos and stopped at Michal Miloslav Hodža's parish at Liptovský Mikuláš, whose younger brother Juraj was Štúr's student at the lýceum.^[7] Štúr and a group of locals, Fejérpataky Belopotocký among them, hiked to the top of Kriváň on 16 August, its first recorded ascent that included women.

National excursions

A similar hike, without Štúr, took place the following year, and then sporadically later. Their organizers called them "national excursions" with increasing frequency. They were constituted as an annual late-August event by the authorities at Poprad in 1955 in order to commemorate the anniversary of the uprising of 1944.^[8] The attendance reached 480 people in 1981.^[9] They have continued with a broader national designation through the present. The National Ascent of Kriváň (Národný výstup na Kriváň) is an annual two-day event on the third weekend in August organized by the Slovak Tourist Club, Matica slovenská, and the towns of Vysoké Tatry and Liptovský Mikuláš. The number of persons allowed to ascend the summit on each of the event days is limited to 300.^[10]

Access

The three marked hiking routes to Kriváň start at different locations, but all ultimately converge at the elevation of about 2,145 m (7,035 ft.) for the final ca. 350-meter (1,150-foot) steep, rocky ascent to the summit − the only segment where both hands may be needed to maintain balance in places.

The historical winding road built by miners for horse-drawn ore carts and used by hikers in the past, including the participants of the revered 1841 excursion, is between the green and blue trails and links up with the green trail above the timberline below Priehyba Ridge.^[12] The road is not marked, the Tatra National Park management decreed it off limits. It is partly obscured by shrubby mountain pines at higher elevations.

Kriváň has been favored by those appreciative of its aesthetic and historical allure, as well as by those who seek vistas from the top. Polls of nature lovers at large as well as of connoisseurs have consistently rated it as Slovakia's most beautiful mountain.^[13] The 360-degree view from the top is among the best in Slovakia with the scenery ranging from the populated valleys of upper Liptov, Spiš, and distant parts of Podhale, to the rugged drops of its north face, and many of the notable peaks of the Tatras including Giewont over Zakopane, Rysy, Lomnický štít, and Gerlach, the highest peak of the Carpathians. The panorama is framed by the Western and Low Tatras, and by mountain ranges beyond them in good visibility.^[14]

Cultural images

Early development

The mountain is mentioned by Nikolai Gogol as the abode of two Cossack brothers, Ivan and Petro, in his short story 'The Terrible Vengeance', written in 1832.^[15]

After lower nobleman Gašpar Fejérpataky Belopotocký (1794-1874) published an account of his 1835 ascent of Kriváň in the literary journal Hronka in 1837, its editor-in-chief Karol Kuzmány (1806-1866) wrote the novella Ladislav (1838), whose title character, taking the long way home from Italy via Germany and the Polish Podhale, hikes to the summit of Kriváň where he and his friends talk about brotherhood among the Slavs, sing ethnically-nationally arousing songs, and imbibe Tokaj wine. Both works may have motivated the hike by Ľudovít Štúr and friends in 1841 that inspired him to write two poems published in 1842.^[16] Romantic poets soon became fervent admirers of the eye-catching mountain. Eugen V. Šparnensis (1827-after 1853) called Kriváň a marker of his homeland, the Slovaks were "Kriváň's children" for Janko Kráľ, Samo Chalupka's poem saw the mountain as a symbol of their place among the nations.^[17]

Popular culture

The significance the intellectuals began to ascribe to Kriváň and its images they created were gradually adopted by popular culture. An early instance is the poem Oh, Below Kriváň (Hej, pod Kriváňom; originally: Hej, pod Muráňom) by Samuel Tomášik (1813-1887), which came to be seen as an anonymous folk song^[18] and is sometimes featured as such on folk albums. Likewise, the Polish poem Kriváň, High Kriváň! (Krywaniu, Krywaniu wysoki!) by Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer^[19] was labeled as a folk song and the author of the verses was not credited when its rock version by Skaldowie was released in 1972.^[20]

Visual arts

The short film Up the North Face of Kriváň (Severnou stenou na Kriváň; 1947) directed by Karol Skřipský with original music by Šimon Jurovský documented the first winter ascent of the Kriváň North Face, which, unlike the southern slopes of the massif, requires technical climbing. The mountain featured as an attractive backdrop in several films including Native Country (Rodná zem; dir. Josef Mach, 1954). It has appeared in numerous paintings, including by Ján Hála (1946), Miloš Alexander Bazovský (1956), Andrej Doboš (1967), and Ladislav Čemický (1979).^[21] The role of Kriváň in popular awareness and high culture was highlighted when a country-wide vote in 2005 selected it to be one of the images on Slovakia's euro coins.^[22]

See also

References

1. ^David Frölich, Medulla Geographiae Practicae, Peregrinantium inprimis usui, deinde Historiarum & rerum hoc tempore bellicosissimo gestarum... 1639; referenced in several works including: Ivan Bohuš, Alojz Lutonský and Ján Olejník, Kriváň. 1968.
2. ^¹²Robert Townson, Travels in Hungary, with a short account of Vienna in the year 1793. 1797.
3. ^{{cite journal |first1=Ivan |last1=Bohuš |title=Mení sa výška štítov? |trans-title=Is the height of the peak changing? |language=sk |journal=Tatry |year=2007 |volume=3 |url=http://www.lesytanap.sk/media/downloads/2007_03b.doc }}
4. ^¹Ivan Houdek, Osudy Vysokých Tatier; dejinný náčrtok so zvláštnym zreteľom na Kriváň. 1936.
5. ^Several sources give the year as 1772, more say 1773 including: Szilárd Schermann, Szögescipők nyomai a Kárpátok bércein. 1937.
6. ^Branislav Choma, Hornoliptovský panteón: Na 650. výročie prvej písomnej zmienky o hrádockom hrade z roku 1341. 1993.
7. ^Zdenka Sojková, Knížka o životě Ľudovíta Štúra. 2005.
8. ^Witold Henryk Paryski, "Krywań, narodowa góra Słowaków." Wierchy, 1956.
9. ^¹Zofia Paryska and Witold H. Paryski, Wielka Encyklopedia Tatrzańska. 2004.
10. ^Ján Kamien, "Vyhodnotenie Národného výstupu na Kriváň," (2007). KST - Slovak Tourist Club.
11. ^Július Andráši and Arno Andráši, Tatranské vrcholy: Vysokohorský sprievodca. 1973.
12. ^It is shown with a dash-dotted line on this map: "Kriváň, mapa." vysoke-tatry.sk
13. ^{{cite journal |first1=Zuzana |last1=Kollárová |title=Prvenstvo patrí Kriváňu |journal=Krásy Slovenska |year=2006 |trans-title=The primacy belongs to Kriváň |language=sk |pages=47 |url=http://krasy-slovenska.eu/articles/view/461/ }}
14. ^Vladimír Adamec, Slovensko: 69 vyhliadkových vrcholov. 1981.
15. ^{{cite book|last=Gogol|first=Nikolai|authorlink= Nikolai Gogol|others= Richard Pevear, Larissa Volokhonsky (trans.)|title= The Collected Tales|origyear=1832|year= 1998|publisher= Alfred A. Knopf|location= New York, London, Toronto|language=|isbn= 978-0-307-26969-0|oclc=|doi=|id=|pages= 63–103|nopp=|chapterurl=|quote=He shuddered all over when just ahead of him the Carpathian Mountains appeared, and tall Krivan, its crown covered with a gray cloud as a cap; and his horse raced on and was already roaming in the mountains.|ref=|bibcode=|laysummary=|laydate=|separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp=}}
16. ^Jacek Kołbuszewski, Modele estetyczne liryki słowackiej romantycznego przełomu. 1975.
17. ^Pavol Mazák, et al. Dejiny slovenskej literatúry 2: Novšia slovenská literatúra, 1780-1918. 1984.
18. ^[chor and pa], "Profil: Slovenský predštúrovský básnik Samuel Tomášik sa narodil pred 195 rokmi." TASR, 7 Feb. 2008.
19. ^Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer, "Jak Jasiek z Ustupu, Hanusia od Królów i Marta Uherczykówna z Liptowa śpiewali w jedno słoneczne rano ku sobie." In: Na skalnym Podhalu. 1903.
20. ^Lidia Długołęcka and Maciej Pinkwart, Muzyka i Tatry. 1992.
21. ^Anna Ondrušeková, Tatry v umení; Tatras in Arts. 2006.
22. ^{{cite news | work = The Slovak Spectator | url = http://www.spectator.sk/articles/view/21704/ | title = Public chooses national symbol | date = 2005-11-28 | accessdate = 2008-03-12}}