“Criticism of Holocaust denial”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Criticism of Holocaust denial is directed against people who claim that the genocide of Jews during World War II in the Holocaust^[1] did not occur in the manner or to the extent described by reputable scholarship. Key elements of such claims are the rejection of any of the following:

The methodologies of Holocaust deniers have been criticized as being based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores the overwhelming historical evidence to the contrary.^[4]

Criticism of methods used by Holocaust deniers

The claims of deniers are grounded in flawed research, biased statements, and, in some cases, deliberately falsified evidence.^[5]^[6] Courts of law have also rejected Holocaust denial claims (see Fred A. Leuchter and David Irving) and laws against holocaust denial have been passed in 14 European countries. The Nizkor Project, a group opposed to Holocaust denial claims, analyzes these claims for instances where the evidence used by Holocaust deniers has been altered or manufactured.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Hitler's involvement

Policy

Many historians, such as Ian Kershaw, Raul Hilberg, and Martin Broszat, accept that no document exists showing that Hitler ordered the Holocaust. However, other evidence indicates that Hitler knew about and ordered the genocide. Statements from Adolf Eichmann, Joseph Goebbels, and Heinrich Himmler also indicate that Hitler orchestrated the Holocaust and statements from Hitler himself reveal his genocidal intentions toward Jewry.^[10]

In a letter dated 1919 Hitler mentions that an "unshakable" aim of a strong national government must be "the removal of the Jews".^[11]^[12]

In Mein Kampf, Hitler argued that a war against Jews would have saved Germany from losing World War I:^[13]

During the war, Goebbels often published articles which included Hitler's prophecy of 1939, in 1943 he published an article entitled "The War and the Jews" which stated:

In his political testament, dictated on 29 April 1945 just a day before his suicide, Hitler openly describes ordering the murder of the European Jews:

Order and responsibility

In a draft of an internal memorandum, dated 18 September 1942, Reichsfuhrer SS Heinrich Himmler wrote that "in principle the Fuehrer's time is no longer to be burdened with these matters;" the memorandum goes on to outline Himmler's vision, including "The delivery of anti-social elements from the execution of their sentences to the Reich Fuehrer of SS to be worked to death. Persons under protective arrest, Jews, Gypsies, Russians and Ukrainians, Poles with more than 3-year sentences, Czechs and Germans with more than 8-year sentences according to the judgement of the Minister of Justice [Thierack]. First of all, the worst anti-social elements amongst those just mentioned are to be handed over; I shall inform the Fuhrer of this through Reichsleiter Bormann."^[21]

Nevertheless, and in contrast to the T4 euthanasia program, no document written or signed by Hitler ordering the Holocaust has ever been found. Deniers have claimed that this lack of order shows genocide was not Nazi policy.

When David Irving unsuccessfully sued Deborah Lipstadt for libel, he considered that a document signed by Hitler ordering the 'Final Solution' would be the only convincing proof of Hitler's responsibility, yet was content to accuse Winston Churchill responsible for ordering the assassination of General Sikorski, despite having no documentary evidence to support this claim. Mr Justice Gray concluded that this was a double standard.^[22]

Historians have documented evidence that as Germany's defeat became imminent and the Nazi leaders realized they would most likely be captured and brought to trial, great effort was made to destroy all evidence of mass extermination. In the spring of 1942, Heinrich Himmler ordered all traces of murdered Russian Jews and prisoners of war to be removed from occupied territories of the Soviet Union.^[23] As one of many examples, the bodies of the 25,000 mostly Latvian Jews whom Friedrich Jeckeln and the soldiers under his command had shot at Rumbula (near Riga) in late 1941 were dug up and burned in 1943.^[24]

In mid-1942, SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich, through SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Mueller, Chief of the Gestapo, ordered SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel in Sonderaktion 1005 to remove all traces of the mass executions in the East carried out by the Einsatzgruppen. After Blobel and his staff developed a special incineration process, destruction of evidence at Belzec and Sobibor followed in late 1942.^[23] In February 1943, Heinrich Himmler personally visited Treblinka and ordered the commandants to destroy records, crematoria, and other signs of mass extermination.^[23]

In the infamous Posen speeches of October 1943 such as the one on October 4, Himmler explicitly referred to the extermination of the Jews of Europe and further stated that the genocide must be permanently kept secret:

I am now referring to the evacuation of the Jews, to the extermination of the Jewish people.^[25]^[26]}}

Historian Peter Longerich states that Hitler "...avoided giving a clear written order to exterminate Jewish civilians."^[10] Wide protest was evoked when Hitler's authorisation of the T4 program became public knowledge in Germany, and he was forced to put a halt to it as a result (nonetheless it continued discreetly).^[27] This made Hitler realise that such undertakings must be done secretly in order to avoid criticism. Critics also point out that if Hitler did sign such an order in the first place, it would have been one of the first documents to be destroyed."^[10]

According to Nazis

Many statements from the Nazis from 1941 onwards addressed the imminent extermination of the Jews.^[29]

In a draft of an internal memorandum, dated October 25, 1941, Heinrich Himmler wrote:

Joseph Goebbels had frequent discussions with Hitler about the fate of the Jews, a subject which they discussed almost every time they met, and frequently wrote about it in his personal diary.^[31] In his personal diary he wrote:

In November 1941, Goebbels published an article "The Jews are to blame" which returned to Hitler's prophecy of 1939 and stated that world Jewry was suffering a "gradual process of extermination".^[29]

On March 13, 1945, Goebbels wrote in his diary that the "rest of the world" should follow Germany's example in "destroying the Jews", he wrote also about how the Jews in Germany at that point had been almost totally destroyed.^[33]

This diary contains numerous other references to the mass extermination of Jews, including how "tens of thousands of them are liquidated" in eastern occupied territory,^[34] and that "the greater the number of Jews liquidated, the more consolidated will the situation in Europe be after this war."^[35] When speaking about this document under oath, David Irving is quoted as saying "There is no explicit reference...to the liquidation of Jews" and critics of Holocaust denial consequently state that it is dishonest to say such a thing when it is entirely contradicted by the diary of one of Hitler's closest associates.^[36]^[37] David Cole has previously stated that those who consider themselves revisionists have yet to provide an adequate explanation of this document.^[38]

When questioned by interrogators if orders for the extermination of Jews were delegated in writing by Himmler, Adolf Eichmann states:

Critics state that Eichmann gives a virtually identical account of this in his memoirs, and state that it is also asserted that Eichmann never even asked for a written order, on the basis that "Hitler's wish as expressed through Himmler and Heydrich was good enough for him".^[10] Eichmann's memoirs were recorded by Willem Sassen before he was captured, and Eichmann's lawyer tried to prevent them from being presented as evidence to avoid any detriment against his case.^[40]

In a speech, David Irving states that Heydrich told Eichmann, "The Führer has given the order for the physical destruction of the Jews".^[37] Irving admits that this contradicts his view that "Hitler wasn't involved", but explains it by suggesting that a completely different meaning can be construed, i.e. "the extirpation of Judaism" as opposed to the physical destruction of Jews if one changes "just one or two words".^[37] Critics of this view state that historians should not change words if their documents contradict their claims,^[37] and consequently point out five instances where Eichmann unambiguously states "physical extermination" during his interrogation.^[37]^[41]

Awareness

Congruent with the evidence that shows Hitler was responsible for the order to kill Jews, there is also evidence that shows he was made aware of the process. In December 1942 Hitler received a document from Himmler entitled, "Report to the Führer on Combating Partisans", stating that 363,211 Jews had been killed by Einsatzgruppen in August–November 1942.^[42] This document was marked "Shown to the Führer".^[10]

As noted by Peter Longerich, Gestapo Chief Heinrich Müller sent a telegram on August 2, 1941, ordering that "especially interesting illustrative" material should be sent to Berlin because, "the Führer should be presented with continuous reports on the work of Einsatzgruppen in the East from here".^[43] Because of this, critics of Holocaust denial reject the suggestion that Hitler lost interest in anti-semitism after attaining power in 1933, finding it "hard to believe that a man who had lost his anti-semitism was so interested in situational reports on the killings of Jewish men, women and children while engaged in a war."^[44]

Himmler's speeches and "Ausrottung"

Critics of Holocaust denial state that the claim by deniers of no Nazi plan to exterminate the Jews is completely discredited by Himmler in a speech made on October 4, 1943 to a gathering of SS officers in Poznań, where he said:

In addition to the Posen speeches, studies have shown that the mass of ordinary Germans at the time knew about the existence of the death and concentration camps:^[46]

Use of gas chambers

There have been claims by Holocaust deniers that the gas chambers which mainstream historians believe were for the massacre of civilians never existed, but rather that the structures identified as gas chambers actually served other purposes. These other purposes include cadaver storage, delousing, and disinfection. A similar argument is sometimes used that claims gas was not used to murder Jews and other victims,^[48]^[49] and that many gas chambers were also built after the war just for show. A document advancing this theory is the Leuchter report by Fred A. Leuchter, a paper stating that no traces of cyanide were found when he examined samples taken from one of the Auschwitz gas chambers in 1988. This is often cited as evidence that gas was not used in the chambers, as no trace amounts remain. Despite the difficulty of finding traces of this material 50 years later, in February, 1990, Professor Jan Markiewicz, Director of the Institute of Forensic Research in Kraków, redid the analysis.^[50] Markiewicz and his team used microdiffusion techniques to test for cyanide in samples from the suspected gas chambers, from delousing chambers, and from control areas elsewhere within Auschwitz. The control samples tested negative, while cyanide residue was found in high concentrations in the delousing chambers, and lower concentrations in the homicidal gas chambers. This is consistent with the amounts required to kill lice and humans.^[51]

The search for cyanide in the bricks of buildings said to be gas chambers was important, because the pesticide Zyklon B would generate such a residue. This was the gas most often cited as the instrument of death for prisoners in the gas chambers, supported by both testimony and evidence collected of Nazi policy.^[52]^[53]

Another claim made by Holocaust deniers is that there were no specially-constructed vents in the gas chambers through which Zyklon B could be released.^[54] The BBC offers a response showing that this requires disregard of much documentation:

Leuchter's comment that the camp was "untouched" has been dismissed as nonsense by the Holocaust scholar Robert Jan van Pelt, who explains that the absence of most of the would-be rubble from the crematoria is because the local Polish population returning to the area after the war rebuilt farmhouses to the west with bricks salvaged from rubble in the camp area including from the Birkenau crematoria.^[56]

Another piece of evidence Holocaust deniers frequently question is what happened to the ash after the bodies were cremated. The amount of ash produced in the cremation of a person is about a shoebox full, if done in a proper crematorium. However, eyewitness testimonies documented by Hilberg's The Destruction of the European Jews describe the burning process used in Treblinka, Sobibor, and Belzec to have carried out in multiple open-air grills where stacks of bodies were burned on top of metal bars. These grills were operated by burning piles of wood underneath.

Cremation in the open at the Reinhard death camps (Treblinka, Sobibor and Belzec) was discussed at Nuremberg on the 7th April 1946 by Georg Konrad Morgen, SS judge and lawyer who investigated crimes committed in Nazi concentration camps. He stated: "The whole thing was like an assembly line. At the last stop they reached a big room, and were told that this was the bath. When the last one was in, the doors were shut and the gas was let into the room. As soon as death taken place in (sic), the ventilators were started. When the air was breathable, the doors were opened, and the Jewish workers removed the bodies. By means of a special process which Wirth had invented, they were burned in the open air without the use of fuel."^[57]

There is well-documented evidence that other ash was used as fertilizer in nearby fields.^[58]^[59] Photographs of Treblinka taken by the camp commandant show what looks to be ash piles being distributed by steam shovels.^[60]

Another argument used by Holocaust deniers is that testimony on the gas chambers is unreliable. The Institute for Historical Review is one of the organizations which make this assertion. In the words of the IHR:

The Nizkor Project and other sources have stated that the minimal concentration of Zyklon-B to be explosive is 56,000 parts per million, while the amount used to kill a human is 300 parts per million, as is evidenced in "The Merck Index" and the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics". In fact, the Nazis' own documentation stated "Danger of explosion: 75 grams of HCN in 1 cubic meter of air. Normal application approx. 8–10 grams per cubic meter, therefore not explosive."^[62]

The Institute for Historical Review publicly offered a reward of $50,000 for verifiable "proof that gas chambers for the purpose of killing human beings existed at or in Auschwitz." Mel Mermelstein, a survivor of Auschwitz, submitted his own testimony as proof but it was ignored. He then sued IHR in the United States and the case was subsequently settled for $50,000, plus $40,000 in damages for personal suffering. The court declared the statement that "Jews were gassed to death at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland during the summer of 1944" was a fact.^[63]^[64]^[65]^[66]

Death toll

Six million

The figure of "six million" (which refers only to Jewish victims, and is larger when counting the other ethnic, religious, and minority groups targeted for extinction) is often minimized by such claims to a figure of only 1 million deaths,{{by whom|date=July 2017}} or only 300,000 deaths.{{by whom|date=July 2017}} By contrast, the vast majority of scholars, institutions, and even Nazi officials^[67] estimate between five and six million Jews perished during the Holocaust,^[68] while some claim the number could possibly be even higher.^[69]

With approximately 4.5 million Jewish victims' names collected by Yad Vashem,^[70] numerous documents and archives discovered after the war gave meticulous accounts of the exterminations that took place at the death camps (such as Auschwitz and Treblinka).^[71]

The Nizkor project conducted a thorough research about this claim as well, and found the number of Jewish death to be at least 5.65 million.^[72]

Deniers claim that these documents are based on Soviet propaganda, primarily from Ilya Ehrenburg's Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, and are therefore unreliable. Complicating the matter is that various instances have been reported where the death tolls of particular death camps were claimed to be overstated. These claims vary in verifiability and objectivity. A much-quoted instance of disputing the toll is the "Breitbard Document" (actually a paper by Aaron Breitbart),^[73] which describes a commemorative plaque at Auschwitz to the victims that died there, which read, Four million people suffered and died here at the hands of the Nazi murderers between the years 1940 and 1945. In 1990, a new plaque replaced the old one. It now says, May this place where the Nazis assassinated 1,500,000 men, women and children, a majority of them Jews from diverse European countries, be forever for mankind a cry of despair and of warning. The lower numbers are due to the fact that the Soviets "purposely overstated the number of non-Jewish casualties at Auschwitz-Birkenau," according to the Simon Wiesenthal Center. Holocaust deniers insist that the number of Jews killed therefore be lowered by at least 2.5 million. However, the plaque had never been used as an accurate historical source by mainstream historians.^[74]^[75]^[76] As early as the 1950s, Raul Hillberg estimated 1.1 million Jewish deaths in Auschwitz.^[77]

Pre-war accounts of six million Jews facing threat of extermination

Holocaust deniers argue that the multiple pre-World War II claims of precisely six million Jews facing extermination, like former New York Governor Martin Glynn's 1919 article "The Crucifixion of Jews Must Stop!", suggests the reported death toll is inaccurate and was invented to fit propaganda.^[78] Historian Robert N. Proctor has criticized such claims stating "[this] oddity has been exploited by Holocaust deniers but is simply a remarkable coincidence and nothing more".

International Committee of the Red Cross

Holocaust deniers misrepresent and omit information contained in ICRC reports that contradict their claims.^[79] Critics argue that Richard Harwood in his "Did Six Million Really Die?" pamphlet could only claim that the ICRC had found no evidence of a policy to exterminate Jews by ignoring key sections of the 1948 report, where the ICRC explicitly states that the systematic extermination of Jews was Nazi policy.^[80]

Harwood disputed the notion that homicidal gas chambers were disguised as shower facilities by citing references in the report where ICRC officials inspected bathing facilities. He used their responses to argue that showers functioned as showers and were not part of a killing installation. However this is considered misrepresentation by critics, as the passage Harwood cited is in reference to Allied camps for civilians in Egypt and thus had nothing to do with Nazi concentration camps.^[81]

Harwood also claimed that Die Tat, a Swiss tabloid newspaper, published statistics that concluded the number of people who died in Nazi prisons and camps from 1939 to 1945 based on ICRC statistics was "300,000, not all of whom were Jews".^[82] The January 19, 1955 edition of Die Tat did indeed give a 300,000 figure, but this was only in reference to "Germans and German Jews" and not nationals of other countries.^[83] In the 1978 official bulletin, entitled "False Propaganda", the ICRC denounced Holocaust denial and confirmed that the agency "Never published—or even compiled—statistics of this kind which are being falsely attributed to it" and stated that its mission was "to help war victims, not to count them",^[84]^[85]^[86] and questioned how they would have even been able to obtain such statistics had they wanted to, given that they were "only able to enter only a few concentration camps...in the final days of the war".^[84]^[86] The agency states that the figures used are "the number of deaths recorded by the International Tracing Service on the basis of documents found when the camps were closed",^[84]^[86] and accordingly bear no relation to the total death tolls, since the Nazis destroyed much documentation, and that many deaths occurred in camps where prisoners were generally not registered.^[84]^[86] The ICRC considers this misrepresentation as "propaganda",^[84]^[86] and because these claims regarding the ICRC were used for the defense of Ernst Zündel at his trial in 1985, critics state that despite the agency's attempts to demonstrate the truth, Holocaust deniers have continued to rely on ICRC based disinformation.^[83] Archives of the International Tracing Service (located in Bad Arolsen) responding to such misrepresentation can be found here.^[87]

In 1979, the ICRC stated a second time that they have "never tried to compile statistics on the victims of the war",^[88] nor "certified the accuracy of the statistics produced by a third party",^[88] and state that the authors of such material have "falsified" both claims that the document originates from the ICRC and refers exclusively to Jews.^[88]

As well as in personal correspondence, the ICRC has also addressed this misrepresentation by several other means. In 1975, the ICRC wrote to the Board of Deputies of British Jews in London regarding Harwood's citations, stating:

Baseler Nachrichten

Similarly, Harwood wrote that the June 4, 1946 edition of Baseler Nachrichten, another Swiss newspaper, reported that "a maximum of only one and a half million Jews could be numbered as casualties."^[90] Harwood fails to mention that a later article in a later edition of the newspaper acknowledges that the previous article was incorrect, and 5,800,000 was an accurate number of victims.^[91] Critics cite this as an example of deniers using partial information to distort legitimate sources.^[92]

Jewish population

One Holocaust denial argument is the comparison of the population of Jews before and after the Holocaust. They state that the 1940 World Almanac gives the world Jewish population as 15,319,359, while the 1948 World Almanac gives the world Jewish population as 15,713,638. They therefore claim that either the figures are wrong, or the Holocaust, meaning the deaths of millions of Jews, cannot have happened to any extent similar to the claimed 6 million. Ken McVay writes:

Other sources confirm similar numbers—and earlier than the 1949 World Almanac—for the Jewish population before and after the war. The 1932 American Jewish Yearbook estimate the total number of Jews in the world at 15,192,218, of whom 9,418,248 resided in Europe. However, the 1947 yearbook states: "Estimates of the world Jewish population have been assembled by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (except for the United States and Canada) and are probably the most authentic available at the present time. The figures reveal that the total Jewish population of the world has decreased by one-third from about 16,600,000 in 1939 to about 11,000,000 in 1946 as the result of the annihilation by the Nazis of more than five and a half million European Jews. In Europe only an estimated 3,642,000 remain of the total Jewish pre-war population of approximately 9,740,000." These numbers are also consistent with the findings of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070104080919/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/anglo/angap03.htm Appendix III], in 1946.

Nazi documentation

The Nazis used figures of between 9 and 11 million for the Jewish population of Europe, as evidenced in the notes of the Wannsee Conference. In fact, the Nazis methodically recorded the ongoing reduction of the Jewish population, as in the Korherr Report, which gave the status of the Final Solution through December 1942. The Höfle Telegram was sent by SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle on January 11, 1943 to SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann in Berlin and detailed the number of deaths of Jews in the concentration camps.^[94] In the year 1942 alone, the telegram lists 1,274,166 Jews were exterminated^[94] in the four camps of Aktion Reinhard.

The Korherr Report compiled by an SS statistician, gave a conservative total of 2,454,000 Jews deported to extermination camps or killed by the Einsatzgruppen. The complete status reports of the Einsatzgruppen death squads were found in the archives of the Gestapo when it was searched by the U.S. Army, and the accuracy attested to by the former Einsatzgruppen members who testified during war crime trials and at other times. These reports alone list an additional 1,500,000 or so murders during mass shootings, the vast majority of these victims were Jews. Further, surviving Nazi documentation spells out their plans to murder the Jews of Europe (see the Wannsee Conference), recorded the trains arriving at various death camps, and included photographs and films of many atrocities.

Testimonies

There are voluminous amounts of testimony from thousands of survivors of the Holocaust,^[95] as well as the testimony of captured Nazi officers at the Nuremberg Trials and other times.^[96] Holocaust deniers discount the testimony of officers claiming that these witnesses were tortured^[3] or that Rudolf Höss allegedly signed a confession written in a language he did not understand (English) or that the Nuremberg Trial did not follow proper judicial procedures. However, Höss's testimony did not consist of merely a signed confession; while in jail he also wrote two volumes of memoirs^[97] and gave extensive testimony outside of the Nuremberg proceedings.^[98]^[99] Further, his testimony agrees with that of other contemporary written accounts by Auschwitz officials, such as Pery Broad,^[100] an SS man stationed at Auschwitz while Höss was the commandant and the diary kept by SS physician at Auschwitz Johann Kremer, as well as the testimony of hundreds of camp guards and victims.^[101] In addition, former SS personnel have criticised Holocaust denial. SS-Oberscharführer Josef Klehr said that anyone who maintains that nobody was gassed at Auschwitz must be "crazy or on the wrong".^[102] SS-Unterscharführer Oswald Kaduk stated that he did not consider those who maintain such a thing as normal people.^[103] Hearing about Holocaust denial compelled former SS-Rottenführer Oskar Gröning to publicly speak about what he witnessed at Auschwitz, and denounce Holocaust deniers,^[104] stating:

Other key testimony comes from non-Jewish survivors of the camps such as Catholic French Resistance member André Rogerie who was held in seven different camps, and who as a member of the Resistance was not targeted for extermination but for hard labor and survived. After the war Rogerie wrote and testified extensively about his experiences in the camps including Auschwitz-Birkenau^[107] where he viewed and produced the oldest contemporary sketch of a camp crematorium.^[108]

Denial as antisemitism

Holocaust denial is generally viewed as antisemitic. Walter Reich, professor of international affairs at George Washington University and former director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, stated, "The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism."^[109] The Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity describes Holocaust denial as "a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs."^[110] According to the Anti-Defamation League, "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy."^[111] French historian Valérie Igounet wrote, "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism."^[112] In 2005, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia published a working definition of antisemitism that included "denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)".^[113]

See also

Notes

1. ^¹Donald L Niewyk, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p.45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Estimates by scholars range from 5.1 million to 7.8 million. See appropriate section of the Holocaust article.
2. ^Key elements of Holocaust denial*"Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term "Holocaust denial." Holocaust deniers, or "revisionists," as they call themselves, question all three major points of definition of the Nazi Holocaust. First, they contend that, while mass murders of Jews did occur (although they dispute both the intentionality of such murders as well as the supposed deservedness of these killings), there was no official Nazi policy to murder Jews. Second, and perhaps most prominently, they contend that there were no homicidal gas chambers, particularly at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where mainstream historians believe over 1 million Jews were murdered, primarily in gas chambers. And third, Holocaust deniers contend that the death toll of European Jews during World War II was well below 6 million. Deniers float numbers anywhere between 300,000 and 1.5 million, as a general rule." Mathis, Andrew E. Holocaust Denial, a Definition {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609180542/http://www.holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/ |date=2011-06-09 }}, The Holocaust History Project, July 2, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.*"In part III we directly address the three major foundations upon which Holocaust denial rests, including... the claim that gas chambers and crematoria were used not for mass extermination but rather for delousing clothing and disposing of people who died of disease and overwork; ... the claim that the six million figure is an exaggeration by an order of magnitude—that about six hundred thousand, not six million, died at the hands of the Nazis; ... the claim that there was no intention on the part of the Nazis to exterminate European Jewry and that the Holocaust was nothing more than the unfortunate by-product of the vicissitudes of war." Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman. Denying History: : Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-520-23469-3}}, p. 3.*"Holocaust Denial: Claims that the mass extermination of the Jews by the Nazis never happened; that the number of Jewish losses has been greatly exaggerated; that the Holocaust was not systematic nor a result of an official policy; or simply that the Holocaust never took place." [https://archive.is/20050216030123/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_35.html What is Holocaust Denial], Yad Vashem website, 2004. Retrieved December 18, 2006.*"Among the untruths routinely promoted are the claims that no gas chambers existed at Auschwitz, that only 600,000 Jews were killed rather than six million, and that Hitler had no murderous intentions toward Jews or other groups persecuted by his government." Holocaust Denial {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404130634/http://www.adl.org/hate-patrol/holocaust.asp |date=2007-04-04 }}, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
3. ^¹"The kinds of assertions made in Holocaust-denial material include the following*Several hundred thousand rather than approximately six million Jews died during the war.*Scientific evidence proves that gas chambers could not have been used to kill large numbers of people.*The Nazi command had a policy of deporting Jews, not exterminating them.*Some deliberate killings of Jews did occur, but were carried out by the peoples of Eastern Europe rather than the Nazis.*Jews died in camps of various kinds, but did so as the result of hunger and disease. The Holocaust is a myth created by the Allies for propaganda purposes, and subsequently nurtured by the Jews for their own ends.*Errors and inconsistencies in survivors’ testimonies point to their essential unreliability.*Alleged documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs of concentration camp victims to Anne Frank’s diary, is fabricated.*The confessions of former Nazis to war crimes were extracted through torture." The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial? {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718044959/http://www.jpr.org.uk/Reports/CS_Reports/no_3_2000/index.htm |date=July 18, 2011 }}, JPR report #3, 2000. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
4. ^*"'Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, "revisionism" denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428044832/http://www.holocaust-history.org/revisionism-isnt/ |date=2010-04-28 }}, The Holocaust History Project, May 15, 1999. Retrieved December 22, 2006.*Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.
5. ^{{cite book|author1=Richard J. Evans|title=Lying About Hitler: History, Holocaust, and the David Irving Trial|date=2002|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-02153-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BegWBQAAQBAJ}}
6. ^Pierre Vidal-Naquet, French "une tentative d'extermination sur le papier qui relaie l'extermination réelle" in Les assassins de la mémoire, Un Eichmann de papier, Postface de Gisèle Sapiro, Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée, La Découverte, Paris, 2005, {{ISBN|2-7071-4545-9}}.
7. ^{{cite web|title=Holocaust denial - The IHR's Questions & Answers, and Nizkor's Responses|url=http://www.nizkor.org/features/qar/qar00.html|work=Nizkor Project|accessdate=28 September 2013}}
8. ^Robert L. Hilliard & Michael C. Keith. Waves of Rancor: tuning in the radical right, M.E. Sharpe, 1999, {{ISBN|0-7656-0131-1}}, p. 250
9. ^Daniel Wolfish & Gordon S. Smith. Who Is Afraid of the State?: Canada in a World of Multiple Centres of Power, University of Toronto Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-8020-8388-9}}, p. 108.
10. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|url=https://www.hdot.org/debunking-denial/ah1-hitlers-orders/ |title=Debunking Denial : Hitler's Orders |publisher=Emory University |date= |accessdate=2016-10-13}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ns-archiv.de/verfolgung/antisemitismus/hitler/gutachten.php |title=Dokumente zum Nationalsozialismus : Hitlers "Gutachten zum Antisemitismus" |publisher=Ns-archiv.de |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22 |language=de}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.open2.net/historyandthearts/history/lecture_transcript.html |title=BBC/OU Open2.net - History - Lecture transcript |publisher=Open2.net |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
13. ^{{Cite book|last=Dawidowicz|first=Lucy S.|author2=Altshuler, David A.|title=Hitler's war against the Jews|publisher=Behrman House, Inc|page=83|year=1978|isbn=978-0-87441-222-2}}
14. ^{{Cite book|author=Kaes, Anton|author2=Jay, Martín|author3=Dimendberg, Edward.|title=The Weimar Republic sourcebook|publisher=University of California Press|page=133|isbn=978-0-520-06775-2|date=1995-11-14}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaust-history.org/der-ewige-jude/hitler-19390130.shtml |title=Adolf Hitler on the Jewish Question (Reichstag, 1939 January 30) |publisher=Holocaust-history.org |date=1939-01-30 |accessdate=2014-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314131150/http://holocaust-history.org/der-ewige-jude/hitler-19390130.shtml |archivedate=2008-03-14 |df= }}
16. ^The Holocaust Chronicle 1939: The War Against The Jews pg. 149
17. ^{{cite book | last = Marrus | first = Michael | authorlink = Michael Marrus | title = The Holocaust in History | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qr6nPwAACAAJ | location = Toronto | publisher = Key Porter Books | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-299-23404-1 | page = 37}}
18. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Hitler%20Speeches/Hitler%20Speech%201942.01.30.htm | title = Adolf Hitler Speech at the Berlin Sportspalast, 30 January 1942}}
19. ^{{cite web |url= http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/gpa/goeb37.htm |title= Joseph Goebbels page |work= German Propaganda Archive |first= Randall |last= Bytwerk |publisher= Calvin College }}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
20. ^[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/My_Political_Testament My Political Testament by Adolf Hitler, translated by The United States Government Printing Office]
21. ^{{cite web|author=|url=http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/documents/2496-minutes-of-a-conference?q=evidence:%22PS-654%22#p.1 |title=Nuremberg Trial Exhibit, 654-PS from |publisher=Nuremberg Trials Project |date= |accessdate=2017-07-21}}; English-language summary and analysis (John Buchsbaum): {{cite web|author=|url=http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/documents/2494-minutes-of-a-conference?q=654-PS#p.2 |title=HLSL Item No.: 2494 (19 September 1945) |publisher=Nuremberg Trials Project |date= |accessdate=2017-07-21}}
22. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/holocaust/later2d.html |title=The Holocaust from |publisher=Channel4.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326083825/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/holocaust/later2d.html |archivedate=March 26, 2007 }}
23. ^¹²{{Cite journal | first = Yitzhak | last = Arad | author-link = Yitzhak Arad | title = Operation Reinhard: Extermination Camps of Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203576.pdf | journal = Yad Vashem Studies | volume= XVI | year = 1984 | pages = 205–239}}
24. ^Ezergailis, Andrew, The Holocaust in Latvia 1941–1944 – The Missing Center, pages 4–7, 239–270, Historical Institute of Latvia (in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum) Riga 1996 {{ISBN|9984-9054-3-8}}
25. ^Nizkor Project page on Himmler Posen speech Contains both the IMT original transcription of the speech in German, a corrected Nizkor project transcription, original IMT and corrected Nizkor project translation, recording and analysis of actual speech, and link to examples showing treatment of speech by Holocaust deniers.
26. ^{{cite book |author= |title=International Military Trials - Nurnberg - Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV |volume=4 |editor=Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality |chapter-url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Nazi_Vol-IV.pdf |chapter=Partial Translation Of Document 1919-PS Speech of the Reichsfuehrer—SS at the Meeting of SS Major-Generals at Posen, October 4th, 1943 |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=US Government Printing Office |pages=563–564 |date=1946 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104150152/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Nazi_Vol-IV.pdf |archivedate=2007-11-04 |access-date=2015-04-02 |quote=I also want to talk to you, quite frankly, on a very grave matter. Among ourselves it should be mentioned quite frankly, and yet we will never speak of it publicly. Among ourselves it should be mentioned quite frankly, and yet we will never speak of it publicly. Just as we did not hesitate on June 30th, 1934 to do the duty we were bidden, and stand comrades who had lapsed, up against the wall and shoot them, so we have never spoken about it and will never speak of it. It was that tact which is a matter of course and which I am glad to say, is inherent in us, that made us never discuss it among ourselves, never to speak of it. It appalled everyone, and yet everyone was certain that he would do it the next time if such orders are issued and if it is necessary I mean the clearing out of the Jews, the extermination of the Jewish race. … Most of you must know what it means when 100 corpses are lying side by side, or 500 or 1,000…. This is a page of glory in our history which has never been written and is never to be written…}}
27. ^Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution, UNC Press, 1995, {{ISBN|0-8078-4675-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC&printsec=frontcover#PPA111,M1 Google Print, ch.6]
28. ^Felix Kersten The Kersten Memoirs, 1956, p. 162-163, cited in The Holocaust: 66 Questions and Answers
29. ^¹²{{cite book|author=Peter Longerich|title=Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews|date=15 April 2010|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-280436-5|page=289}}
30. ^{{Cite web |url=http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/pflip.php?caseid=HLSL_NMT01&docnum=1676&numpages=2&startpage=1&title=Re:+Solution+of+the+Jewish+Question..&color_setting=C |title=Nuremberg Trials Project, Document Number 365 |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121648/http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/pflip.php?caseid=HLSL_NMT01&docnum=1676&numpages=2&startpage=1&title=Re:+Solution+of+the+Jewish+Question..&color_setting=C |archive-date=2016-03-04 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
31. ^{{cite book | last = Thacker | first = Toby | title = Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death | year = 2010 | origyear = 2009 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-230-27866-0 | page = 328}}
32. ^¹Joseph Goebbels, The Goebbels Diaries, February 14, 1942 (pp. 85-86) as cited in Joseph Goebbels' Diaries: Excerpts, 1942-43 (2/2)
33. ^"Goebbels diaries, the final entries"
34. ^Joseph Goebbels, The Goebbels Diaries, April 29, 1942, p. 195 as cited in Joseph Goebbels' Diaries: Excerpts, 1942-43 (2/2)
35. ^Joseph Goebbels, The Goebbels Diaries, March 6, 1942, p. 113 as cited in Joseph Goebbels' Diaries: Excerpts, 1942-43 (2/2)
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/g/goebbels-joseph/goebbels-1948-excerpts-02.html#full-irving-quote |title=The Irving Quote |publisher=Nizkor.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
37. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|last1=McCarthy|first1=Jamie|title=Who is David Irving?|url=http://www.holocaust-history.org/pamphlets/irving/pamphlet.shtml|website=holocaust-history.org|publisher=The Holocaust History Project|accessdate=28 June 2015|location=San Antonio, Texas|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905082335/http://www.holocaust-history.org/pamphlets/irving/pamphlet.shtml|archivedate=5 September 2015|df=}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/people/c/cole.david/cole-vs-faurisson-struthof |title=David Cole's Letter |publisher=Nizkor.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
39. ^Eichmann Interrogated, Farrar, Strous & Giroux edition, 1983, p. 74-82 cited in Letter to Irving, 8/9/96 (part 1)
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-104-05.html |title=The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, Session 104 |publisher=Nizkor.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/i/irving-david/correspondence/mccarthy-to-irving-960809-01.html |title=Letter to Irving, 8/9/96 (part 1) |publisher=Nizkor.org |date=1996-08-09 |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
42. ^No. 51, December 1942
43. ^{{cite web|last1=Longerich|first1=Peter|authorlink1=Peter Longerich|title=Hitler's Role in the Persuection of the Jews by the Nazi Regime: Electronic Version|url=https://www.hdot.org/longrole/#longrole_15|website=hdot.org|publisher=Emory University|accessdate=13 October 2016|location=Druid Hills, Georgia}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.holocaust-history.org/irving-wrong |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208040257/http://holocaust-history.org/irving-wrong/ |dead-url=bot: unknown |archive-date=2014-02-08 |title=Where did David Irving go wrong? |publisher=Holocaust-history.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22 |df= }}
45. ^Himmler, Heinrich. Speech to SS-Gruppenführer at Posen, Poland, October 4th, 1943. U.S. National Archives document 242.256, reel 2 of 3.
46. ^{{cite news | last=Ezard | first=John | title=Germans knew of Holocaust horror about death camps | url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/feb/17/johnezard | accessdate=16 November 2013 | newspaper=The Guardian | date=17 February 2001}}
47. ^{{cite book | last=Konnilyn G. Feig | title=Hitler's death camps: the sanity of madness | year=1981 | publisher=Holmes & Meier | isbn=978-0841906754 }}
48. ^{{cite web|title=Proving the Gas Chambers & Crematoria|url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/american/skeptic-magazine/skeptic-12.html|publisher=The Nizkor Project|accessdate=16 November 2013}}
49. ^[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/syrdenial.html "Syrian Holocaust Denial"] by Mohammad Daoud, Syria Times September 6, 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2005.
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/polish/institute-for-forensic-research/ |title=A Study of the Cyanide Compounds Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz & Birkenau Concentration Camps |publisher=Nizkor.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/orgs/polish/institute-for-forensic-research/table-seven.html |title=A Study of the Cyanide Compounds Content in the Walls of the Gas Chambers in the Former Auschwitz & Birkenau Concentration Camps |publisher=Nizkor.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
52. ^{{cite book | last = Goldhagen | first = Daniel | authorlink = Daniel Goldhagen | title = Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust | year = 1996 | publisher = Knopf | location = New York | page=157 | isbn = 978-0-679-44695-8 | ref = harv| title-link = Hitler's Willing Executioners }}
53. ^{{cite book | last = Hayes | first = Peter | authorlink=Peter Hayes (historian) |title = From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich | year = 2004 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge; New York; Melbourne | pages=272–300 | isbn = 978-0-521-78227-2 | ref = harv}}
54. ^in the words of Leuchter, "No holes — no Holocaust"
55. ^Denying the Holocaust by Deborah Lipstadt BBC History. p.6
56. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.errolmorris.com/film/mrd_transcript.html|title=Mr. Death: Transcript|publisher=|year=2006|first=Errol|last=Morris|accessdate=2008-08-07}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-20/tgmwc-20-197-10.shtml |title=Trials of German Major War Criminals: Volume 20 |publisher=Nizkor.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
58. ^{{cite web|title=Shofar FTP Archive File: camps/maidanek//maidanek.04|url=http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/camps/maidanek/ftp.cgi?camps/maidanek//maidanek.04|website=nizkor.org|publisher=Nizkor Project|accessdate=24 May 2015|date=31 December 1994}}
59. ^International Military Tribunal, vol. 1, p. 252
60. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaust-history.org/Treblinka/appendixd/ |title=Appendix D - Ash Disposal and Mass Graves at Treblinka |publisher=The Holocaust History Project |date= |accessdate=2015-04-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903011056/http://www.holocaust-history.org/Treblinka/appendixd/ |archivedate=2015-09-03 |df= }}
61. ^{{cite web|title=Hoss said in his confession that his men would smoke cigarettes as they pulled the dead Jews out of the gas chambers ten minutes after gassing. Isn't Zyklon-B explosive?|url=http://www.nizkor.org/features/qar/qar32.html|website=nizkor.org|publisher=Nizkor Project|accessdate=24 May 2015}}
62. ^Nuremberg document NI-9912
63. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/people/m/mermelstein.mel/ftp.py?people/m/mermelstein.mel//mermelstein.order.072285 | title = Mel Mermelstein v. Institute for Historical Review Judgment and Statement of Record | accessdate = November 20, 2010 }}
64. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/denial1.html |title=Answers to the 66 Questions of Holocaust Deniers |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
65. ^"Mermelstein Victory", Heritage, October 23, 1981.
66. ^"Footnote to the Holocaust", Newsweek, October 19, 1981, p. 73.
67. ^Wilhelm Höttl, an SS officer and a Doctor of History, testified at the Nuremberg Trials and Eichmann's trial that at a meeting he had with Eichmann in Budapest in late August 1944, "Eichmann ... told me that, according to his information, some 6,000,000 (six million) Jews had perished until then – 4,000,000 (four million) in extermination camps and the remaining 2,000,000 (two million) through shooting by the Operations Units and other causes, such as disease, etc." {{cite web|url=http://david-kahn.com/articles-secret-history-author-front.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=January 19, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409124446/http://david-kahn.com/articles-secret-history-author-front.htm |archivedate=April 9, 2009 }}
68. ^{{cite news|title=Holocaust facts: Where does the figure of 6 million victims come from?|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/.premium-1.540880|accessdate=8 November 2013|newspaper=Haaretz|date=August 11, 2013}}{{cite web|title=Responses to common Holocaust-denial claims|url=http://archive.adl.org/holocaust/response.asp|publisher=ADL|accessdate=8 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222013622/http://archive.adl.org/holocaust/response.asp|archive-date=2013-02-22|dead-url=yes|df=}}{{cite book|author=Martin Gilbert|title=The Routledge atlas of the Holocaust, 3rd Ed.|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2002|isbn=978-0-415-28145-4|page=245|quote=By the most exact estimates of recent research, the number of Jews killed in Europe between September 1939 and May 1945 was nearly six million. This estimate is a minimum; the deaths shown opposite total just over 5,750,000, and are based on such country-by-country and region-by-region records as survive.}}{{cite book|author=Dawidowicz, Lucy S.|title=The war against the Jews, 1933–1945|publisher=Bantam Books|location=New York|year=1986|isbn=978-0-553-34302-1}}p. 403
69. ^{{cite news|last1=LICHTBLAU|first1=ERIC|title=The Holocaust Just Got More Shocking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/sunday-review/the-holocaust-just-got-more-shocking.html|accessdate=9 September 2015|work=New York Times|date=March 1, 2013}}{{cite news|title=The Horrifying New Holocaust Discoveries|url=http://www.jewsnews.co.il/2013/10/18/the-horrifying-new-holocaust-discoveries/|accessdate=8 November 2013|date=October 18, 2013}}{{cite news|title=French Priest Says Holocaust Death Toll Likely to Rise Following Investigation|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/05/23/french-priest-says-holocaust-death-toll-likely-to-rise-following-investigation.html|accessdate=9 September 2015|work=Fox News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127134731/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/05/23/french-priest-says-holocaust-death-toll-likely-to-rise-following-investigation.html|archive-date=2016-01-27|dead-url=yes|df=}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/archive/hall-of-names/database.html|title=Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names|last=|first=|date=|website=Yad Vashem|accessdate=1 November 2018}} "As of November 2018 the Central Database includes four and a half million names".
71. ^{{cite web|title=Combating Holocaust Denial: Evidence Of The Holocaust Presented At Nuremberg|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007271|work=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|accessdate=8 November 2013}}
72. ^{{cite web|title=What proof exists that the Nazis practiced genocide or deliberately killed six million Jews?|url=http://www.nizkor.org/features/qar/qar01.html|work=Nizkor Project|accessdate=3 December 2013}}
73. ^{{cite web|author1=Andrew Breitbart|title=Responses to Revisionist Arguments|url=http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=394667|website=motlc.wiesenthal.com|publisher=Simon Wiesenthal Center|accessdate=10 January 2017|location=Los Angeles}}
74. ^Hilberg, R. Op. Cit.
75. ^Dawidowicz, L., The War Against the Jews. New York: Bantam Books, (1979) p. 191.
76. ^Sweibocka, Op. Cit.
77. ^{{cite book | last = Hilberg | first = Raul | authorlink = Raul Hilberg | title = The Destruction of the European Jews | year = 1961 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven; London | page = 958 | isbn = 978-0-300-09592-0 | ref = harv}}
78. ^Proctor, Robert N. (2000). The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton University Press. p. 11.
79. ^Lipstadt, p. 114.
80. ^Lipstadt, p. 114/115.
81. ^Lipstadt, p. 115.
82. ^Lipstadt, p. 116.
83. ^¹Lipstadt, p. 117.
84. ^¹²³⁴ICRC Bulletin No. 25, Feb. 1, 1978, cited in Lipstadt, p. 117.
85. ^{{cite book|last1=Kahn|first1=Robert|title=Holocaust Denial and the Law: A Comparative Study|date=2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London|isbn=9781403980502|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svfFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|accessdate=28 June 2015}}
86. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal|title=Red cross exposure of "false propaganda"|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|date=January 1978|volume=12|issue=2|page=11|doi=10.1080/0031322X.1978.9969431|issn=0031-322X}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.its-arolsen.org/en/archives/index.html |title=Archives |publisher=Its-Arolsen.Org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
88. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/orgs/international/red-cross/ftp.py?orgs/international/red-cross//300000-victims.response |title=Comite International De La Croix-Rouge |publisher=Nizkor.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
89. ^{{cite book|last1=Suzman|first1=Arthur|last2=Diamond|first2=Denis|title=Six million did die: the truth shall prevail Arthur Suzman and Denis Diamond|date=1978|publisher=South African Jewish Board of Deputies|isbn=978-0620031288|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0GEJAQAAIAAJ&q=The+figures+cited+by+the+author+of+the+booklet+are+based+upon+statistics+falsely+attributed+to+us,+evidently+for+the+purpose+of+giving+them+credibility,+despite+the+fact+that+we+never+publish+information+of+this+kind}}
90. ^Harwood, p. 14., cited in Lipstadt, p. 112.
91. ^Baseler Nachrichten, October 7, 1952; Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust, p. 14., cited in Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust.
92. ^Lipstadt, p. 112.
93. ^"The World Almanac Gambit", Deceit & Misrepresentation: The Techniques of Holocaust Denial, Nizkor Project website. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
94. ^¹{{cite web| last = Hanyok |first = Robert |title = Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945 |year=2004 |accessdate = 2007-09-09 |url = https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/historical-figures-publications/publications/wwii/assets/files/eavesdropping.pdf|page = 80}}
95. ^See for example here: Cataloguing and Indexing; ##USC Shoah Foundation Institute
96. ^Other Trials by the Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
97. ^"Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz", by Rudolf Höss, Steven Paskuly, Foreword Primo Levi, Translated from German by Andrew Pollinger and "Commandant of Auschwitz : The Autobiography of Rudolf Höss" by Rudolf Höss, Constantine Fitzgibbon, Joachim Neugroschel, Introduction by Primo Levi
98. ^"How many People Died at Auschwitz" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521083735/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=334&Itemid=8 |date=May 21, 2011 }}, by Franciszek Piper, Article Review, Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau, Note 24: Hoess testimony, March 11, 1947, The proceedings of the Supreme National Tribunal in Warsaw.
99. ^[https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-7.pdf PDF - Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, Volume VII], p. 11 Case 38. Trial of Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Hoess. Supreme National Tribunal of Poland (11th-29th March, 1947)
100. ^"KZ Auschwitz: Reminiscences of Pery Broad, SS man in the Auschwitz concentration camp", by Pery Broad]. See also "The Case for Auschwitz: evidence from the Irving trial" By Robert Jan Pelt, p. 224. and "People in Auschwitz" by Hermann Langbein, Henry Friedlander p. 59, 112
101. ^How Reliable are the Hoss Memoirs? {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/67I7qwRSU?url=http://www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/hoess-memoirs/ |date=2012-04-29 }} by John C. Zimmerman. Associate Professor, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 11 February 1999.
102. ^Demant, Ebbo (Hg.): Auschwitz — "Direkt von der Rampe weg..." Kaduk, Erber, Klehr: Drei Täter geben zu Protokoll, p. 114. Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1979 {{ISBN|3-499-14438-7}}
103. ^Drei Deutsche Mörder. Aufzeichnungen über die Banalität des Bösen, Germany 1998 (filmed in 1978). Directed by Ebbo Demant, produced by Südwestrundfunk.
104. ^Rees, Laurence. Auschwitz: The Nazis & The 'Final Solution, p. 300. London: BBC Books, 2005. {{ISBN|0-563-52117-1}}
105. ^Rees, p. 301
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nizkor.org/faqs/auschwitz/auschwitz-faq-10.html |title=The Nizkor Project - Command staff |publisher=Nizkor.org |date= |accessdate=2014-03-22}}
107. ^INA, Major Interviews, General André Rogerie; audio recording
108. ^Annette Wieviorka, Déportation et génocide. Entre la mémoire et l’oubli, Plon, 1992, p. 249.
109. ^Reich, Walter. [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/11/books/erasing-the-holocaust.html?pagewanted=6 "Erasing the Holocaust"], The New York Times, July 11, 1993.
110. ^"Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
111. ^"Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp |date=2011-06-04 }}, Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League website. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
112. ^Igounet, Valérie. "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy", Le Monde diplomatique, May, 1998.
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