| 词条 | Kulothunga Chola II |
| 释义 |
| name = Kulothunga Chola II இரண்டாம் குலோத்துங்க சோழன் | title = Rajakesari | image = kulo2 territories.png | alt = Kulthunga Chola II | caption = Chola territories c. 1150 CE | reign = {{circa|1133|1150 CE}} | predecessor = Vikrama Chola | successor = Rajaraja Chola II | spouse = Tyagavalli Mukkokilan | spouse-type = Queen | issue = Rajaraja Chola II | father = Vikrama Chola | death_date = 1150 CE }}{{Chola history}}Kulothunga Chola II was a 12th-century king of the Chola Dynasty of the Tamil people of South India. He succeeded his father Vikrama Chola to the throne in 1135 CE. Vikrama Chola made Kulothunga his heir apparent and coregent in 1133 CE, so the inscriptions of Kulothunga II count his reign from 1133 CE.[1] Kulothunga II's reign was a period of general peace and good governance.[2] Personal life and familyThe Kulottunga Cholan Ula hails Kulottunga II as the son of a princess belonging to the lunar race from Tuvarai. Scholars identify his mother as a Hoysala princess based upon this detail. U.V Swaminatha Iyer identifies her as the daughter of a Velir chieftain from Dwarasamudra.[3] Kulothunga II preferred to live in Chidambaram rather than the royal capital at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Of the various titles he had, Anapaaya was perhaps his favourite. It is found in his inscriptions as well in the poetic tribute Kulothunga Cholan Ula.[4] He was also called Tirunirruchola.[4] Kulothunga II was succeeded by Rajaraja Chola II in 1150 CE. Extent of EmpireThe extent of empire as inherited from his predecessor Vikrama Chola was well maintained. The Western Chalukya kingdom was overthrown by the Yadava chiefs of Dwarasamudra and Devagiri during this period. Kulottunga II took advantage of the internal skirmishes and rebellions in the Kannada and Chalukya country to establish his hold over Vengi and Eastern Chalukya territories. Gonka II of the Velanadu Choda family who ruled over northern part of Vengi acknowledged his supremacy. Similarly the Cuddapah-Nellore chief, Madurantaka Pottapi Choda, son of Betta I and Buddhavarman III of the Kondavidu branch and his son Mandaya II also acknowledged the king's authority in the Andhra country.[5] Patron of ChidambaramChidambaram is one of those five places where Chola princes were invested with the crown. Kulothunga was a great devotee of the Chidambaram Temple to Lord Shiva in that city, and he celebrated his coronation there. An inscription of the king from Tirumanikuli hails this event and states that king celebrated his coronation so as to add lustre to the city of Tillai(Chidambaram).[6]He also financed an elaborate renovation of the temple as described in the poem Kulothunga Cholan Ula. It is possible that this renovation work was a continuation of work started by Vikrama Chola. Kulottunga II is credited with gilding the Perambalam of the Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram with gold. He is also said to have constructed its gopurams and the Thousand Pillared Hall.[7][8] LiteratureKulottunga II's reign was marked by literary activity as evidenced by the works of Sekkizhar and Ottakoothar.[9] Sekkizhar composed the Periyapuranam, a religious treatise on Shaivism during his reign.[10] The Kulottunga Cholan Ula and the Kulottunga Cholan Pillai Tamil, a work dealing with the king's childhood were authored by Ottakoothar in honor of the king.[11] Persecution of VaishnavaSome scholars identify Kulothunga II with Krimikanta Chola or worm-necked Chola so called as he is said to have suffered from cancer of the throat or neck. The latter finds mention in the vaishnava Guruparampara and is said to have been a strong opponent of the vaishnavas. The work Parpannamritam (17th century) refers to the Chola king called Krimikanta who is said to have removed the Govindaraja idol from the Chidambaram Nataraja temple.[12] The Kulothunga Cholan Ula states that the during the reign of Kulottunga II, God Vishnu was sent back to his original abode, that is the sea.[13] However according to "Koil Olugu" (temple records) of the Srirangam temple, Kulottunga Chola was the son of Krimikanta Chola. The former, unlike his father, is said to have been a repentant son who supported vaishnavism.[14][15] Ramanuja is said to have made Kulottunga II as a disciple of his nephew, Dasarathi. The king then granted the management of the Ranganathaswamy temple to Dasarathi and his descendants as per the wish of Ramanuja.[16][17] InscriptionsThe Tyagarajaswami temple in Tiruvarur contains an inscription of the king in which he styles himself as Anapaaya and a bee at the lotus feet of Natesa at Chidambaram.[18] In popular cultureIn the film Dasavathaaram, Napoleon (actor) portrays the role of Kulothunga Chola II. Notes1. ^{{cite book|title=Sri Varadarajaswami Temple, Kanchi: A Study of Its History, Art and Architecture|author=K.V. Raman|publisher=Abhinav Publications, 2003 - 206 pages|page=15}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=The History of Andhra Country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D.: Without special title|author=Yashoda Devi|publisher=Gyan Publishing House, 1993 - Andhra Pradesh (India) - 528 pages|page=18}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Political, social, and cultural history of the Chōl̲ās as gleaned from Ulā literature|author=Govindan Thirumavalavan|publisher=Ezhilagam Publishers, 1991 - History - 244 pages|pages=101–102}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Slaves of the Lord: The Path of the Tamil Saints|author=Vidya Dehejia|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal, 1988 - Art - 206 pages|page=19}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Nellore District: Brought Upto 1938|author=Government Of Madras Staff, Government of Madras|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1942 - Nellore (India : District) - 378 pages|page=43}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Later Chola Temples: Kulottunga I to Rajendra III (A.D. 1070-1280), Parts 1070-1280|author1=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam|author2=B. Natarajan|author3=Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1979 - Architecture - 470 pages|page=102}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=Epigraphia Indica, Volume 27, Volumes 13-14 of [Reports]: New imperial series, India Archaeological Survey|author=Archaeological Survey of India, India. Dept. of Archaeology|publisher=Manager of Publications, 1985|page=96}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1|author=Madras (India : State)|publisher=Superintendent, Government Press, 1962|page=55}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization|author=Sailendra Nath Sen|publisher=New Age International, 1999 - India - 668 pages|page=486}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=The Embodiment of Bhakti|author=Karen Pechilis Prentiss|publisher=Oxford University Press, 06-Jan-2000 - Religion - 288 pages|page=117}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=South India heritage: an introduction|author1=Prema Kasturi|author2=Chithra Madhavan|publisher=East West Books (Madras), 2007 - History - 616 pages|page=294}} 12. ^{{cite book|title=Tillai and Nataraja|author1=B. Natarajan|author2=Balasubrahmanyan Ramachandran|publisher=Mudgala Trust, 1994 - Chidambaram (India) - 632 pages|page=108}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=Three great Acharyas: Sankara, Ramanuja, and Madhwa: critical sketches of their life and times: an exposition of their philosophical systems|publisher=G. A. Natesan, 1947|page=126}} 14. ^{{cite book|title=Kōil Ol̤ugu: The Chronicle of the Srirangam Temple with Historical Notes|author=V. N. Hari Rao|publisher=Rochouse, 1961|page=87}} 15. ^{{cite book|title=A Survey of the Sources for the History of Tamil Literature|author=Mu Kōvintacāmi|publisher=Annamalai University, 1977|page=161}} 16. ^{{cite book|title=The Life and Teachings of Sri Ramanujacharya|author=C. R. Sreenivasa Ayyangar|publisher=R. Venkateshwar, 1908|page=239}} 17. ^{{cite book|title=Mackenzie manuscripts; summaries of the historical manuscripts in the Mackenzie collection, Volume 1|author=Colin Mackenzie|editor=T. V. Mahalingam|publisher=University of Madras, 1972|page=14}} 18. ^1 {{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1982 - Hindu shrines - 638 pages|page=216}} References
2 : 12th-century Indian monarchs|Chola dynasty |
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