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词条 Crocodylus
释义

  1. Taxonomy

     Extant Species  Fossils  Phylogeny 

  2. Evolution

  3. References

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Late Miocene - Recent
| image = Persiancrocodile.jpg
| image_caption = C. palustris
| taxon = Crocodylus
| authority = Laurenti, 1768
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| range_map = Crocodylus Distribution.png
| range_map_alt =
| range_map_caption = Worldwide distribution of Crocodylus
}}

Crocodylus is one of three genera from the subfamily Crocodylinae of the family Crocodylidae.

Taxonomy

Extant Species

The 13 living species are:

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Crocodylus acutus American crocodile Southern Florida and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of southern Mexico to South America as far south as Peru and Venezuela, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Grand Cayman.
Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodile Colombia and Venezuela
Crocodylus johnsoni Freshwater crocodile Northern regions of Australia
Crocodylus mindorensis Philippine crocodile Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park within the Luzon rainforest, San Mariano, Isabela, Dalupiri island in the Babuyan Islands, Abra (province) in Luzon and the Ligawasan Marsh, Lake Sebu in South Cotabato, Pulangi River in Bukidnon, and possibly in the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary in Mindanao
Crocodylus moreletii Morelet's crocodile or Mexican crocodile Mexico, Belize and Guatemala
Crocodylus niloticusNile crocodile or African crocodile, (the subspecies found in Madagascar, C. n. madagascariensis, is sometimes called the black crocodile) Israel and Syria, Somalia, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Egypt, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Gabon, Angola, South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique, Sudan, South Sudan, Botswana, and Cameroon
Crocodylus novaeguineaeNew Guinea crocodile New Guinea
Crocodylus palustrisMugger crocodile, marsh crocodile, or Indian crocodile southern Iran, southern Pakistan, southern Nepal, India, Sri Lanka
Crocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile or estuarine crocodile Southeast Asia and Northern Australia
Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile Cuba
Crocodylus siamensisSiamese crocodile Indonesia (Borneo and possibly Java), Brunei, East Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.
Crocodylus suchusWest African crocodile or desert crocodile Mauritania, Benin, Liberia, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Gabon, Togo, Ivory Coast and Republic of Congo
Crocodylus raninus (Considered to be a synonym of Crocodylus porosus; its status remains unclear.[1])Borneo

Fossils

Established species also include six extinct species:[2]

  • † Crocodylus anthropophagus is an extinct crocodile from Plio-Pleistocene of Tanzania.
  • † Crocodylus bugtiensis is an extinct crocodile from Late Oligocene of Pakistan.
  • † Crocodylus checchiai is an extinct crocodile from Late Miocene of Kenya.
  • † Crocodylus falconensis is an extinct crocodile from Early Pliocene of Venezuela.
  • † Crocodylus palaeindicus is an extinct crocodile the Miocene to the Pleistocene of southern Asia.
  • † Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni is an extinct crocodile from Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya.

Phylogeny

The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2011 analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences by Robert W. Meredith, Evon R. Hekkala, George Amato and John Gatesy.[2]

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
|label1= Crocodylus 
|1={{clade
|label1= Asia+Australia 
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=C. porosus
|2={{clade
|1=C. palustris
|2=C. siamensis }} }}
|2={{clade
|1=C. johnsoni
|2={{clade
|1=C. novaeguineae
|2=C. mindorensis }} }} }}
|label2= Africa+New World 
|2={{clade
|1=C. suchus
|2={{clade
|1=C. niloticus
|label2= New World 
|2={{clade
|1=C. rhombifer
|2={{clade
|1=C. moreletii
|2={{clade
|1=C. acutus
|2=C. intermedius }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

The cladogram below follows the topology from a 2012 analysis of morphological traits by Christopher A. Brochu and Glenn W. Storrs. Many extinct species of Crocodylus might represent different genera. C. suchus was not included, because its morphological codings were identical to these of C. niloticus. However, the authors suggested that it could be explained by their specimen sampling, and considered the two species to be distinct.[3]

{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1= Crocodyloidea 
|1={{clade
|1="Asiatosuchus" germanicus
|2=Prodiplocynodon langi
|3={{clade
|1=Asiatosuchus grangeri
|2="Crocodylus" affinis
|3="Crocodylus" depressifrons
|4={{clade
|1=Brachyuranochampsa eversolei
|2="Crocodylus" acer
|label3= Crocodylidae 
|3={{clade
|label1= Tomistominae 
|1={{clade
|1=Kentisuchus spenceri
|2={{clade
|1=Dollosuchoides densmorei
|2=Megadontosuchus arduini
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Gavialosuchus eggenburgensis
|2=Toyotamaphimeia machikanensis}}
|2={{clade
|1=Tomistoma lusitanica
|2=Tomistoma schlegelii}} }}
|2={{clade
|1="Tomistoma" cairense
|2={{clade
|1=Thecachampsa antiqua
|2=Thecachampsa americana
|3=Thecachampsa carolinense}}
|3={{clade
|1=Penghusuchus pani
|2={{clade
|1=Paratomistoma courti
|2=Maomingosuchus petrolica}} }} }} }} }} }}
|label2= Crocodylinae 
|2={{clade
|1="Crocodylus" megarhinus
|label2= Mekosuchinae 
|2={{clade
|1=Kambara implexidens
|2=Australosuchus clarkae
|3={{clade
|1=Trilophosuchus rackhami
|2=Quinkana}} }}
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Brochuchus pigotti
|2="Crocodylus" gariepensis
|3={{clade
|1=Euthecodon arambourgii
|2=Euthecodon brumpti}} }}
|label2= Osteolaeminae 
|2={{clade
|1=Rimasuchus lloydi
|2={{clade
|1=Voay robustus
|2={{clade
|1=Osteolaemus osborni
|2=Osteolaemus tetraspis}} }} }}
|3={{clade
|1=Mecistops cataphractus
|label2= Crocodylus 
|2={{clade
|1=C. checchiai
|2=C. palaeindicus
|3={{clade
|1=C. anthropophagus
|2=C. thorbjarnarsoni}}
|4=C. niloticus
|5={{clade
|1=C. siamensis
|2={{clade
|1=C. palustris
|2={{clade
|1=C. porosus
|2=C. johnsoni
|3=C. mindorensis
|4={{clade
|1=C. novaeguineae
|2=C. raninus}} }} }} }}
|6={{clade
|1=C. acutus
|2=C. intermedius
|3=C. rhombifer
|4=C. moreletii}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

Evolution

Crocodylus species originated from an ancestor in the Indo-Pacific region between {{ma|9}} and {{ma|16}}.[4] They radiated into Africa between {{ma|8}} and {{ma|12}}. This was followed between {{ma|4}} to {{ma|8}} by a trans-Atlantic migration to the Americas.

References

1. ^http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Crocodylus&species=raninus
2. ^{{cite journal |authors=Robert W. Meredith, Evon R. Hekkala, George Amato and John Gatesy |year=2011 |title=A phylogenetic hypothesis for Crocodylus (Crocodylia) based on mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for a trans-Atlantic voyage from Africa to the New World |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=60 |pages=183–191 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2011.03.026 |pmid=21459152}}
3. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Brochu | first1 = C. A. | last2 = Storrs | first2 = G. W. | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.652324 | title = A giant crocodile from the Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya, the phylogenetic relationships of Neogene African crocodylines, and the antiquity of Crocodylus in Africa | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 587 | year = 2012 | pmid = | pmc = }}
4. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Srikulnath | first1 = K | last2 = Thapana | first2 = W | last3 = Muangmai | first3 = N | year = 2015 | title = Role of chromosome changes in Crocodylus evolution and diversity | url = | journal = Genomics Inform | volume = 13 | issue = 4| pages = 102–111 | doi = 10.5808/GI.2015.13.4.102 | pmc = 4742319 }}
{{Crocodilia|C.}}{{Crocs}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q309495}}

4 : Crocodylidae|Extant Miocene first appearances|Reptile genera|Taxa named by Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti
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