词条 | Crocus | ||||||
释义 |
|image = برداشت زعفران در روستای زالی عکس از احمد نیک گفتار.JPG |image_caption = Crocus sativus |taxon = Crocus |authority = L. |type_species = Crocus sativus |type_species_authority = L. |synonyms_ref =[1] |synonyms = *Safran Medik.
}}Crocus (English plural: crocuses or croci) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family comprising 90 species of perennials growing from corms. Many are cultivated for their flowers appearing in autumn, winter, or spring. The spice saffron is obtained from the stigmas of Crocus sativus, an autumn-blooming species. Crocuses are native to woodland, scrub, and meadows from sea level to alpine tundra in central and southern Europe, in particular Krokos, Greece[1], on the islands of the Aegean, North Africa and the Middle East, and across Central Asia to Xinjiang Province in western China.[2][3][4] EtymologyThe name of the genus is derived from the Greek κρόκος (krokos).[5] This, in turn, is probably a loan word from a Semitic language, related to Hebrew כרכום karkōm, Aramaic ܟܟܘܪܟܟܡܡܐ kurkama, and Arabic {{lang|ar|كركم}} kurkum, which mean "saffron" (Crocus sativus), "saffron yellow" or turmeric (see Curcuma).[6] The word ultimately traces back to the Sanskrit kunkumam ({{lang|sa|कुङ्कुमं}}) for "saffron".[7] The English name is a learned 16th-century adoption from the Latin, but Old English already had croh "saffron".[8] HistoryCultivation and harvesting of Crocus sativus for saffron was first documented in the Mediterranean, notably on the island of Crete. Frescos showing them are found at the Knossos site on Crete,[9] as well as from the comparably aged Akrotiri site on Santorini. The first crocus seen in the Netherlands, where crocus species are not native, were from corms brought back in the 1560s from Constantinople by the Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador to the Sublime Porte, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. A few corms were forwarded to Carolus Clusius at the botanical garden in Leiden. By 1620, the approximate date of Ambrosius Bosschaert's painting (illustration, below), new garden varieties had been developed, such as the cream-colored crocus feathered with bronze at the base of the bouquet, similar to varieties still on the market. Bosschaert, working from a preparatory drawing to paint his composed piece spanning the whole of spring, exaggerated the crocus so that it passes for a tulip, but its narrow, grass-like leaves give it away. DescriptionThe cup-shaped, solitary, salverform flower tapers off into a narrow tube. Their colors vary enormously, although lilac, mauve, yellow, and white are predominant. The grass-like, ensiform leaf[10] shows generally a white central stripe along the leaf axis. The leaf margin is entire. A crocus has three stamens, while a similar-looking toxic plant, colchicum, sometimes popularly referred to as "autumn crocus", has six stamens. In addition, crocus have one style, while colchicum have three.[11] DistributionCrocuses are distributed across central and southern Europe, North Africa, Middle East, and Central Asia to western China.[2][3][4] {{multiple image| footer =Distribution map of 16 species of genus Crocus in Europe and Asia | total_width = 840 | height1 = 288 | width1 = 800 | height2 = 373 | width2 = 800 | align = center | image1 = Crocus distribution map europe and asia.jpg | image2 = Crocus distribution map balkan and minor asia.jpg }} SpeciesThe taxonomic classification proposed by Brian Mathew in 1982 was based mainly on three character states:
The seven species discovered since then have been integrated into this classification.[12] Molecular analysis carried out at the University of Copenhagen suggests this classification should be reviewed. In particular, the DNA data suggest there are no grounds for isolating C. banaticus in its own subgenus Crociris, though it is a unique species in the genus. Because it has a prophyll at the base of the pedicel, it therefore would fall within section Crocus, although its exact relationship to the rest of the subgenus remains unclear. Another anomalous species, C. baytopiorum, should now be placed in a series of its own, series Baytopi. C. gargaricus subsp. herbertii has been raised to species status, as C. herbertii. Perhaps most surprisingly, autumn-flowering C. longiflorus, the type species of series Longiflori (long regarded by Mathew as "a disparate assemblage"), now seems to lie within series Verni. In addition, the position of C. malyi is currently unclear. DNA analysis and morphological studies suggest further that series Reticulati, Biflori and Speciosi are "probably inseparable". C. adanensis and C. caspius should probably be removed from Biflori; C. adanensis falls in a clade with C. paschei as a sister group to the species of series Flavi; C. caspius appears to be sister to the species of series Orientales. The study shows "no support for a system of sections as currently defined", although, despite the many inconsistencies between Mathew's 1982 classification and the current hypothesis, "the main assignment of species to the sections and series of that system is actually supported". The authors state, "further studies are required before any firm decisions about a hierarchical system of classification can be considered" and conclude "future re-classification is likely to involve all infrageneric levels, subgenera, sections and series".[13] Below is the classification proposed by Brian Mathew in 1982, adapted in accordance with the above findings: A. Section Crocus : species with a basal prophyll Series Verni: corms with reticulated fibers, spring-flowering (apart from Crocus longiflorus), flowers for the most part without conspicuous outer striping, bracts absent
Series Baytopi (new Series): corms with strongly reticulated fibers; leaves numerous, narrowly linear; spring-flowering, bracts absent; anthers extrorsely dehiscent[13]
Series Scardici: spring-flowering, leaves have no pale stripe on the upper surface
Series Versicolores: spring-flowering, corms with tunics, which for the most part have parallel fibers, flowers with conspicuous exterior striping
Series Longiflori: autumn-flowering, yellow anthers, styles much divided
Series Kotschyani: autumn-flowering, anthers white, styles for the most part three-forked
Series Crocus: autumn-flowering, anthers yellow, style distinctly three-branched
Position unclear[13]
B. Section Nudiscapus: species without a basal prophyll Series Reticulati: corm tunic for the most part decidedly covered with reticulated fibers, flower produced in winter or spring, style three-forked or much divided
Series Biflori: tunics of corms split into rings at the base, either entire or with toothlike projections, leathery in texture, spring- or late-winter flowering, style three-forked
Series Speciosi: corm tunic splits into rings at the base, leathery or membranous, foliage after the flowers, autumn-flowering, style much divided
Series Orientales: corm with parallel fibers or lightly reticulated, numerous leaves, spring-flowering, style three-forked
Series Flavi: tunics of the corms membranous, split into parallel fibers, spring-flowering, styles much divided
Series Aleppici: tunics of the corms membranous, with split, parallel fibers, foliage produced at the same time as the flowers, fall- or winter-flowering
Series Carpetani: undersurface of the leaves rounded with grooves, upper surface channeled, spring-flowering, style whitish, obscurely divided
Series Intertexti: corm tunic fibrous with fibers interwoven, spring-flowering
Series Laevigatae: corm tunic membranous or splitting into parallel fibers, sometimes leathery, foliage produced at the same time as flowers, autumn-flowering, anthers white, style much divided
Autumn crocusSome species, known as "autumn crocus", flower in late summer and autumn, often before their leaves appear. They should not be confused with a different genus of autumn-flowering plants, Colchicum. Autumn-flowering species of crocus include: C. laevigatus has a long flowering period which starts in late autumn or early winter and may continue into February. CultivationAbout 30 of the species are cultivated, including Crocus sativus for saffron production. The varieties cultivated for decoration mainly represent five species: C. vernus, C. chrysanthus, C. flavus, C. sieberi, and C. tommasinianus. Among the first flowers to bloom in spring, crocuses are popular with gardeners. Their flowering time varies from the late winter C. tommasinianus to the later large hybridized and selected Giant "Dutch crocuses" (C. vernus). Crocus flowers and leaves are protected from frost by a waxy cuticle; in areas where snow and frost occasionally occur in the early spring, it is not uncommon to see early flowering crocuses blooming through a light late snowfall. Most crocus species and hybrids should be planted in a sunny position, in gritty (sandy), well-drained soil, although a few prefer shadier sites in moist soil. Some are suitable for naturalising in grass. The corms should be planted about 3 to 4 cm deep; in heavy soils, a quantity of sharp grit should be worked in to improve drainage. Some crocuses, especially C. tommasinianus and its selected forms and hybrids (such as 'Whitewell Purple' and 'Ruby Giant'), seed prolifically and are ideal for naturalising. They can, however, become weeds in rock gardens, where they will often appear in the middle of choice, mat-forming alpine plants, and can be difficult to remove. Similar speciesThough some true crocuses bloom with the fall (autumnal) rains, after summer's heat and drought, the name autumn crocus is often used as a common name for Colchicum, which is in its own family (Colchicaceae) in the lily order Liliales, and which has six stamens; it is also known as meadow saffron, though unlike true saffron, the plant is toxic. The prairie crocus or pasque flower (Pulsatilla patens) belongs to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Metaphorical useThe financial community sometimes refers to companies or economic sectors that rise early after an economic downturn as "crocuses" in reference to the flower's ability to thrive in the late winter or early spring.[15] CultureCrocus or Krokus ({{lang-gr|Κρόκος}}) was a mortal youth who, because he was unhappy with his love affair with Smilax, was turned by the gods into a plant bearing his name, the crocus. UsageThe crocus flower was used as one of the elements in the emblem of the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Poland which was unveiled on 14 December 2018.[16] References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/food-farming-fisheries/food-safety-and-quality/certification/quality-labels/eu-quality-food-and-drink/krokos-kozanis|title=Krokos Kozanis PDO - European Commission - European Commission|last=BISHOP|first=Stephen|date=2018-04-26|website=European Commission - European Commission|language=en|access-date=2018-11-16}} 2. ^1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 3. ^1 Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Crocus includes photos plus European distribution maps 4. ^1 Innes, C. (1985). The World of Iridaceae: 1–407. Holly Gare International Ltd., Ashington 5. ^κρόκος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus 6. ^OED; Babiniotis dictionary 7. ^{{cite book |last= Tawney |first= C. H. |title= The Ocean of Story, chapter 104 |publisher= |year=1924 | page=13 |url= https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kathasaritsagara-the-ocean-of-story/d/doc143171.html#page-17}} 8. ^{{cite web |title=crocus (n.) |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=crocus |website=etymonline.com}} 9. ^C. Michael Hogan, "Knossos fieldnotes", Modern Antiquarian (2007) 10. ^Ensiform: Having sharp edges and tapering to a slender point, like a sword blade. 11. ^A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, p. 154, etc. 12. ^Gitte Petersen, Ole Seberg, Sarah Thorsøe, Tina Jørgensen & Brian Mathew: "A phylogeny of the genus Crocus (Iridaceae) based on sequence data from five plastid regions." Taxon, 57(2), 2008, pp. 487–499. {{JSTOR|25066017}}. 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 Brian Mathew, Gitte Petersen & Ole Seberg, A reassessment of Crocus based on molecular analysis, The Plantsman (N.S.) Vol 8, Part 1, pp. 50–57, March 2009 14. ^Peruzzi Lorenzo, Carta Angelino. 2011 "Crocus ilvensis sp. nov. (sect. Crocus, Iridaceae), endemic to Elba Island (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy)", Nordic Journal of Botany, 29(1): 6–13. {{doi|10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.01023.x}} 15. ^Example of Metaphorical Use 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20worldcup/news/emblem-and-match-schedule-for-poland-2019-unveiled|title=Emblem and match schedule for Poland 2019 unveiled|date=14 December 2018|publisher=FIFA.com}} Bibliography
External links
4 : Crocus|Iridaceae genera|Garden plants|Cormous plants |
||||||
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。