“Kurdish culture”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Kurdish culture is a group of distinctive cultural traits practiced by Kurdish people. The Kurdish culture is a legacy from ancient peoples who shaped modern Kurds and their society.

Kurds or Kurds are people living in western Asia in the north of the Middle East along the Zacros Mountains and the Taurus Mountains in the region that the Kurds call Greater Kurdistan. Today they are parts of north-eastern Iraq, north-west of Iran and north East of Syria and southeast Turkey. In addition to these areas, the Kurds are present in a few numbers in south-western Armenia and some areas of Azerbaijan and Lebanon. Kurds are one of the largest ethnic groups that does not have an independent state or a unified political entity recognized universally.

Miscellaneous

There is a lot of controversy about the Kurdish people from their origins, their history, and even their political future. This historical controversy has intensified in recent years, especially after the changes in the reality of the Kurds in Iraq following the Second Gulf War, and the formation of the United States of the no-fly zone that led to the emergence of the Kurdistan region in northern Iraq. There is a marriage tradition among Kurds called berdel wherein family members are swapped.^[1]

Language

Kurdish (کوردی, Kurdî) is part of the North-Western division of the Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Basic languages: sorani and kurmanji

In various forms: Sorani, Armenian, Vile, Southern Kurdish, Royal, Zacakian, Bajelian, and Gorani

^[2] There are more than 30 million speakers of Kurdish in the Kurdistan region. Kurdish is written in the Arabic alphabet in Iraq and Syria, the adapted Arabic alphabet in Iran and the Latin script in Turkey.^[3] Because they are both part of the same language family, according to Izady, "Many Kurdish words are cognate to English, such as gama = game, mâra = marry, stâra = star, rubâr = river, dol = dale or valley, brâ = brother, mong = moon, snoy = snow, firo = free (of charge), standin = to stand, sur = sure, and the like."^[2] There are three main dialects: Kurmanji, Soriani^[4] and Pehlewani.

Music

Kurdish folk music is an important part of Kurdish culture and has traditionally been used to transmit stories about Kurdish history by Dengbej (bards). According to thekurdishproject.org, 'The word ‘deng’ means voice and ‘bej’ means ‘to sing.’ Dengbej are best known for their “stran,” or song of mourning.'^[5] Many popular Kurdish musicians of the 20th century like Hassan Zirak and Ahmet Kaya sang in Turkish or Persian as well as in Kurdish. Apart from the language it is sung in, Western Kurdish music has a more Anatolian, Turkish, Greek or Balkan sound, whereas Southern Kurdish music is influenced by Arab musical styles, Eastern Kurdish music by Persian styles and North-Eastern by Armenian and Caucasian styles.^[6]

Cuisine

Food is widely recognised to be a fundamental part of what it means to be Kurdish. Foods such as Yapraxi galamew{{typo help inline|date=March 2019}} (rice stuffed in grape leaves), kfta (spiced minced meat cased in thin layer of mashed pudding rice), Ser u pe (goats head, tongue and feet), shifta (meat patties),^[7] are traditional Kurdish foods. Lamb and chicken have been staple meats in Kurdish cuisine for centuries. Vegetables, pilaf and dairy products also comprise a large portion of traditional Kurdish food.^[8] Tea is also staple to a Kurdish diet. It is commonly drunk 2-3 times a day, commonly a social activity. Kurds also drink Mastaw/Do'h/Ayran, a yogurt-based drink.^[9]

Religion

The Kurdish people have different religions depending on the country in which they live in or they have cultural and ethnic links to that religion, the most common religion among Kurds is Sunni Islam, practiced by 98% of Kurds living in Iraqi Kurdistan. The Kurds of Turkey are 30% Alevi out of a population of approximately 15-22 million Kurds and 68% follow Sunni Islam.^[10] Religion has become a fundamental part of what it means to be a Kurd. The first known religion of the Kurds was Zoroastrianism, an ancient Iranian religion. As Zoroastrianism was fading from the ancient areas of Mesopotamia and Anatolia Yezidism was becoming more accepted as the main religion of the Kurds in the Shingal area (Sinjar) the 12-13th Century and more Yezidi tribes expanded into South-eastern Anatolia. The areas where the Kurds consider their homeland have a wide variety of religions including Islam, Christianity and Judaism which have all at one point existed in the Kurdish areas. The Religion of the Kurds has been changing constantly throughout history.

See also

References

1. ^Akbayram, S., et al. "The frequency of consanguineous marriage in eastern Turkey." Genetic Counseling 20.3 (2009): 207.
2. ^¹{{Cite book|title=The Kurds, A Concise Handbook|last=Izady|first=Mehrdad|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2009|isbn=0844817279|location=Abingdon, Oxford|pages=167|quote=|via=}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vcxVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT128&lpg=PT128&dq=How+many+Kurdish+speakers+30+million&source=bl&ots=TIPX7zGGbi&sig=kntL7KxW7DeATUkoRJql-dWXq6w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrzNjBrfzSAhXmL8AKHeVaAmIQ6AEIPjAG#v=onepage&q=How%20many%20Kurdish%20speakers%2030%20million&f=false|title=Middle East Patterns: Places, People, and Politics|last=Held|first=Colbert C.|last2=Cummings|first2=John Thomas|date=2013-12-03|publisher=Avalon Publishing|isbn=9780813348780|language=en}}
4. ^{{cite web|last1=McDowall|first1=David|title=A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dgDi9qFT41oC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=I.B.Tauris|accessdate=16 October 2016|language=en|date=14 May 2004}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://thekurdishproject.org/history-and-culture/kurdish-culture/|title=Kurdish Culture|last=|first=|date=|website=thekurdishproject.org|publisher=The Kurdish Project|access-date=19 October 2016}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I9mr6OgLjBoC&pg=PA268&lpg=PA268&dq=kurdish+music&source=bl&ots=0sLEdvhpJl&sig=mydiNEwstf-jsSbC9MWFdQlW1tE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjf8f6zzubPAhWJC8AKHc4DCZI4ChDoAQhAMAY#v=onepage&q=kurdish%20music&f=false|title=The Kurds: A Concise Handbook|last=Izady|first=Mehrdad R.|publisher=Routledge|year=1992|isbn=0844817279|location=|pages=268|quote=|via=Google Books}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.adventuressheart.com/2011/08/shfta-kurdish-meat-patties.html|title=Shfta - Kurdish meat patties|website=www.adventuressheart.com|access-date=2016-10-16}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=http://thekurdishproject.org/history-and-culture/kurdish-culture/kurdish-food/|title=Learn About Kurdish Food {{!}} The Kurdish Project|newspaper=The Kurdish Project|language=en-US|access-date=2016-10-16}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cabinet.gov.krd/p/p.aspx?l=12&s=020000&r=311&p=221|title=Kurdistan's cuisine|access-date=2016-10-16}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.hum.uu.nl/medewerkers/m.vanbruinessen/publications/Bruinessen_Religion_in_Kurdistan.pdf|title=Religion of the Kurds|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}