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词条 Kurdish population
释义

  1. Kurdistan

     Turkey  Iran  Iraq  Syria 

  2. Transcaucasus

     Armenia  Georgia 

  3. Diaspora

     Russia  Lebanon  European Union  North America  Oceania  Japan 

  4. Statistics by country

     Autochthonous community  Transcaucasus  Europe  Middle East  Asia  Americas and Oceania 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Kurds
کورد
|population= c. 30–32 million[1]

See Statistics by country


|languages =Kurdish and Zazaki–Gorani
{{smaller|In their different forms: Sorani, Kurmanji, Southern Kurdish, Zazaki, Gorani}}
|religions = Sunni Muslim, Shia Muslim, Alevism, Yazidism, Yarsanism, Sufism with minorities of Deism, Agnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Judaism
|related = other Iranian peoples
}}{{Kurds}}

The Kurdish people live in the historical Kurdistan region, which today is split between Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and Syria.[2] The estimated population is 35 million.

A rough estimate by the CIA Factbook has Kurdish populations of 12 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 5 to 6 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 28 million Kurds in Kurdistan and adjacent regions.[3]

Recent emigration has resulted in a Kurdish diaspora of about 1.5 million people, about half of them in Germany.

A special case are the Kurdish populations in the Transcaucasus and Central Asia, displaced there mostly in the time of the Russian Empire, who underwent independent developments for more than a century and have developed an ethnic identity in their own right.[4] This group's population was estimated at close to 0.4 million in 1990.[5]

Kurdistan

{{see|Kurdistan}}

The Kurds are often dubbed "the largest ethnic group without a state", a statement has been labelled as misleading by some Kurdologists because

it glosses over the significant cultural, social, religious, political and ideological differences between Kurdish groups.[6][7][8]

The bulk of Kurdish groups in Kurdistan are Sunni (mostly of the Shafi'i school), but there are significant minorities adhering to Shia Islam (especially Alevis), Yazidism, Yarsanism, Christianity and Judaism.

Turkey

{{main|Kurds in Turkey|Kurds of Central Anatolia}}

According to a report by Turkish agency KONDA, in 2006, out of the total population of 73 million people in Turkey there were 11.4 million Kurds and Zazas living in Turkey (close to 15.68% of the total population).[9] The Turkish newspaper Milliyet reported in 2008 that the Kurdish population in Turkey is 12.6 million; although this also includes 3 million Zazas.[10] According to the World Factbook, Kurdish people make up 18% of Turkey's population (about 14 million, out of 77.8 million people).[11] Kurdish sources put the figure at 10[12] to 15 million Kurds in Turkey.[13]

Kurds mostly live in Northern Kurdistan, in Southeastern and Eastern Anatolia. But large Kurdish populations can be found in western Turkey due to internal migration. According to Rüstem Erkan, Istanbul is the province with the largest Kurdish population in Turkey.[14]

Iran

{{main|Kurds in Iran|Kurds of Khorasan}}

From the 7 million Iranian Kurds, majority who are Sunni.[15] Shia Kurds inhabit Kermanshah Province, except for those parts where people are Jaff, and Ilam Province Province; as well as some parts of Kurdistan, Hamadan and Zanjan provinces. The Kurds of Khorasan Province in northeastern Iran are also adherents of Shia Islam. During the Shia revolution in Iran the major Kurdish political parties were unsuccessful in absorbing Shia Kurds, who at that period had no interest in autonomy.[16][17][18] However, since the 1990s Kurdish nationalism has seeped into the Shia Kurdish area partly due to outrage against government's violent suppression of Kurds farther north.[19]

Iraq

{{main|Kurds in Iraq}}

Kurds constitute approximately 17% of Iraq's population. They are the majority in at least three provinces in northern Iraq which are together known as Iraqi Kurdistan. Kurds also have a presence in Kirkuk, Mosul, Khanaqin, and Baghdad. Around 300,000 Kurds live in the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 50,000 in the city of Mosul and around 100,000 elsewhere in southern Iraq.[20]

Kurds led by Mustafa Barzani were engaged in heavy fighting against successive Iraqi regimes from 1960 to 1975. In March 1970, Iraq announced a peace plan providing for Kurdish autonomy. The plan was to be implemented in four years.[21] However, at the same time, the Iraqi regime started an Arabization program in the oil-rich regions of Kirkuk and Khanaqin.[22] The peace agreement did not last long, and in 1974, the Iraqi government began a new offensive against the Kurds. Moreover, in March 1975, Iraq and Iran signed the Algiers Accord, according to which Iran cut supplies to Iraqi Kurds. Iraq started another wave of Arabization by moving Arabs to the oil fields in Kurdistan, particularly those around Kirkuk.[23] Between 1975 and 1978, 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of Iraq.[24]

Syria

{{main|Kurds in Syria}}Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria and make up nine percent of the country's population.[25] Syrian Kurds have faced routine discrimination and harassment by the government.[26][27]

Syrian Kurdistan is an unofficial name used by some to describe the Kurdish inhabited regions of northern and northeastern Syria.[28] The northeastern Kurdish inhabited region covers the greater part of Hasakah Governorate. The main cities in this region are Qamishli and Hasakah. Another region with significant Kurdish population is Kobanê (Ayn al-Arab) in the northern part of Syria near the town of Jarabulus and also the city of Afrin and its surroundings along the Turkish border.

Many Kurds seek political autonomy for the Kurdish inhabited areas of Syria, similar to Iraqi Kurdistan in Iraq, or outright independence as part of Kurdistan. The name "Western Kurdistan" (Kurdish: Rojavayê Kurdistanê) is also used by Kurds to name the Syrian Kurdish inhabited areas in relation to Kurdistan.[29][30][31] Since the Syrian civil war, Syrian government forces have abandoned many Kurdish-populated areas, leaving the Kurds to fill the power vacuum and govern these areas autonomously.[32]

Transcaucasus

Armenia

{{main|Kurds in Armenia}}

According to the 2011 Armenian Census, 37,470 Kurds live in Armenia.[33] They mainly live in the western parts of Armenia. The Kurds of the former Soviet Union first began writing Kurdish in the Armenian alphabet in the 1920s, followed by Latin in 1927, then Cyrillic in 1945, and now in both Cyrillic and Latin.

The Kurds in Armenia established a Kurdish radio broadcast from Yerevan and the first Kurdish newspaper Riya Teze. There is a Kurdish Department in the Yerevan State Institute of Oriental studies. The Kurds of Armenia were the first exiled country to have access to media such as radio, education and press in their native tongue[34] but many Kurds, from 1939 to 1959 were listed as the Azeri population or even as Armenians.[35]

Georgia

{{main|Kurds in Georgia}}

According to the 2002 Georgian Census, 20,843 Kurds live in Georgia[36] The Kurds in Georgia mainly live in the capital of Tbilisi and Rustavi.[37] According to a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees report from 1998, about 80% of the Kurdish population in Georgia are assimilated Kurds.[36]

Diaspora

Russia

{{main|Kurds in Russia}}

According to the 2010 Russian Census, 63,818 Kurds live in Russia. Russia has maintained warm relations with the Kurds for a long time, During the early 19th century, the main goal of the Russian Empire was to ensure the neutrality of the Kurds, in the wars against Persia and the Ottoman Empire.[37] In the beginning of the 19th century, Kurds settled in Transcaucasia, at a time when Transcaucasia was incorporated into the Russian Empire. In the 20th century, Kurds were persecuted and exterminated by the Turks and Persians, a situation that led Kurds to move to Russia.[38]

Lebanon

{{main|Kurds in Lebanon}}

The existence of a community of at least 125,000 Kurds[41] is the product of several waves of immigrants, the first major wave was in the period of 1925-1950 when thousands of Kurds fled violence and poverty in Turkey.[39] Kurds in Lebanon go back far as the twelfth century A.D. when the Ayyubids arrived there. Over the next few centuries, several other Kurdish families were sent to Lebanon by a number of powers to maintain rule in those regions, others moved as a result of poverty and violence in Kurdistan. These Kurdish groups settled in and ruled many areas of Lebanon for a long period of time.[40]{{rp|27}} Kurds of Lebanon settled in Lebanon because of Lebanon's pluralistic society.[41]

European Union

{{main|Kurds in Germany|Kurds in France|Kurds in Sweden||Kurds in Finland|Kurds in the Netherlands|Kurds in the United Kingdom}}

The Kurdish diaspora in the European Union is most significant in Germany, France, Sweden, Belgium and the Netherlands. Kurds from Turkey went to Germany and France during the 1960s as immigrant workers. Thousands of Kurdish refugees and political refugees fled from Turkey to Sweden during the 1970s and onward, and from Iraq during the 1980s and 1990s.

In France, the Iranian Kurds make up the majority of the community.[42] However, thousands of Iraqi Kurds also arrived in the mid 1990s.[43] More recently, Syrian Kurds have been entering France illegally[44]

In the United Kingdom, Kurds first began to immigrate between 1974-75 when the rebellion of Iraqi Kurds against the Iraqi government was repressed. The Iraqi government began to destroy Kurdish villages and forced many Kurds to move to barren land in the south.[45] These events resulted in many Kurds fleeing to the United Kingdom. Thus, the Iraqi Kurds make up a large part of the community.[42] In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini came to power in Iran and installed Islamic law. There was widespread political oppression and persecution of the Kurdish community. Since the late 1970s the number of people from Iran seeking asylum in Britain has remained high.[45] In 1988, Saddam Hussein launched the Anfal campaign in the northern Iraq. This included mass executions and disappearances of the Kurdish community. The use of chemical weapons against thousands of towns and villages in the region, as well as the town of Halabja increased the number of Iraq Kurds entering the United Kingdom.[45] A large number of Kurds also came to the United Kingdom following the 1980 military coup in Turkey.[45] More recently, immigration has been due to the continued political oppression and the repression of ethnic and religious minorities in Iraq and Iran.[45] Estimates of the Kurdish population in the United Kingdom are as high as 200-250,000.[45]

In Denmark, there is a significant number of Iraqi political refugees, many of which are Kurds.[46]

In Finland, most Kurds arrived in the 1990s as Iraqi refugees.[47] Kurds in Finland have no great attachment to the Iraqi state because of their position as a persecuted minority. Thus, they feel more accepted and comfortable in Finland, many wanting to get rid of their Iraqi citizenship.[48]

North America

{{Main|Kurds in Canada|Kurds in the United States}}

In the United States, it is believed that the Kurdish population is from 15,000[49] to 20,000[50] other sources claim approximately 58,000,[51] the large majority of which come from Iran.[52] It is estimated that some 23,000 Iranian Kurds are living in the United States.[52] During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, about 10,000 Iraqi refugees were admitted to the United States, most of which were Kurds and Shiites who had assisted or were sympathisers of the U.S –led war.[53] Nashville, Tennessee has the nation's largest population of Kurdish people, with an estimated 8,000–11,000. There are also Kurds in Southern California, Los Angeles, San Diego, and Dallas, Texas.[54]

In Canada, the Kurdish community is 11,685[55] based on the Canadian Census 2011, among which the Iraqi Kurds make up the largest group of Kurds in Canada, exceeding the numbers of Kurds from Turkey, Iran and Syria. Kurdish immigration was largely the result of the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War and Syrian Civil War. Thus, many Iraqi Kurds immigrated to Canada due to the constant wars and suppression of Kurds and Shiites by the Iraqi government.[56]

Oceania

{{main|Kurds in Australia|Kurds in New Zealand}}

In Australia, Kurdish migrants first arrived in the second half of the 1960s, mainly from Turkey.[57] However, in the late 1970s families from Syria and Lebanon were also present in Australia.[57] Since the second half of the 1980s, the majority of Kurds arriving in Australia have been from Iraq and Iran; many of them were accepted under the Humanitarian Programme.[57] However, Kurds from Lebanon, Armenia and Georgia have also migrated to Australia. The majority live in Melbourne and Sydney.[57]

Japan

{{main|Kurds in Japan}}

The Japanese government has not granted refugee status. While 3,415 Kurds have so far applied for refugee status, none has yet received it.[58]

Statistics by country

Autochthonous community

Country Official figures or estimations Official figures in % Further information
Turkey}}13,200,000}} (1993 MRGI estimation)[72]
{{nts|14,700,000}} (2017 CFR estimation)[73]		0}} {{N/A}} Kurds in Turkey
Iran}}6,100,000}} (1993 MRGI estimation)[72]
{{nts|8,100,000}} (2017 CFR estimation)[59]		0}} {{N/A}} Kurds in Iran
Iraq}}4,400,000}} (1993 MRGI estimation)[72]
{{nts|5,450,000}} (2015 EPRS estimation)[60]		0}} {{N/A}} Kurds in Iraq
Syria}}1,100,000}} (1993 MRGI estimation)[61]
{{nts|2,500,000}} (2011 MRGI estimation)[62]		0}} {{N/A}} Kurds in Syria

Transcaucasus

Country Official figures Official figures in % Further information
Armenia}}56,127}} (1989 census)[63]
{{nts|37,470}} (2011 census){{ref|Armenia number|d}}		56127 | 3304776| 1 }}
{{Pct |37470 | 3018854| 1 }}		 Kurds in Armenia
Azerbaijan}}41,193}} (1926 census)[72]
{{nts|6,065}} (2009 census){{ref|Azerbaijan number|b}}		41193| 2314571| 1 }}
{{Pct | 6065|8922447 | 1 }}		 Kurds in Azerbaijan
Georgia}}33,331}} (1989 census)[74]
{{nts|20,843}} (2002 census)[75]
{{nts|13,770}} (2014 census)[76][77]		33331 | 5400841| 1 }}
{{Pct |20843 | 4371535| 1 }}
{{Pct |13770 | 3713804| 1 }}		 Kurds in Georgia
Artsakh}}16}} (2015 census, ethnicity)[79]
{{nts|38}} (2015 census, mother tongue)[79]		16| 145053| 1 }}
Abkhazia}}29}} (1989 census)[80]29| 525061| 1 }}
South Ossetia}}2}} (1989 census)[81]
{{nts|1}} (2015 census)[82]		1| 98527 | 1 }}
{{Pct | 1| 53532| 1 }}

Europe

Country Official figures or estimations Official figures in % Further information
Germany}}500,000}} (1993 KIP estimation)[101]
{{nts|850,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[102]		0}} {{N/A}} Kurds in Germany
France}}60,000}} (1993 KIP estimation)[83][84]
{{nts|230,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0}} {{N/A}} Kurds in France
Netherlands}}30,000}} (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
{{nts|100,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0}} {{N/A}} Kurds in the Netherlands
Sweden}}15,000}} (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
{{nts|85,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0}} {{N/A}} Kurds in Sweden
Russia}}63,818}} (2010 census){{ref|Russia number|c}}63818 |142856536 | 1 }} Kurds in Russia
Austria}}25,000}} (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
{{nts|80,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0}} {{N/A}}2,133}} (2001 census, Kurdish speakers)[88]
Belgium}}12,000}} (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
{{nts|70,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0}} {{N/A}} —
United Kingdom}}49,841}} (2011 census)[89][90][91]
{{nts|49,186}} (2011 census, Kurdish speakers)[92][93][94]		49841 |63181775 | 1 }} Kurds in the United Kingdom
Greece}}1,000}} (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
{{nts|40,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0}} {{N/A}} —
Denmark}}12,000}} (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
{{nts|25,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0}} {{N/A}} —
Italy}}25,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[85]0}} {{N/A}} –
Norway}}2,000}} (1993 KIP estimation)[84]
{{nts|25,000}} (2016 KIP estimation)[85]		0}} {{N/A}}7,100}} (2013 official estimation, Kurdish speakers)[96]
Switzerland}}14,699}} (2012 statistics, Kurdish speakers)[97]
{{nts|19,401}} (2015 statistics, Kurdish speakers)[98]		14699|6662333 | 1 }}
{{Pct | 19401|6907818| 1 }}		 —
Finland}}2,419}} (1998 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[136]
{{nts|14,054}} (2018 annual statistics, Kurdish speakers)[99]		2419 | 5159646| 1 }}
{{Pct |14054 | 5517919| 1 }}
Romania}}3,000}} (2006 estimation)[100]0}} {{N/A}}–
Ukraine}}
2,088}} (2001 census)[101]
{{nts|302}} (2014 Crimean census)[102]		2088 |48457100 | 1 }}
Spain}}1,500}} (2012 estimation)[103]0}} {{N/A}}
Ireland}}818}} (2016 census, Kurdish speakers)[104]818 |4757976 |1 }}
Poland}}224}} (2011 census)[106][107]224 | 38511824| 2 }} —
Hungary}}291}} (2001 census)[108]
{{nts|149}} (2011 census)[108]		149| 9937628| 2 }} —
Moldova}}130}} (2017 statistics)[109]130 | 3553056| 2 }} —
Belarus}}126}} (2009 census)[110]126 |9503807 | 1 }} —
Latvia}}11}} (2009 semiannual statistics)[111]
{{nts|105}} (2019 semiannual statistics)[112]		105 | 2095549| 1 }} —
Bulgaria}}147}} (2001 census)[113]
{{nts|105}} (2011 census)[114]		105 | 7364570| 2 }} —
Czech Republic}}100}} (2011 census)[115]100 |10562214 | 2 }} —
Bosnia and Herzegovina}}28}} (2013 census)[116]28 | 3531159| 2 }} —
Estonia}}23}} (2011 census)[117]23 |1294236 | 1 }} —
Serbia}}12}} (2011 census)[118]12 |7186862| 1 }} —
Lithuania}}5}} (2001 census)[119]
{{nts|25}} (2010 asylum seekers by ethnicity)[120]
{{nts|29}} (2011 asylum seekers by ethnicity)[121]
{{nts|8}} (2012 asylum seekers by ethnicity)[122]
{{nts|3}} (2013 asylum seekers by ethnicity)[123]		0% —
Croatia}}8}} (2011 census)[124][125]8| 4284889 | 1 }} —

Middle East

Country Est. population Further information
Lebanon}}287,000}}[126] Kurds in Lebanon
Israel}}200,000}} (Jews from Kurdistan)[127] Kurds in Israel
Bahrain}}44,600}}[128] —
Jordan}}4,000}}[129]—{{nts|30,000}}[130] Kurds in Jordan
Kuwait}}5,000}}[131] —

Asia

Country Official figures Official figures in % Est. population Further information
Kazakhstan}}45,551}} (2018 annual statistics)[132]45551| 18157337 | 1 }} —Kurds in Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan}}13,171}} (2009 census)[133][134]13171| 5362793| 1 }} —
Turkmenistan}}4,387}} (1989 census)[178]
{{nts|6,097}} (1995 census)[136]		6097|4437600 | 1 }} — Kurds in Turkmenistan
Afghanistan}}0}} {{N/A}}0}} {{N/A}}2,670}}[137] —
Uzbekistan}}1,839}} (1989 census)[138]1839 | 19810077| 1 }} — —
South Korea}}0}} {{N/A}}0}} {{N/A}}1,000}}[139] —
Japan}}0}} {{N/A}}0}} {{N/A}}2,000}}[140] Kurds in Japan
Pakistan}}0}} {{N/A}}0}} {{N/A}}240}}[141] Kurds in Pakistan
Tajikistan}}7}} (2010 census)[142]7 | 7564502| 1 }} — —

Americas and Oceania

Country Official figures Official figures in % Further information
United States}}20,591}} (2011-2015 ACS)[143]20591 |316515021 | 1 }} Kurds in the United States
Canada}}16,315}} (2016 census)[144]
{{nts|12,515}} (2016 census, Kurdish speakers)[145]		16315| 34460065| 1 }}Kurds in Canada
Australia}}10,551}} (2016 census)[147][148]
{{nts|6,202}} (2016 census, Kurdish speakers)[147]		10551 |23401892 | 1 }}
{{Pct |6199| 23401892| 1 }}
New Zealand}}720}} (2013 census)[149]
{{nts|828}} (2013 census, Kurdish speakers)[149]		720 | 4353198 | 1 }}
{{Pct | 828 |4242051 | 1 }}		 Kurds in New Zealand
Notes

{{note|Azerbaijan number|b|Official Azerbaijani records claim only 6,065 Kurds in 2009,[73][150] while Kurdish leaders estimate as much as 200,000. The problem is that the historical record of the Kurds in Azerbaijan is filled with lacunae.[151] For instance, in 1979 there was according to the census no Kurds recorded.[152] Not only did Turkey and Azerbaijan pursue an identical policy against the Kurds, they even employed identical techniques like forced assimilation, manipulation of population figures, settlement of non-Kurds in areas predominantly Kurdish, suppression of publications and abolition of Kurdish as a medium of instruction in schools.[152]}}

{{note|Russia number|c|In the 2010 Russian Census, 23,232 people indicated Kurdish (Курды) as their ethnicity, while 40,586 chose Yazidi (Езиды) as their ethnicity.[153]}}

{{note|Armenia number|d|In the 2011 Armenian Census, 2,131 people indicated Kurdish (Քրդեր) as their ethnicity, while 35,272 indicated Yazidi (Եզդիներ) as their ethnicity.[33]}}

See also

  • Kurdification

References

1. ^A rough estimate by the Turkish Government Factbook has populations of 22,5 million in Turkey, 6 million in Iran, about 10 to 15 million in Iraq, and less than 2-3 million in Syria, which adds up to close to 33-36 million Kurds in Kurdistan or adjacient regions. (Estimates as of 2014; Turkey: "Kurdish 18% [of 81.6 million]", Iran: "Kurd 10% [of 80.8 million]", Iraq: "Kurdish 15%-20% [of 32.6 million]", Syria: "Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% [of 22-25 million]". About two million are documented as living in diaspora; divergent high estimates on the number of Kurds in Turkey in particular account for higher estimates on total population, e.g. Sandra Mackey, “The reckoning: Iraq and the legacy of Saddam”, W.W. Norton and Company, 2002, p. 350: "As much as 25% of Turkey is Kurdish," which would raise the population figure by about 5 million.
2. ^{{cite book|last=Gunter|first=Michael|title=The Kurds Ascending|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0-230-60370-7}}
3. ^Estimates as of 2014; Turkey: "Kurdish 18% [of 81.6 million]",Iran: "Kurd 10% [of 80.8 million]",Iraq: "Kurdish 15%-20% [of 32.6 million]"Syria: "Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% [of 17.9 million]".
4. ^"The Kurds of Caucasia and Central Asia have been cut off for a considerable period of time and their development in Russia and then in the Soviet Union has been somewhat different. In this light the Soviet Kurds may be considered to be an ethnic group in their own right." The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire {{cite web|title=Kurds|url=http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/kurds.shtml|work=Institute of Estonia (EKI)|publisher=Institute of Estonia (EKI)|accessdate=22 June 2012}}
5. ^Ismet Chériff Vanly, “The Kurds in the Soviet Union”, in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek & S. Sperl (eds.), The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview (London: Routledge, 1992), p. 164: Table based on 1990 estimates: Azerbaijan (180,000), Armenia (50,000), Georgia (40,000), Kazakhstan (30,000), Kyrgyzstan (20,000), Uzbekistan (10,000), Tajikistan (3,000), Turkmenistan (50,000), Siberia (35,000), Krasnodar (20,000), Other (12,000) (total 410,000).
6. ^{{cite book|last=Bruinessen|first=Martin|authorlink=Martin van Bruinessen|title=Kurdish Ethno-Nationalism Versus Nation-Building States: Collected Articles|publisher=Isis Press|location=Istanbul|page=43|year=2000|isbn=978-975-428-177-4|oclc=46851965}}{{cite book|last=Radu|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Radu|title=Dangerous Neighborhood: Contemporary Issues in Turkey's Foreign Relations|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J|page=17|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7658-0166-1|oclc=50269670}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Elling|first=Rasmus Christian|title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|year=2013|isbn=978-0-230-11584-2|oclc=714725127}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Crane|first1=Keith|last2=Lal|first2=Rollie|last3=Martini|first3=Jeffrey|title=Iran's Political, Demographic, and Economic Vulnerabilities|publisher=RAND Corporation|location=Santa Monica|page=53|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8330-4527-0|oclc=259715774}}
9. ^{{Harvnb|KONDA|2006|loc=18}}.
10. ^{{cite web |author=Milliyet|title=Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&ArticleID=873452|accessdate=2010-11-13}}
11. ^{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=The World Factbook: Turkey|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html|accessdate=2010-11-13}}
12. ^Kurdish PKK chief Murat Karayilan says will spread to Turkish cities if we were attacked by Turkey
13. ^ 
14. ^"En Büyük Şehri, İstanbul", Time Türk, March 25, 2010.
15. ^{{cite web |title=UNPO: Iranian Kurdistan |url=https://unpo.org/members/7882?id=7882 |website=unpo.org |language=en}}
16. ^{{cite book |title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement |first=David |last=Romano |page=235 |year=2006 |isbn=0-521-85041-X |location=New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
17. ^{{cite book |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |last=McDowall |first= |page=270 |year=1996 |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=1-85043-653-3 }}
18. ^{{cite book |last1=Porter |first1=Ellen |last2=Prunhuber |first2=Carol |title=The Passion and Death of Rahman the Kurd: Dreaming Kurdistan |date=2010 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=9781440178153 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=JdRwGcJg7DwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+death+and+passion&hl=en&ei=_rR0TbjJO-GJ4AaI_Z3MDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=kermanshah&f=false |language=en}}
19. ^{{cite book |title=A Modern History of the Kurds |last=McDowall |page=278 |year=1996 |location=London |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=1-85043-653-3 }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_155.html |title=By Location |publisher=Adherents.com |date= |accessdate=2011-12-02}}
21. ^G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp. 118–120, 1977
22. ^Introduction. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993).
23. ^G.S. Harris, Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, p.121, 1977
24. ^M. Farouk-Sluglett, P. Sluglett, J. Stork, Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq, MERIP Reports, July–September 1984, p.24
25. ^[https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm Background Note: Syria] U.S. Department of State
26. ^{{cite web|title=Syria: End Persecution of Kurds|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/11/26/syria-end-persecution-kurds|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=4 October 2011}}
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{{refend}}{{Kurdish diaspora}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurdish Diaspora}}

1 : Kurdish diaspora
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