“Kurya (khan)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Kurya (Ukrainian: Куря, Pecheneg: Kürä^[1]) was the name of a Pecheneg prince^[2] and khan who allied with Svyatoslav I of Kiev in his campaigns in the Balkans. Later, after Svyatoslav's defeat by the Byzantine Empire, Kurya ambushed and killed the Kievan king at Khortitsa.^[3] According to the Chronicle of Bygone Years, Kurya had Svyatoslav's skull made into a goblet^[4] (a known practice in Eurasian nomadic cultures for brave foes^[5]), and gilded.^[6]^[7] Dates of his rule are unknown, but he was no longer khan somewhere around 988 CE, being succeeded by Metiga.^[8]^[9] It is also possible that he was the leader of the Pechenegs in the 968 siege of Kiev,^[10] but since a starting date is unknown, it is almost impossible to tell (and it could have been any of several other Pecheneg princes). Kurya appears as a villain in the 2006 animated film Prince Vladimir.

Life

Very little is known of Kurya's life; most of what can be reasonably inferred about him is taken from educated guessing and very vague. Apparently, Kurya and his wife drank from the gilded chalice made from Svyatoslav's skull and prayed for a son as brave as him (it is unknown if he had any children). Only mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, Kurya was the most powerful of the Pecheneg princes^[11] - Rus' historians included only his name in the Chronicle (a history of the Rus') when it was being compiled. In the late 1520s, however, the Nikonian Chronicle was created. A compilation of Rus' chronicles, it mentioned Pecheneg prince Ildeya as coming into the service of Yaropolk I. Around 988, Pecheneg leader Metiga did the same for Vladimir the Great - therefore Kurya was no longer khan by 988. However, what occurred after the death of Svyatoslav is not recorded, and Kurya's reign can be pinpointed to the 970s; this is not to say that he was not in power earlier, as there is no timeline for his rule until 988, when Metiga had definitely replaced him.

Death of Svyatoslav

The Pechenegs were allied with Byzantium during Kurya's life (having a complicated relationship with the Rus'). Svyatoslav's Rus' had invaded the Balkan Bulgars in 967 or 968, assisting the Byzantines. However, the Slavic king's campaign had greatly exceeded the expectations of the Byzantines, under Emperor Nikephoros Phokas. Svyatoslav refused to turn over his territorial victories to the Empire (he had been paid 15,000 pounds of gold), thus the two parties dropped their alliance. After some fighting and disturbances, Svyatoslav's retreat point was besieged by the Byzantines. He surrendered and left the Balkans, relinquishing his territory while doing so.^[12]

Having ceded his territories in the Danube region, Svyatoslav began to return to Kiev. Although he had been defeated, new Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes (who had assassinated and overthrown Phokas) worried that the peace treaty he had forced Svyatoslav to sign between the Empire and Rus' would not last. Therefore, at the behest of Byzantium, the Pechenegs (led by Kurya) ambushed Svyatoslav and his army when he attempted to cross the cataracts near Khortitsa, at the Dnieper River, in March 972. His army took heavy losses, and the king himself was slain.^[13]

References

1. ^Kura is possibly also another way of spelling the English name Kurya.
2. ^{{cite web|title=The Russian Primary Chronicle|url=http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/a/a011458.pdf|accessdate=10 May 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web|last1=Dimnik|first1=Martin|title=Svyatoslav I|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404101341.html|website=Encyclopedia.com|accessdate=11 May 2016}}
4. ^{{cite web|last1=Peck|first1=Robin|title=Sculpture: A Journey to the Circumference of the Earth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Xi_RvoWlgYC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=kurya+cup&source=bl&ots=G9qYSKbJuN&sig=piGivskjlcxJLwWKOsHRekY8lL4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5uu-TxdPMAhWKrB4KHXYiApEQ6AEINTAE#v=onepage&q=kurya%20cup&f=false|website=Google Books|accessdate=12 May 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web|last1=Duffy|first1=James|title=The Czars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zzzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT41&lpg=PT41&dq=kurya+pecheneg&source=bl&ots=Z5yi_bk7EN&sig=YA-TwUuNbUT7Kob-FNVbfbuOW7A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi6non34NLMAhVKEJAKHUIrAOsQ6AEIPjAG#v=onepage&q=kurya%20pecheneg&f=false|accessdate=11 May 2016}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Popular Series: Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cIsZAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA11&lpg=RA1-PA11&dq=kurya+wife+pecheneg&source=bl&ots=BEVivLtZ-h&sig=0JJ4wTKzeE6euOG5YpC4ZH58-Wo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwilnYPFxdPMAhWLpB4KHedBC0UQ6AEIPjAG#v=onepage&q=kurya%20wife%20pecheneg&f=false|website=Google Books|publisher=Chicago Natural History Museum|accessdate=12 May 2016}}
7. ^{{cite web|last1=Jankowski|first1=Tomek|title=Eastern Europe!|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1p5wAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT183&lpg=PT183&dq=kurya+pecheneg&source=bl&ots=tOuVIa7u0r&sig=0wlqEtf18_2bhUj0wZC2zl8T400&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjSvu7lxNPMAhVDGx4KHcvyBNIQ6AEIQjAG#v=onepage&q=kurya%20pecheneg&f=false|website=Google Books|accessdate=12 May 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|last1=Jelisavcic|first1=Micha|last2=Sloan|first2=John|title=Rus - Rulers|url=http://www.xenophon-mil.org/rushistory/rulers/chron10cen.htm|website=Xenophon Group International|accessdate=11 May 2016}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Russian Interaction with Foreign Lands |url=http://www.strangelove.net/~kieser/Russia/foreigninteractionA.html |website=strangelove.net |accessdate=11 May 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235753/http://www.strangelove.net/~kieser/Russia/foreigninteractionA.html |archivedate= 3 March 2016 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web|title=German narrative literature of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YcqW-_-SwAC&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=pecheneg+leader+968&source=bl&ots=wGsrhs7ITR&sig=46DeHZkcwVg-U9htCuLG5ltzxWM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxwrTnkNPMAhWiz4MKHQ2PC2MQ6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=pecheneg%20leader%20968&f=false|website=Google Books|accessdate=11 May 2016}}
11. ^{{cite web|last1=Waldman|first1=Carl|last2=Mason|first2=Catherine|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA580&lpg=PA580&dq=kurya+pecheneg&source=bl&ots=_y0EE9w-YL&sig=mby8CMUvnwhTXassIFBtmIuS5wI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy1oyxqdPMAhXIMSYKHQHFB7sQ6AEITTAJ#v=onepage&q=kurya%20pecheneg&f=false|website=Google Books|accessdate=12 May 2016}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Svyatoslav I|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Svyatoslav-I|website=Britannica|accessdate=11 May 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Sviatoslav I Ihorovych|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CV%5CSviatoslavIIhorovych.htm|website=Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine|accessdate=10 May 2016}}