| 词条 | Lahontan cutthroat trout |
| 释义 |
| name = Lahontan cutthroat trout | image = Lahontan cutthroat trout image USFWS.jpg | image_caption = O. clarkii henshawi, stream form | status=LT | status_system=ESA | genus = Oncorhynchus | species = clarkii | species_link = Cutthroat trout | subspecies = henshawi | authority = (Gill and Jordan, 1878) }}{{Main|Cutthroat trout}}Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi) is the largest subspecies of cutthroat trout, and the state fish of Nevada. It is one of three subspecies of cutthroat trout that are listed as federally threatened.[1] Natural historyThe Lahontan cutthroat is native to the drainages of the Truckee River, Humboldt River, Carson River, Walker River, Quinn River and several smaller rivers in the Great Basin of North America.[2] These were tributaries of ancient Lake Lahontan during the ice ages until the lake shrank to remnants such as Pyramid Lake and Walker Lake about 7,000 years ago, although Lake Tahoe—from which the Truckee flows to Pyramid Lake—is still a large mountain lake. Lahontan cutthroats evolved into a large (up to 1 m or 39 in) and moderately long-lived predator of chub, suckers, and other fish as long as 30 or {{convert|40|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}. The trout was able to remain a predator in the larger remnant lakes where prey fish continued to flourish, but upstream populations were forced to adapt to eating smaller fish and insects. Some experts consider O. c. henshawi in the upper Humboldt River and tributaries to be a separate subspecies, O. clarkii humboldtensis or the Humboldt cutthroat trout, adapted to living in small streams rather than large lakes.[3] The record size cutthroat trout of any subspecies was a Lahontan caught in Pyramid Lake weighing {{convert|41|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}}, although anecdotal and photographic evidence exists of even larger fish from this lake. Human historyThe Lahontan cutthroats of Pyramid and Walker Lakes were of considerable importance to the Paiute tribe. These trout, as well as cui-ui, a sucker found only in Pyramid Lake, were dietary mainstays and were used by other tribes in the area.[4] When John C. Frémont and Kit Carson ascended the Truckee River on January 16, 1844, they called it the 'Salmon Trout River', after the huge Lahontan cutthroat trout that ran up the river from Pyramid Lake to spawn.[5] American settlement in the Great Basin nearly extirpated this species. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Lahontan cutthroats were caught in tremendous numbers and shipped to towns and mining camps throughout the West; estimates have ranged as high as {{convert|1000000|lb|kg|-4|abbr=on}} annually between 1860 and 1920. A dam in Mason Valley blocked spawning runs from Walker Lake. By 1905, Derby Dam on the Truckee River below Reno interfered with Pyramid Lake's spawning runs. A poorly designed fish ladder washed away in 1907, then badly timed water diversions to farms in the Fallon, Nevada area stranded spawning fish and desiccated eggs below the dam. By 1943, Pyramid Lake's population was extinct. Lake Tahoe's population was extinct by 1930 from competition and inbreeding with introduced rainbow trout (creating cutbows), predation by introduced lake trout, and diseases introduced along with these exotic species. Upstream populations have been isolated and decimated by poorly managed grazing and excessive water withdrawals for irrigation, as well as by hybridization, competition, and predation by non-native salmonids. This is important, as although Lahontan cutthroat trout can inhabit either lakes or streams, they are obligatory stream spawners.[6] Pyramid Lake and Truckee River water qualityPyramid Lake, the second-largest natural lake in the western U.S. prior to construction of the Derby Dam, which diverted water from the lake, has been the focus of several water quality investigations, the most detailed starting in the mid-1980s. Under direction of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency a comprehensive dynamic hydrology transport model, the Dynamic Stream Simulation and Assessment Model (DSSAM), was applied to analyze impacts of a variety of land use and wastewater management decisions throughout the {{convert|3120|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} Truckee River Basin.[7] These analyses allowed more competent decisions to be made regarding the watersheds, as well as management of treated effluent discharged to the Truckee River. ConservationLahontan cutthroat trout currently occupy a small fraction of their historic range. The primary obstacle to their recovery is non-native salmonid predation by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on fluvial cutthroat and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) on lacustrine cutthroat.[2] Also, hybridization of cutthroat with non-native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) continues to threaten recovery of the pure Lahontan cutthroat. Only Independence Lake has continuously harbored its historic native Lahontan cutthroat population, although precariously low spawner numbers there have recently increased along with five years of brook trout removal.[8] Pyramid and Walker Lakes have been restocked with fish captured in Summit Lake (Nevada) and Lake Heenan, and those populations are maintained by fish hatcheries. Unfortunately, the Summit Lake strain does not live as long or grow as large as the original strain of fish. However, in the 1970s, fish believed to have been stocked almost a century ago from the Pyramid Lake strain were discovered in a small stream along the Pilot Peak area of western Utah border, and are a genetic match to the original strain. This Pilot Peak strain is now integral to the reintroduction and planting programs maintained by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[9] Preservation of highly complementary habitats is crucial for survival of the different age classes of cutthroat trout, with clean gravels needed for spawning, slow-moving side channel habitats used by juvenile fish, and deeper pool habitats such as beaver ponds for larger adult fish.[10] They were classified as an endangered species between 1970 and 1975, then the classification was changed to threatened species in 1975, and reaffirmed as threatened in 2008.[6] Although Lahontan cutthroat trout stand little chance of surviving for long in Lake Tahoe, the Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW) planted them instead of rainbow trout on the lake's Nevada shore in summer 2011. The goal is to enable anglers to catch Lake Tahoe's native trout for the first time since 1939. The California state record was caught in Lake Tahoe in 1911 by William Pomin, weighing in at an impressive {{convert|31|lb|kg|abbr=out}}, {{convert|8|oz|g|abbr=out}}.[11] Because it tolerates water too alkaline for other trout, Lahontan cutthroats are stocked in alkaline lakes outside its native range, including Lake Lenore (alternately Lenore Lake), Grimes Lake and Omak Lake in central Washington[12] and Mann Lake[13] in Oregon's Alvord Desert east of Steens Mountain. Notes1. ^{{cite web |title=Lahontan cutthroat trout |publisher=U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Nevada Office |url=http://www.fws.gov/nevada/protected_species/fish/species/lct.html |accessdate=2012-10-27 }} 2. ^1 {{cite book |title=Native Trout of Western North America |author=Robert J. Behnke |location=Bethesda, Maryland |publisher=American Fisheries Society Press |year=1992 |page=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iMWAQAAIAAJ&q=lahontan#search_anchor |accessdate=2012-10-27 |isbn=9780913235799 }} 3. ^{{cite journal |journal=Western North American Naturalist |volume=68 |number=1 |title=The case for humboldtensis: A subspecies name for the indigenous cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii of the Humboldt River, Upper Quinn River, and Coyote Basin Drainages, Nevada and Oregon |authors= Trotter, Patrick C. and Behnke, Robert J. |pages=58–65 |year=2008 |jstor=41717657|doi=10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[58:TCFHAS]2.0.CO;2 }} 4. ^{{cite book |title=Fishes of the Great Basin |authors=William F. Sigler and John W. Sigler |location=Reno, Nevada |publisher=University of Nevada Press |year=1987 |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZC2dAGvtjQC&dq=%22Gasterosteidae%22&q=pyramid+lake#v=snippet&q=paiute&f=false |accessdate=2012-10-27 |isbn=9780874171167 }} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Narrative of the exploring expedition to the Rocky mountains: in the year 1842, and to Oregon and north California in the years 1843-44 |author=John Charles Fremont |year=1847 |publisher=Hall & Dickson |page=309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-ZKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA413&lpg=PA413&dq=beaver+dam+rocky+mountains+altitude#v=onepage&q=salmon%20trout%20river&f=false |accessdate=2012-10-28 }} 6. ^1 {{cite journal |title=90-Day Finding on a Petition To Delist the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout |author=Nevada Fish and Wildlife Office |publisher=Federal Register |volume=73 |number=175 |date=2008-09-09 |url=http://www.fws.gov/nevada/protected_species/fish/documents/lct/090908_lct_fed_reg.pdf |accessdate=2012-10-28 }} 7. ^{{cite report |title=Development of a dynamic water quality simulation model for the Truckee River |author=C. Michael Hogan, Marc Papineau of Earth Metrics Inc. |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency Technology Series |location=Washington D.C. |year=1987 }} 8. ^{{cite journal |title=Effect of Brook Trout Removal from a Spawning Stream on an Adfluvial Population of Lahontan Cutthroat Trout |authors=G. Gary Scoppettone, Peter H. Rissler, Sean P. Shea, William Somer |journal=North American Journal of Fisheries Management |pages=586–596 |volume=32 |number=3 |year=2012 |doi=10.1080/02755947.2012.675958}} 9. ^{{cite news |title=Bringing Home the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout |author=Mike Caltagirone |journal=Blood Knot Magazine |date=2010-01-19 |url=http://bloodknot.net/?p=1667 |accessdate=2012-10-28 }} 10. ^{{cite journal |title=Complementation of Habitats for Bonneville Cutthroat Trout in Watersheds Influenced by Beavers, Livestock, and Drought |authors=Seth M. White, Frank J. Rahel |journal=Transactions of the American Fisheries Society |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=881–894 |year=2008 |doi=10.1577/T06-207.1}} 11. ^{{cite news |title=Reintroduction of Lahontan cutthroat trout should benefit anglers |author=Bruce Ajari |newspaper=Tahoe Daily Tribune |date=2011-08-11 |url=http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/article/20110811/NEWS/110819959 |accessdate=2012-10-28 }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2014/may/11/lahontans-still-thrive-at-lake-lenore-despite-net/|title=Lahontans still thrive at Lake Lenore despite net poaching|author=Rich Landers|date=11 May 2016|accessdate=1 May 2016}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Sheehan|first=Madelynne Diness|title=Fishing in Oregon: The Complete Oregon Fishing Guide|edition=10th|publisher=Flying Pencil Publications|location=Scappoose, Oregon|pages=282–83|isbn=978-0-916473-15-0|date=April 2005}} Further reading
External links
10 : Oncorhynchus|Endemic fauna of Nevada|Fish of the Western United States|Freshwater fish of the United States|Fauna of the Great Basin|Fauna of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Cold water fish|Fish described in 1878|ESA threatened species|Subspecies |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。