“Land's End to John o' Groats”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Land's End to John o' Groats is the traversal of the whole length of the island of Great Britain between two extremities, in the southwest and northeast. The traditional distance by road is {{convert|874|mi|km}} and takes most cyclists 10 to 14 days; the record for running the route is nine days. Off-road walkers typically walk about {{convert|1200|mi|km}} and take two or three months for the expedition. Two much-photographed signposts indicate the traditional distance at each end.

The straight-line distance from Land's End to John o' Groats is {{convert|603|mi|km}} as determined from O.S. Grid References, but such a route passes over a series of stretches of water in the Irish Sea. Google Earth reports a distance of 602.70 miles between the two iconic marker points.

According to a 1964 road atlas, the shortest route using classified roads was {{convert|847|mi|km}} but in a 2008 road atlas, the shortest route using classified roads was {{convert|838|mi|km}}. An online route planner in 2011 also calculated the quickest route by road as {{convert|838|mi|km}}, estimating a time of 15 hours 48 minutes for the journey (this uses the A30, M5, M6, A74(M), M74, M73, M80, M9, A9 & A99) but the overall shortest route by road, using minor roads in numerous places and utilising modern bridges, is only about {{convert|814|mi|km}}. This route is roughly as follows: Land's End, Bodmin, Okehampton, Tiverton, Taunton, Bridgwater, the M5 Avon Bridge, the M48 Severn Bridge, Monmouth, Hereford, Shrewsbury, Tarporley, St Helens, Preston, Carlisle, Beattock, Carstairs, Whitburn, Falkirk, Stirling, Crieff, Kenmore, Dalchalloch, A9, Inverness, Kessock Bridge, Cromarty Bridge, Dornoch Firth Bridge, Latheron, Wick, John o' Groats.

Google Maps, on 2 August 2017, calculated the fastest route by car, from the Land's End Visitor Centre to John o' Groats as being 837 miles and taking 14 hours 40 minutes. It also showed a walking route of 811 miles, which it suggested would take 268 hours, and involve an elevation gain of 30,148 ft and an elevation fall of 30,272 ft.

Methods

There are many ways to go from Land's End to John o' Groats. Traditionally considered to be a walk, the route is now traversed in a number of ways, with cycling and multi-modal expeditions being particularly popular in recent years.

Most trips are done by individuals or small groups for personal fulfilment. Some expeditions are organised as charity fundraisers, sometimes involving celebrities: examples include cricketer Ian Botham's 1985 walk and athlete Jane Tomlinson in 2003. In recent history the route has been used as a rite of passage by cyclists taking on the most iconic cycling challenge in Britain.

Walking

The first recorded end-to-end walk (actually from John o' Groats to Land's End) was undertaken by the brothers John and Robert Naylor in 1871.^[4] Since then the walk has been undertaken many times, more particularly since 1960, after a well-publicised road walk by Dr Barbara Moore. In 1960 the entrepreneur Billy Butlin organised a road walking race, which gave further impetus to the idea.

Since the 1960s, walkers have mostly chosen off-road routes, using the growing network of long-distance footpaths. A classic account is from 1966 by the travel writer John Hillaby.^[5] Off-road walkers usually complete the journey in two to three months. There is a considerable choice of off-road routes, but all are much longer than the shortest road distance, usually {{convert|1200|mi|km}} or more. The walk is still undertaken by road walkers, often doing the walk, like Sir Ian Botham, for charity, or as a "challenge walk". They typically take a month or even less.

Some walkers aim to complete the route piecemeal, perhaps over several years, to achieve the walk within the time constraints of a working life and before the possible health problems of retirement.^[6]

Routes

There is no continuous long-distance path from Land's End to John o' Groats. There are long-distance paths for substantial sections of the route, and where they do not exist walkers connect them by rights of way and minor roads. Most walkers broadly follow these routes:^[7]

Cycling

There are several annual mass participation cycle rides that go from Land's End to John o' Groats, the biggest of which is the Deloitte Ride Across Britain,^[8] run by Threshold Sports. The Ride Across Britain takes over 800 riders the full length of Britain, taking nine days and covering {{convert|969|mi}}, with each rider covering an average of {{convert|107|mi}} per day. Overnight accommodation is provided in large, tented base camps, and all aspects of the ride are fully supported. Previous celebrity participants include GB rower and Olympic gold medallist James Cracknell and former England Rugby captain Lewis Moody.

The official Road Records Association record for a rider on a conventional bicycle is 43 hours, 25 minutes and 13 seconds, set by 40 year old Michael Broadwith on 17 June 2018.^[9]

The official Road Records Association Women's record: Lynne Taylor (Lynne Biddulph), 2001, 52h 45m ^[10]

The official Road Records Association Mixed Tandem Record: A Wilkinson & L E A Taylor (Lynne Biddulph), 2000, 51h 19m 23s.^[11]

Men's tandem bicycle. 5–7 May 2015 Riders: Dominic Irvine and Charlie Mitchell. Time: 1 day 21 hours 11 minutes.^[12] The previous record held for 49 years.

The record for cycling from Land's End to John o' Groats is held by Andy Wilkinson, who completed the journey in 41 hours, 4 minutes and 22 seconds on a Windcheetah recumbent tricycle.^[13] A typical cycling time when not attempting shortest time is 10 to 14 days. James MacDonald set a record in September 2017 for cycling from John o' Groats to Land's End and back again in five days, 18 hours and 3 minutes.^[14] From 1 to 4 March 2010, David Walliams, Jimmy Carr, Fearne Cotton, Miranda Hart, Patrick Kielty, Davina McCall and Russell Howard cycled in a team relay from John o' Groats to Land's End to raise money for Sport Relief.^[15]

The first tricyclist to complete the route was Alfred Nixon, champion of the London Tricycle Club, who in 1882 made "the first, and at present only, tricycle journey from John o' Groats to Land's End, a distance of 1007 miles, in a fortnight".^[16]

Men's quadricycle. In the summer of 2012. Riders: Hugo Catchpole, George Unwin, Tom Bethell and Richard Nicholls. Time 10 days 15 hours. On a four-man recumbent bike weighing 114 kg.

Several cyclists completed the route on folding bicycles. The fastest reported completion of LEJOG on 16-inch wheel Brompton bicycles is currently that of Si Trickett and Stephen Brindle, between 22-29 April 2011.^[17]

There have been several unicycle completions of the journey. The Guinness World Record for the fastest completion by unicycle is held by Roger Davies and Sam Wakeling, who rode {{convert|862|mi|km}} (Land's End to John o' Groats) from 12 to 18 September 2009 in 6 days, 8 hours and 43 minutes.^[18] They rode large {{convert|36|in|mm|adj=mid|-wheeled}} unicycles equipped with two-speed Schlumpf geared hubs.^[19]

The oldest person to cycle from Land's End to John o' Groats is Tony Rathbone (UK, b. 10 December 1932) who was aged 81 years and 162 days when he completed the journey on 21 May 2014. Roger Anthony "Tony" Rathbone started his journey from Land's End to John o' Groats on 7 May 2014 with his friend, William "Billy" Skipper. They cycled a total of 1,526.46 km (948.5 miles) and were riding for a total of 79 hours 34 minutes. Guinness World Record^[20]

In 2017 Amelia Sampson aged 22 months completed John o' Groats to Land's End in 14 days in her trailer towed by her parents riding a tandem.^[21]

On 3 August 2018, Joshua Moisey, aged 7 years and 2 months, became the youngest ever Land's End – John o' Groats cyclist, riding his own bike alongside brother Reuben (10) and parents Alvin and Hiroko, and raising money for Alzheimer's Society.^[22]^[23]

Running

The record time for a runner to complete the route, as reported by the Land's End John o' Groats Club, is nine days and 2 hours, by Andi Rivett.^[24] In July 2008, Dan Driver became the first to run the route solo, meaning he carried all his equipment with him whilst he ran it. He completed the run in just over 17 days.^[25]

Fred Hicks was an early record holder. He ran the journey between the 20 and 30 May 1977 in 10 days 3 hours and 30 minutes. He ran this for charity, not aiming to set any records, and it was only later, when he was approached by the Road Running association asking if they could pursue the record with Guinness, that he became aware he had set a new record.{{cn|date=October 2017}}

On 12 July 2009 British ultramarathon runner Kevin Carr successfully completed the first ever attempt to run the route off-road, becoming the first athlete to run the length of the UK as a fell/trail run. Like Driver, Carr ran unsupported and solo—a format commonly known amongst fell runners as a mountain marathon. Carr ran the challenge as part of an event organised by Benumber1, an event that saw several top-level British athletes (mainly Olympians) completing the challenge. The event was designed to encourage school students to participate in sport and to realise the benefits of a healthy lifestyle, whilst raising funds for the British Heart Foundation. The run covered {{convert|1254|mi|km}} over footpaths, bridleways, canal paths, river banks, national trails, fields, moorland and mountains. Over 80% of the route was off-road, the route resorting to tarmac only when necessary to link two trails, or where a trail passed through a village/town. The run took 6 weeks 3 days and 17 hours (including three rest days). Factoring in the rest days, this run called for an average effort of just under {{convert|30|mi|km|sigfig=1}} a day, every day, for more than six weeks.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}

In July 2011, a team of runners from Calday Grange Grammar School, Wirral completed a relay from Land's End to John o' Groats, becoming the first school to do so.^[26] They raised £200,000^[27] for Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool.

In mid summer of 2011 Anthony Band from Surrey ran 1000 miles barefoot, all in aid for Help for heroes. Band took 29 days, running on average 36 miles per day.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}

On 3 August 2014, Marie-Claire Oziem became the first female runner to complete the distance unsupported and solo.^[28] She pushed all her provisions in a pram and camped along the way. Her route consisted of both on and off-road sections. Oziem ran for the charity Mind, based in Taunton for its project Go Wild, Stay Well, which aims to support those with mental illness through the use of various green therapy schemes. She started her run on 23 June and finished on 3 August 2014, regularly running distances of over 32 miles daily.{{Better source|reason=Source is an 'about me' page. A disinterested source is necessary.|date=June 2017}}

By horse

The journey with a horse is generally completed north to south, starting in April to avoid the midges in the Highlands but also to benefit from warmer weather.{{cn|date=September 2018}}

Evelyn Burnaby was the younger brother of the famous English Long Rider Colonel Frederick Burnaby. Whereas the elder brother was famous for having ridden across Central Asia and the Ottoman Empire, Evelyn decided to keep his equestrian adventures closer to home. He set off in 1892 to ride from Land's End, Cornwall to John o' Groats, Scotland. Evelyn's journey was soon serialised in a popular publication, The Country Gentleman, and was published in book form the following year as A Ride from Land's End to John O' Groats.^[29]

Communist John Richard Penistan rode his horse, Billy-a-Journey from Land's End to John o' Groats in 1948 (or 1930^[30]) taking him 56 days. He was the first person to do the journey with just one horse.

Arthur Elliott, a veteran of the Great War, rode his horse, Goldflake, from Land's End to John o' Groats in 1955.^[31]

In 2006 the mother-and-daughter team of Vyv and Elsie Wood-Gee rode from John o' Groats to Land's End. Elsie was 13 at the time.

Former army officer Grant Nicolle continued the tradition by travelling from John o' Groats to Land's End in 2007 with Marv (solo and unsupported), taking 11 and a half weeks. Grant has published a book called 'Long Trot' through Amazon, documenting the trip.^[32]

Swimming

Sean Conway swam the complete route from 30 June 2013 to 11 November 2013 (135 days). On 31 August 2018 this time was bested by British endurance athlete Ross Edgely, who swam the complete route from Land's End to John o' Groats in just 62 days as part of his effort to swim around the entirety of mainland Britain^[33].

Stand-up paddleboarding

The first person to stand-up paddleboard (SUP) Land's End to John o'Groats was Cal Major, between 4 May 2018 and 2 July 2018, a total of 59 days. Major completely the journey solo and without any boat support.^[34] Her route took her along the Cornish and Devon coast into the Bristol Channel, up the River Severn and by canals to Blackpool, by sea around Cumbria and the Mull of Galloway, across the Firth of Clyde to Arran, along the whole of the Caledonian Canal, and up the coast of north east Scotland.^[35]

Wheelchair

The fastest time in a wheelchair was achieved in August 2009 by US Navy Pilot Rick Ryan: eight days, 10 hours and 9 minutes.^[38]

Skateboard

The record time to complete the {{convert|980|mi|km|adj=on}} journey on a skateboard is 21 days, achieved by Matt Elver, Charlie Mason and Lee Renshaw, who traveled around {{convert|50|mi|km|sigfig=1}} per day to raise money for charity.^[39]

Triathlon

Motoring

Motoring events between the two extremities have been held since the first decade of the 20th century, when the Auto-Cycle Union organised a series of runs for motorcycles. In 1911, Ivan B. Hart-Davies became the holder of the final Land's End to John o' Groats record for solo motorcycles. Riding his 3.5 hp single-speed Triumph, he covered the {{convert|886|mi|km}} in 29 hours, 12 minutes. As his average speed exceeded the then-maximum of 20 mph, further official record attempts were banned by the A. C. U.

The Motor Cycling Club (which had been running the London to Land's End Trial since 1908, still held today, at least in name) put on an annual Land's End to John o' Groats Run from 1923 to 1928 which included cars as well as motorcycles. These events were also known as the End to End. In 2006, BBC Television ran a series of three programmes called The Lost World of Friese-Greene covering Claude Friese-Greene's 1920s-era road trip from Land's End to John o' Groats. The trip had originally been filmed using the Biocolour process, developed by Claude's father William Friese-Greene and the film had degraded. The original print of Claude's film was subjected to computer enhancement by the British Film Institute to remove the flickering problem inherent in the Biocolour process.

In 1984, Neal Champion covered {{convert|884|mi|km}} from John o' Groats to Land's End in 11 hours, 14 minutes, on a Kawasaki GPZ750 Turbo.^[42]

in 1984, Christian Conzendorf-Mattner, covered the route from Land's End to John o' Groats—there and back non-stop other than for fuel—in 21 hours 22 mins in a 1941 BMW 327.

The record run was monitored by a team of journalists from a motoring magazine and is the current record for prewar classic cars end to end, non-stop, one driver. The end to end club awards this trophy to new record holders.

On 17 September 1988, Andrew Frankel and Mark Connaughton drove from Land's End to John o' Groats in a standard production Alfa Romeo 164 in 12 hours 30 minutes, including stops for refuelling.

In 1993, John Brown initiated the Land's End to John o' Groats Historic Reliability Trial, a race for vintage road vehicles.^[43] The race is held each December and is a tough, three-day rally for old and classic cars, built between the 1920s and 1970s. The route takes a long {{convert|1400|mi|km|adj=on}} route, using remote upland roads of the west of England, Wales (during the night), the Pennines and Scotland. Medals are awarded in gold, silver and bronze categories.^[44]

On 15–16 April 1997, Hugh Edeleanu drove the route in a JCB excavator in a time of 22 hours, 10 minutes and 30 seconds.^[45]

In June 2001, Wayne Booth became the first person to do the journey by motorcycle without stopping; the 37-year-old completed the historic trip in 14 hours and 52 minutes, averaging 57 mph, on a modified 1,000cc Honda Varedero, complete with additional 74-litre petrol tank. The meticulously researched route of {{convert|854|mi|km}} passed through just two sets of traffic lights and was completed within all highway regulations, law and speed limits.^[46]^[47] Booth and the dozen strong support team raised over £1,000 for The National Childbirth Trust and Macmillan Cancer Relief.

On 22 May 2011, Kevin Sharpe and David Peilow completed the first end-to-end run from John o' Groats to Land's End in an electric car over two days, using only charging stations available to the general public, in a Tesla Roadster sports car.^[48]

On 7 August 2011, Darren Whitehead & Tony Dwight travelled {{convert|1071|mi|km}} from John o' Groats to Land's End (including crossing the Welsh border) in 5 days using two ride-on Wheel Horse lawn mowers.^[49] They also raised money for charity during the trip which was named The Lawn Way Down.

On 30 November 2013, Lucy Grogan, travelling on a BMW GS R1200 motorbike, and her father Martin Grogan, travelling in a Mini Cooper Works, travelled from Land's End to John o' Groats in 19 hours, leaving Land's End at 4:30am and arriving at John o' Groats at 11:30pm same day. This was in aid of Safe Haven Children's Trust and raised £3,000 for the non-governmental organisation.^[50]

In September 2015, Jonathan Porterfield and [https://driveev.net/2016/04/01/plugging-in-for-another-adventure/ Chris Ramsey] beat the record in a Nissan Leaf electric car, using the existing public rapid charger infrastructure to travel there and back. The route south took 28 hours and 38 minutes, and the return trip 27 hours and 46 minutes. They submitted an application to Guinness World Records to have the quicker time recognised as a record.^[51]

On 7 October 2015, Jeff Allan and his son, Ben Cottam-Allan, beat the electric car record in a Tesla Model S completing the northbound route in 19 hours 45 minutes and the southbound route in 18 hours 53 minutes. Jeff prepared the route by cycling in May 2015. They hold the Guinness World Record for shortest charging time from John o' Groats to Land's End of 3 hours 44 minutes 33 seconds.^[52]^[53]^[54]

On 21 August 2017, John Chivers completed the first journey by electric motorcycle (a Zero DSR) from Land's End to John o' Groats, then continued his journey to Orkney and finally to Skaw, on the island of Unst, Shetland. The journey from Land's End to John o' Groats took him four days to complete, breaking the journey up into ten parts, each stop requiring a charge of at least three hours.^[55]

On 30 July 2017 Andy Maxfield from Inskip near Preston completed the journey from John O'Groats to Land's End on an unmodified John Deere X750 ride on lawn tractor. The 874 mile journey was completed in a Guinness World Record time^[56] of 5 days 8 hours 36 mins with an average speed of around 9mph. This journey was inspired by his father James Maxfield who suffered from Alzheimer's for 13 years with the challenge raising around £9,000 for The Alzheimer's Society. The journey was completed with a support team from John Deere and his two daughters Kathryn and Kaitlyn Maxfield.^[57]^[58]

In September 2017, Tommy Davies and Tom Harvey completed the 841 mile journey in 9 hours and 36 minutes, the fastest time ever recorded between the two points on land, with an overall average of 86.7 mph. They used a specially adapted Audi S5 with an additional fuel tank and an array of equipment to avoid detection from the police and speed cameras. The trip was allegedly tracked via a GPS tracker and filmed, although the footage and data has not been publicly released, presumably in an effort to avoid possible prosecution due to the excessive speed involved.^[59]^[60]

Public transport

The current fastest journey by bus and coach was set by John and Kirsty Boyd from Runcorn, Cheshire, who travelled from Land's End to John O' Groats in August 2017 using 20 buses/coaches, in three days, 2 hours and 47 minutes.^[61]

The current fastest journey by local bus (defined as in section 3 of the Transport Act 1980 to be a stage carriage service with stops within 30 miles)^[62] was set by Clive Burgess in September 2016. He travelled from Lands End to John O'Groats using 31 buses, in 3 days, 8 hours and 55 minutes.^[63]

In June 2014, to celebrate completing his GCSE exams, 16-year-old Adam Mugliston travelled from Land's End to John o' Groats on 36 buses in four days, 10 hours and 44 minutes.^[64]

In August 2011, James Aukett travelled from Land's End to John o' Groats on 31 buses in five days, 7 hours and 25 minutes. James undertook the trip to raise money for children's charity, The Children's Society.^[65]

In 2008, Richard Elloway of Somerset claims to be the first person to complete the journey from Land's End to John o' Groats and back free of charge by local buses, using the English National Concessionary Pass (a free bus pass for people over 60, allowing free off-peak travel on local bus services throughout England) introduced on 1 April 2008, and the pre-existing equivalent concession for pensioners in Scotland. He completed the first leg of the trip in one week and six hours.^[66] The entire journey was completed in two weeks, 8 hours and 30 minutes.^[67]

In 1954, Gertrude Leather travelled by 17 local buses from Land's End to London, at a cost of £1 19s 6d (£1.97½), and the following year travelled from London to John o' Groats by 25 local buses at a cost of £4 5s 9½d (£4.29).^[68]

The current fastest route on land public transport takes a timetabled 22 hours 45 minutes, departing Land's End car park at 14:35 on day 1 and arriving at John o' Groats ferry terminal car park at 13:20 on day 2. This involves a bus to Penzance, trains to Crewe to meet the London–Inverness sleeper train, then the following morning buses via Wick to John o' Groats. {{As of|2011|01}}, an ordinary one-way railway fare for the rail section of the journey cost £216.^[69]

Hitchhiking

M. Clark and G. Beynon are the last hitchhikers recorded in the Guinness Book of Records for the Land's End to John o' Groats trip (17 hours 8 minutes).

Paramotor (motorised paraglider)

The first recorded journey by paramotor was by Andy Phillips, supported by a team of British Royal Marines in September 2000. The trip took a little over six days and was completed from south to north.^[70]

The first recorded trip from north to south was by John Caston, Brian Pushman, Alex Heron and Henry Glasse in September 2009 and took five days.

In July 2016 a group of four pilots completed the trip from north to south in 6.5 days. This included double amputee Cayle Royce, who became the first person to fly the route in a ParaTrike.

Golf

In 2005 Surrey-based golfer and member of the Kent Golf Society David Sullivan walked from John o' Groats to Land's End hitting golf balls all the way. He travelled the {{convert|1100|mi|km}} in seven weeks to be eligible for the Guinness Book of Records as the longest golf hole. He raised money for the Variety Club, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Appeal, and the Orpheus Centre, a residential arts and learning facility for the young and disabled in Surrey.

Aeroplane

The fastest passage between the two points was made in 1988 by a McDonnell Douglas F-4K Phantom in a time of 46 minutes 44 seconds ^[71]

In a straight line

On 17 May 2014 a team of four set off to complete Beeline Britain – a journey from Land's End to John o' Groats in a straight line. This never before attempted route was completed in 28 days and required the two biggest sea kayak crossings ever completed in UK waters.

The team then kayaked, biked and hiked the remainder of the route which went via:

Isle of Man – Dalmellington – Glasgow – Creiff – traversing Ben Macdui the second highest mountain in the UK – Lossiemouth – across the Moray Firth – Lybster – John o' Groats.

The project was devised and managed by Ian O'Grady. He recruited the Team GB Paralympian Nick Beighton, Adam Harmer, a professional kayak coach and University Lecturer, Tori James who was the first Welsh woman to stand on the summit of Mount Everest. Beeline Britain's aim was to raise funds and awareness for Blesma, the limbless veterans charity. The project gained full royal endorsement from the Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry, and has to date raised over £20,000 for Blesma.

The whole journey was captured by filmmaker Ian Burton for the feature documentary As The Crow Flies ^[72]

Youngest and oldest

The Land's End–John o' Groats Association presents the Jack Adams/Richard Elloway Trophy annually to the youngest person to have completed the journey other than as a passenger in a motor vehicle. Henry Cole completed the journey in June 2006, at the age of four; he cycled over 31 days. He started school in the following September, and was presented with the Jack Adams/Richard Elloway Trophy in January 2007. Sophie George is currently the youngest recipient of the Jack Adams/Richard Elloway Trophy. She completed the journey by bus and train in August 2016 at the age of two years and 10 months and was awarded the trophy in January 2017.^[73]

Reg Savill is the oldest person to complete the journey on foot (although in the reverse direction from John o' Groats to Land's End), at the age of 74.^[74]

Organisations

Scottish equivalent

Until Union with England in 1707, Scotland's equivalent of the phrase was often "John o' Groats to Maidenkirk", as Maidenkirk (Kirkmaiden) was traditionally considered Scotland's southernmost point, a {{convert|388|mi|km|adj=on}} trip. This can be found in Robert Burns' poem On Captain Grose's Peregrinations thro' Scotland^[78] and the song, The Lady of Kenmure:

The southernmost village in Scotland is actually nearby Drummore, which has grown to a latitude several metres south of Kirkmaiden.

English equivalent

The length of the English mainland is delineated by the distance between Land's End and Marshall Meadows Bay in Northumberland. The distance is {{convert|556|mi|km}} by road or {{convert|426|mi|km}} as the crow flies. The traversal of the length of England is sometimes used to define charity events such as walks and cycle-rides.

See also

References

1. ^Streetmap http://www.streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?x=134150&y=25450&z=0&sv=SW341254&st=5&mapp=map.srf&searchp=ids.srf
2. ^Streetmap http://www.streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?x=136650&y=21550&z=0&sv=SW366215&st=5&mapp=map.srf&searchp=ids.srf
3. ^Streetmap http://www.streetmap.co.uk/map.srf?x=340568&y=973320&z=120&sv=340568,973320&st=4&ar=y&mapp=map.srf&searchp=ids.srf&dn=639&ax=340568&ay=973320&lm=0
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14415 |title=Naylor, J. and R. (1916) ''From John o' Groats to Land's End'' on Project Gutenberg |publisher=Gutenberg.org |date=22 December 2004 |accessdate=29 April 2010}}
5. ^Hillaby, J. (1966) Journey Through Britain Republished by Constable in 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-09-474990-0}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Drake|first1=John|title=End to end in bits : a story of a walk from Lands End to John O'Groats|date=2011|publisher=Alewords|location=Leeds|isbn=0951904760|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/163212607/Final-Version-of-End-to-End}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hockeylejog.co.uk/Links.htm#Otherwebsites |title=Annotated list of walkers routes, with links to websites |publisher=Hockeylejog.co.uk |date= |accessdate=29 April 2010}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rideacrossbritain.com|title=Land's End to John O'Groats – Deloitte Ride Across Britain|work=Deloitte Ride Across Britain}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cyclingtimetrials.org.uk/articles/view/349|title=Inside the 2018 End to End record attempt, words by Paul Jones|last=|first=|date=|work=Cyclingtimetrials.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=26 June 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=Records Place to Place|url=http://www.rra.org.uk/|website=Road Records Association|accessdate=26 March 2019}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Records Place to Place|url=http://www.rra.org.uk/|website=Road Records Association|accessdate=26 March 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Records Place to Place|url=http://www.rra.org.uk/|website=Road Records Association|accessdate=30 June 2015}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.windcheetah.co.uk/record.htm|title=Windcheetah recumbent tricycle scrapbook|work=windcheetah.co.uk}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.projectkansas.org |title=Fastest return journey from John o' Groats to Land's End by bicycle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912132237/https://www.projectkansas.org/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |dead-url=no |website=Project Kansas}} {{As of|2017|10|17}} the success of the attempt had not been confirmed by Guinness. {{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/search/applicationrecordsearch?term=return+journey+Land%27s+end+to+John+o%27+Groats+bicycle&contentType=record |title=search for return journey Land's End to John o' Groats bicycle |website=www.guinnessworldrecords.com |access-date=17 October 2017}} {{registration required}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/cornwall/hi/people_and_places/newsid_8551000/8551112.stm |title=Sport Relief celebrities reach Land's End |publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 March 2010 | date=5 March 2010}}
16. ^Lincolnshire Chronicle 25 September 1883 p4.
17. ^https://forum.cyclinguk.org/viewtopic.php?t=50504
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/fastest-journey-from-land-s-end-to-john-o--groats-by-unicycle-(male)|title=Guinness World Records entry for Fastest journey o' Groats by unicycle (male)}}
19. ^Event blog with details of the trip and certificates from LEJOG Association, Redwelly.co.uk
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