| 词条 | Lantana camara | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Lantana camara[1] |image = LantanaFlowerLeaves.jpg |image_caption = Flowers and leaves |genus = Lantana |species = camara |authority = L. |synonyms = Lantana aculeata L.[2] Camara vulgaris[3] |range_map = Global distribution of Lantana camara.svg |range_map_caption = Global distribution of Lantana camara }} Lantana camara is a species of flowering plant within the verbena family (Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics.[4][5] Other common names of L. camara include big-sage (Malaysia), wild-sage, red-sage, white-sage (Caribbean), tickberry (South Africa),[6] West Indian lantana,[7] and umbelanterna. As an ornamental, L. camara is often cultivated indoors, or in a conservatory, but can also thrive in a garden with sufficient shelter.[8] It has spread from its native Central and South America to around 50 countries,[9] where it has become an invasive species.[10][10] It first spread out of the Americas when it was brought to Europe by Dutch explorers and cultivated widely, soon spreading further into Asia and Oceania, where it has established itself as a notorious weed.[10] L. camara will often out-compete other more desirable species, leading to a reduction in biodiversity.[11] It can also cause problems if it invades agricultural areas as a result of its toxicity to livestock, as well as its ability to form dense thickets which, if left unchecked, can greatly reduce the productivity of farmland.[12]DescriptionLantana camara is a small perennial shrub which can grow to around 2 m tall and form dense thickets in a variety of environments.[13] Due to extensive selective breeding throughout the 17th and 18th Centuries for use as an ornamental plant, there are now many different L. camara cultivars.[3]L. camara has small tubular shaped flowers, which each have four petals and are arranged in clusters in terminal areas stems. Flowers come in many different colours, including red, yellow, white, pink and orange, which differ depending on location in inflorescences, age, and maturity.[14] The flower has a tutti frutti smell with a peppery undertone. After pollination occurs the colour of the flowers changes (typically from yellow to orangish, pinkish, or reddish); this is believed to be a signal to pollinators that the pre-change colour contains a reward as well as being sexually viable, thus increasing pollination efficiency.[15]The leaves are broadly ovate, opposite, and simple and have a strong odour when crushed.[16] The fruit of L. camara is a berry-like drupe which turns from green to dark purple when mature. Green unripe fruits are inedible to humans and animals alike. Because of dense patches of hard spikes on their rind, ingestion of them can result in serious damage to the digestive tract. Both vegetative (asexual) and seed reproduction occur. Up to 12,000 fruits can be produced by each plant[17] which are then eaten by birds and other animals which can spread the seeds over large distances, facilitating the spread of L. camara. DistributionThe native range of Lantana camara is Central and South America; however, it has become naturalised in around 60 tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide.[18][19] It is found frequently in east and southern Africa, where it occurs at altitudes below 2000 m, and often invades previously disturbed areas such as logged forests and areas cleared for agriculture.[20] L. camara has also colonized areas of Africa, Southern Europe, such as Spain and Portugal, and also the Middle East, India, tropical Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and the USA, as well as many Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands.[21][22] It has become a significant weed in Sri Lanka after escaping from the Royal Botanic gardens in 1926.[23][24]It was introduced into the Philippines from Hawaii as part of an exchange program between the United States and the Philippines; however, it managed to escape and has become naturalised in the islands.[25] The range of L. camara is still increasing, shown by the fact that it has invaded many islands on which it was not present in 1974, including the Galapagos Islands, Saipan and the Solomon Islands.[22] There is also evidence that L. camara is still increasing its range in areas where it has been established for many years, such as East Africa, Australia and New Zealand.[9] The ability of L. camara to rapidly colonise areas of land which have been disturbed has allowed it to proliferate in countries where activities such as logging, clearance for agriculture and forest fires are common. In contrast, in countries with large areas of intact primary forest, the distribution of L. camara has been limited.[9][26] EcologyHabitatLantana camara is found in a variety of environments, including:
Invasive speciesL. camara is considered to be a weed in large areas of the Paleotropics where it has established itself. In agricultural areas or secondary forests it can become the dominant understorey shrub, crowding out other native species and reducing biodiversity.[6] The formation of dense thickets of L. camara can significantly slow down the regeneration of forests by preventing the growth of new trees.[3]Although L. camara is itself quite resistant to fire, it can change fire patterns in a forest ecosystem by altering the fuel load, causing a buildup of forest fuel, which itself increases the risk of fires spreading to the canopy.[28] This can be particularly destructive in dry, arid areas where fire can spread quickly and lead to the loss of large areas of natural ecosystem. L. camara reduces the productivity in pasture through the formation of dense thickets, which reduce growth of crops as well as make harvesting more difficult. There are also secondary impacts, including the finding that in Africa, mosquitos which transmit malaria and tsetse flies shelter within the bushes of L. camara.[29]Even though L. camara is considered invasive to the Western Ghats, the plant does not seem to impact biodiversity in the region; rather it tends to simply occupy the same moist regions as other species.[30] There are many reasons why L. camara has been so successful as an invasive species; however, the primary factors which have allowed it to establish itself are:
ToxicityLantana camara is known to be toxic to livestock such as cattle, sheep, horses, dogs and goats.[32][33] The active substances causing toxicity in grazing animals are pentacyclic triterpenoids, which result in liver damage and photosensitivy.[34] L. camara also excretes chemicals which reduce the growth of surrounding plants by inhibiting germination and root elongation.[35]The toxicity of L. camara to humans is undetermined, with several studies suggesting that ingesting berries can be toxic to humans, such as a study by O P Sharma which states "Green unripe fruits of the plant are toxic to humans".[36] However, other studies have found evidence which suggests that L. camara fruit poses no risk to humans when eaten, and is in fact edible when ripe.[37][38] Management and controlEffective management of invasive L. camara in the long term will require a reduction in activities that create degraded habitats. Maintaining functioning (healthy) ecosystems is key to preventing invasive species from establishing themselves and out-competing native fauna and flora. BiologicalInsects and other biocontrol agents have been implemented with varying degrees of success in an attempt to control L. camara. It was the first weed ever subjected to biological control; however, none of the programs have been successful despite 36 control agents being used across 33 regions.[39] The lack of success using biological control in this case is most likely due to the many hybrid forms of L. camara, as well as its large genetic diversity which makes it difficult for the control agents to target all plants effectively. A recent study in India has shown some results around biological control of this plant using tipid bugs.[40] MechanicalMechanical control of L. camara involves physically removing the plants. Physical removal can be effective but is labour-intensive and expensive,[6] therefore removal is usually only appropriate in small areas or at the early stages of an infestation. Another method of mechanical control is to use fire treatment, followed by revegetation with native species. ChemicalUsing herbicides to manage L. camara is very effective but also expensive, prohibiting its use in many poorer countries where L. camara is well established. The most effective way of chemically treating plant species is to first mow the area, then spray the area with a weed-killer, although this may have serious environmental consequences. UsesLantana camara stalks have been used in the construction of furniture, such as chairs and tables;[41] however, the main uses have historically been medicinal and ornamental. Medicinal valueStudies conducted in India have found that Lantana leaves can display antimicrobial, fungicidal and insecticidal properties.[3][42] L. camara has also been used in traditional herbal medicines for treating a variety of ailments, including cancer, skin itches, leprosy, rabies, chicken pox, measles, asthma and ulcers.[3] There are also some scientific studies which have shown beneficial effects of L .camara, such as one by R. Satish which found that an extract from the plant reduced ulcer development in rats.[43] Extracts from the plant have also been used in Brazil to treat respiratory infections.[44] OrnamentalLantana camara has been grown specifically for use as an ornamental plant since Dutch explorers first brought it to Europe from the New World.[3] Its ability to last for a relatively long time without water, and the fact that it does not have many pests or diseases which affect it, have contributed to it becoming a common ornamental plant. L. camara also attracts butterflies and birds and is frequently used in butterfly gardens.[4]As a host-plantMany butterfly species feed on the nectar of L. camara. Papilio homerus, the largest butterfly in the western hemisphere, is known to feed on the nectar of the flowers as an opportunistic flower feeder.[45] EtymologyThe name Lantana derives from the Latin name of the wayfaring tree Viburnum lantana, the flowers of which closely resemble Lantana.[46][47] Camara is derived from Greek, meaning ‘arched’, ‘chambered’, or ‘vaulted’.[47]GalleryReferences1. ^{{cite journal | author=Munir A | title=A taxonomic review of Lantana camara L. and L. montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) in Australia | journal=Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens | volume=17 | year=1996 | pages=1–27}} 2. ^ {{cite web|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=410251|title=Lantana aculeta L.|publisher=U.S National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS).|accessdate=January 6, 2019}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=56 |title=Global Invasive Species Database|publisher=issg.org.uk |accessdate=2014-03-22}} 4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/L/lant_c.cfm|title=Lantana camara|accessdate=March 24, 2014|publisher=Floridata LC|year=2007|author=Floridata LC}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.moyhill.com/html/english_vs_latin_names.html|title=English vs. Latin Names|accessdate=March 24, 2014|publisher=Moyhill Publishing|year=2007|author=Moyhill Publishing}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y60B--a5j6gC|title=Plant Invaders: The Threat to Natural Ecosystems|author=Quentin C. B. Cronk, Janice L. Fuller|publisher=Springer|location=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|isbn=978-0-412-48380-6|year=1995}} 7. ^{{cite web |title=Lantana camara |url=http://www.plantsrescue.com/tag/west-indian-lantana/ |publisher=Plants Rescue |accessdate=20 July 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/plants/plant_finder/plant_pages/458.shtml |work=BBC Plant Finder |title=Lantana}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Day |first=M. D. |date= December 24, 2003 |title=Lantana: current management status and future prospects |url=http://aciar.gov.au/publication/mn102 |publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research |isbn=978-1863203753 |accessdate=March 24, 2014}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=OM.P. |last2=Harinder |first2=Paul S |year=1988 |title=A review of the noxious plant Lantana camara |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0041010188901961 |journal=Toxicon |volume=26 |issue=11 |pages=975–987 |doi=10.1016/0041-0101(88)90196-1 |accessdate=24 March 2014}} 11. ^{{cite journal |last=Kohli |first=Ravinder. K. |year= 2006 |title=Status, invasiveness and environmental threats of three tropical American invasive weeds (Parthenium hysterophorus L., Ageratum conyzoides L., Lantana camara L.) in India |volume=8 |issue=7 |doi=10.1007/s10530-005-5842-1 |journal=Biological Invasions |pages=1501–1510}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests-weeds/weeds/profiles/lantana |title=Lantana - Weed of National Significance |last=Ensbey |first=Rob |website= |accessdate=}} 13. ^{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=O.P. |year=1981 |title=A Review of the Toxicity of Lantana camara (Linn) in Animals |journal=Clinical Toxicology |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1077–1094 |doi=10.3109/15563658108990337|pmid=7032835 }} 14. ^{{cite journal |last=MOHAN RAM |first=H.Y. |year=1984 |title=Flower Colour Changes in Lantana camara |url=http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/11/1656.abstract |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1656–1662 |doi= 10.1093/jxb/35.11.1656}} 15. ^{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Martha. R. |year=1990 |title=FLORAL COLOR CHANGES AS CUES FOR POLLINATORS |url=http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=288_46 }} 16. ^{{cite journal|author=Rosacia, W. Z.|year=2004|title=Lantana and Hagonoy: Poisonous weeds prominent in rangeland and grassland areas|journal=Research Information Series on Ecosystems|volume=16|issue=2|url=http://erdb.denr.gov.ph/publications/rise/r_v16n2.pdf|accessdate= July 27, 2011|display-authors=etal}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/parks/lantana.html |title=Lantana camara |year=2008}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.fleppc.org/ID_book/lantana%20camara.pdf|title=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council: Lantana camanara|publisher=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council|year=2005|author=Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council}} 19. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Sanders | first1 = R.W. | year = 2012 | title = Taxonomy of Lantana sect Lantana (Verbenaceae) | url = | journal = Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas | volume = 6 | issue = 2| pages = 403–442 }} 20. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Gentle |first=C. B. |year=1974 |title=Lantana camara L. invasions in dry rainforest - open forest ecotones: The role of disturbances associated with fire and cattle grazing |journal=Australian Journal of Ecology |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=298–306 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00675.x}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tropical-biology.org/research/dip/species/Lantana%20camara.htm |title=Lantana camara |date=October 2006}} 22. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Thaman |first=R. R. |year=2006 |title=Lantana camara: its introduction, dispersal and impact on islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean |journal=Micronesia Journal of the University of Guam |volume=10 |pages=17–39}} 23. ^{{cite journal|title=Forest Invasive Species: Country Report|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/ae944e/ae944e02.pdf}} 24. ^S. Ranwala, B. Marambe, S. Wijesundara, P. Silva, D. Weerakoon, N. Atapattu, J. Gunawardena, L. Manawadu, G. Gamage, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257964465_Post-entry_risk_assessment_of_invasive_alien_flora_of_Sri_Lanka_-_present_status_gap_analysis_and_the_most_troublesome_alien_invaders Post-entry risk assessment of invasive alien flora in Sri Lanka-present status, GAP analysis, and the most troublesome alien invaders], Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, Special Issue, October, 2012: 863-871. 25. ^{{cite journal|title=Forest Invasive Species: Country Report|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/ae944e/ae944e02.pdf|accessdate=March 23, 2014}} 26. ^{{cite journal|title=Experimental evidence on the importance of disturbance intensity for invasion of Lantana camara L. in dry rainforest–open forest ecotones in north-eastern NSW, Australia|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112798002527|accessdate=March 22, 2014|doi=10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00252-7|volume=109|issue=1–3|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|pages=279–292|year=1998|last1=Duggin|first1=J.A|last2=Gentle|first2=C.B}} 27. ^{{cite journal|title=The invasion of Lantana camara L. in Forty Mile Scrub National Park, north Queensland|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1994.tb00493.x|volume=19|issue=3|journal=Austral Ecology|pages=297–305|year=1994|last1=Fensham|first1=R. J|last2=Fairfax|first2=R. J|last3=Cannell|first3=R. J}} 28. ^{{cite journal|title=The invasive weed Lantana camara increases fire risk in dry rainforest by altering fuel beds|doi=10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00869.x |volume=51|issue=5|journal=Weed Research|pages=525–533|year=2011|last1=Berry|first1=Z C|last2=Wevill|first2=K|last3=Curran|first3=T J}} 29. ^{{Cite journal | author=Okoth J. O. | title=A study of the resting sites of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Newstead) in relation to Lantana camara thickets and coffee and banana plantations in the sleeping sickness epidemic focus, Busoga, Uganda | journal=Uganda Trypanosomiasis Research Organization | volume=8 | year=1987 | pages=57–60 | doi=10.1017/S1742758400006962}} 30. ^{{Cite web|url = http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/1977/1/BRT_sanctuary.pdf|title = Effect of weeds Lantana camara and Chromelina odorata growth on the species diversity, regeneration and stem density of tree and shrub layer in BRT sanctuary|date = |accessdate = |website = |last = |first = }} 31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/weeds/publications/guidelines/wons/pubs/l-camara.pdf |title=Weed Management Guide - Lantana |accessdate=March 24, 2014}} 32. ^{{cite book |last=Ross |first=Ivan. A. |year=1999 |title=Medicinal plants of the world |url=https://onprinciplealone.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Medicinal-Plants-of-the-World-vol.3.pdf |publisher=Humana Press |pages=187 |accessdate= }} 33. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzTaTRqJTjgC |first=D. |last=Burns |title=Storey's Horse-Lover's Encyclopedia: an English & Western A-to-Z Guide |publisher=Storey Publishing |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-58017-317-9 |page=302}} 34. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpqzhHc072AC |title=Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals |first=D. G. |last=Barceloux |publisher=Wiley |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-471-72761-3 |pages=867–8}} 35. ^{{Cite journal | author=Ahmed. R | title=Allelopathic effects of Lantana camara on germination and growth behavior of some agricultural crops in Bangladesh | journal=Journal of Forestry Research | volume=18 | issue=4 | year=2007 | pages=201–304 | doi=10.1007/s11676-007-0060-6 }} 36. ^{{Cite journal | author=Sharma O. P. | title=A review of the hepatotoxic plant Lantana camara | journal=Critical Reviews in Toxicology | volume=37 | issue=4 | year=2007 | pages=313–352 | doi=10.1080/10408440601177863 | pmid=17453937}} 37. ^Herzog et al. (1996), Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge & Libreros Ferla (2000), TAMREC (2000) 38. ^{{cite journal|authors=Carstairs, S. D.|title=Ingestion of Lantana camara is not associated with significant effects in children |journal=Pediatrics |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=e1585–8|date=December 2010 |doi=10.1542/peds.2010-1669 |pmid=21041281|display-authors=etal}} 39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/management_info.asp?si=56&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN |title=Management Information |publisher=Global Invasive Species Database |accessdate=March 24, 2014}} 40. ^{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-gets-natures-gift-to-fight-deadly-weed/articleshow/60149200.cms|title=Karnataka gets nature’s gift to fight deadly weed - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-21}} 41. ^{{cite book | last =Khanna | first =L. S. |author2=Prakash, R. | title =Theory and Practice of silvicultural Systems | publisher =International Book Distributions | year =1983 }} 42. ^{{Cite journal | author=Chavan and Nikam | title=Investigation of Lantana camara Linn (Verbenaceae) leaves for larvicidal activity |year=1982 }} 43. ^{{cite journal |author=Sathish, R.|title=Antiulcerogenic activity of Lantana camara leaves on gastric and duodenal ulcers in experimental rats |journal=J Ethnopharmacol |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=195–7 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21129476 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.049 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-8741(10)00834-2|display-authors=etal}} 44. ^{{cite journal |author=Barreto, F.|title=Antibacterial Activity of Lantana camara Linn and Lantana montevidensis Brig extracts from Cariri-Ceará, Brazil |journal=J Young Pharm |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=42–4 |date=January 2010 |pmid=21331189 |pmc=3035883 |doi=10.4103/0975-1483.62211 |url=http://www.jyoungpharm.in/article.asp?issn=0975-1483;year=2010;volume=2;issue=1;spage=42;epage=44;aulast=Barreto|display-authors=etal}} 45. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lehnert|first=Matthew S.|last2=Kramer|first2=Valerie R.|last3=Rawlins|first3=John E.|last4=Verdecia|first4=Vanessa|last5=Daniels|first5=Jaret C.|date=2017-07-10|title=Jamaica's Critically Endangered Butterfly: A Review of the Biology and Conservation Status of the Homerus Swallowtail (Papilio (Pterourus) homerus Fabricius)|url=http://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/8/3/68|journal=Insects|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=68|doi=10.3390/insects8030068|pmid=28698508|pmc=5620688}} 46. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Ghisalberti |first=E.L. |year=2000 |title=Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0367326X00002021 |journal=Fitoterapia |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=467–486 |doi=10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00202-1 |accessdate=24 March 2014}} 47. ^1 Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). pp 87,230 External links{{Commons category}}{{Wikispecies}}
15 : Lantana|Flora of Central America|Flora of the Caribbean|Flora of Colombia|Flora of Mexico|Flora of Venezuela|Garden plants of Central America|Invasive plant species in Europe|Introduced plants of North America|Introduced plants of South America|Invasive plant species in New Zealand|Invasive plant species in South Africa|Invasive plant species in Sri Lanka|Invasive plant species in the United States|Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
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