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词条 Latvian War of Independence
释义

  1. Soviet offensive

  2. Liberation of Kurzeme and the coup d'etat

  3. German–Latvian conflict

  4. Bermondt offensive

  5. Timeline

      1918    1919    1920  

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Bibliography

{{Infobox military conflict
|partof = Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19
|conflict=Latvian War of Independence
|date=5 December 1918 – 11 August 1920
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=12|day1=05|year1=1918|month2=08|day2=11|year2=1920}})
|place=Latvia
|casus= Proclamation of Republic of Latvia (18 November 1918)
|territory=Independence of Latvia
|result=Latvian victory
|combatant1={{flagicon|Latvia}} Latvian Army

merged from the:

  • Latvian Independent Brigade{{refn|Part of the Baltische Landeswehr until July 1919.|group=nb}}
  • North Latvian Brigade{{refn|Under the Estonian 3rd Division command until July 1919.|group=nb}} in July 1919
{{flag|Estonia}}
{{flagicon|Russia|White movement}} Lieven detachment{{refn|Part of the Baltische Landeswehr until July 1919, after which it left Latvia.|group=nb}}
{{flag|Poland}}
{{flag|Lithuania}}

Supported by the Allied Powers


|combatant2={{flagicon|German Empire}} VI Reserve Corps:[1]
  • {{flagicon image|Baltic German.svg}} Baltische Landeswehr
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the Iron Division Freikorps.svg}} Freikorps

merged into the

{{flagicon image|Flag of the West Russian Volunteer Army.svg}} West Russian Volunteer Army in September 1919
|combatant3={{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}
{{flag|Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic|name=Latvian SSR}}
|notes=
1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=6953|title=Generalkommando VI Reservekorps|publisher=Axis History}}
2. ^Latvijas Atbrīvošanas kaŗa vēsture {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713185842/http://www.latvietislatvija.com/Militarais_stavoklis.htm |date=2011-07-13 }} {{lv icon}}
3. ^1 {{cite book|title=Ülevaade Eesti Vabadussõjast (1918–1920) (Overview on Estonian War of Independence)|language=Estonian|author=Co. Jaan Maide|url=http://www.ksk.edu.ee/file.php?ID=1207|year=1933|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822143207/http://www.ksk.edu.ee/file.php?ID=1207|archivedate=2010-08-22|df=}}
4. ^1 {{cite book|chapter=Iseseisvuse aeg 1941–44|title= Eesti. Üld. |publisher=Eesti entsüklopeedia|volume= 11|year=2002|pages=296–311}}
5. ^Mangulis, Visvaldis. Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century. Princeton Junction: Cognition Books, 1983, xxi, 207p.
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://pygmy-wars.50megs.com/history/latvia/historylatvia1919.pdf|title=Latvia 1919|publisher=pygmy-wars.50megs.com}}
7. ^Latvijas Brīvības cīņas, page 15 {{lv icon}}
8. ^Eesti Vabadussõda Estonica.org {{et icon}}
9. ^{{cite book|title=Von den baltischen Provinzen zu den baltischen Staaten 1918-1920|page=61|author=Hans von Rimscha, Hellmuth Weiss|publisher=J. G. Herder-Institut|year=1977}}
10. ^Kaevats, Ülo: Eesti Entsüklopeedia 5, page 396. Valgus, 1990, {{ISBN|5-89900-009-0}}
11. ^{{Lv icon}}Freibergs J. (1998, 2001) Jaunāko laiku vēsture 20. gadsimts Zvaigzne ABC {{ISBN|9984-17-049-7}}
12. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf|title=The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923: The First World War and the Wars of Independence|author=LtCol Andrew Parrott|journal=Baltic Defence Review|volume=2/2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319083729/http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf|archivedate=2009-03-19}}
13. ^Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920. Jyri Kork (Ed.). Esto, Baltimore, 1988 (Reprint from Estonian War of Independence 1918–1920. Historical Committee for the War of Independence, Tallinn, 1938)
14. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf|title=The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923: The First World War and the Wars of Independence|author=LtCol Andrew Parrott|journal=Baltic Defence Review|volume=2/2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319083729/http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf|archivedate=2009-03-19}}

|commander1={{flagicon|Latvia}} Jānis Balodis
{{flagicon|Estonia}} Ernst Põdder
{{flagicon|Poland}} Edward Rydz-Śmigły
|commander2={{flagicon|German Empire}} Rüdiger von der Goltz
Alfred Fletcher
{{flagicon image|Flag of the West Russian Volunteer Army.svg}} Pavel Bermondt-Avalov
|commander3={{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} Jukums Vācietis
{{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} Dmitry Nadyozhny
{{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} Pēteris Slavens
|strength1={{flagicon|Latvia}} At height (January 1920)
69,232 personnel
271 machine guns and 321 light machine guns
54 artillery
33 mortars[2]
{{flagicon|Estonia}} At height (June 1919)
16,000 personnel[3]
204 machine guns
39 artillery
3 armoured vehicles
5 armoured trains[3]
{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}
1 cruiser,
8 destroyers,
2 torpedo boats,
1 minesweeper


{{flagicon|France}}
2 torpedo boats, 2 gunboats


{{flagicon|Poland}}
(January 1920)
25 tanks,
20 000 Infantry


|strength2={{flagicon|German Empire}} At height (June 1919)
20,000 personnel,[4] 100 artillery, 3 armored trains, 10 armored vehicles, 18 airplanes, 469 machine guns[3]
|strength3={{flagicon|Russian SFSR|1918}} 5,600–6,300 personnel,[5] 55 machine-guns, 42 artillery, 3 armoured trains[6]
|casualties1={{flagicon|Latvia}} Latvia:
3,046 dead
4,085 wounded[7]
{{flagicon|Estonia}} Estonia: 300 dead, 800 wounded[8]
|casualties2={{flagicon|German Empire}} 840 killed
3,000 wounded[9][10]
|casualties3=Unknown
}}{{Campaignbox Russian Civil War}}{{History of Latvia}}

The Latvian War of Independence ({{lang-lv|Latvijas neatkarības karš}}), sometimes called the Latvia's freedom struggles ({{lang-lv|Latvijas brīvības cīņas}}) or the Latvian War of Liberation ({{lang-lv|Latvijas atbrīvošanas karš}}, "War of Latvian Liberation"), was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia, and the signing of the Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty on 11 August 1920.[11]

The war can be divided into a few stages: Soviet offensive, German-Latvian liberation of Kurzeme and Riga, Estonian-Latvian liberation of Vidzeme, Bermontian offensive, Latvian-Polish liberation of Latgale.

The war involved Latvia (its provisional government supported by Estonia, Poland and the Western Allies—particularly the navy of United Kingdom) against the Russian SFSR and the Bolsheviks' short-lived Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic. Germany and the Baltic nobility added another level of intrigue, initially being nominally allied to the Nationalist/Allied force but attempting to jockey for German domination of Latvia. Eventually tensions flared up after a German coup against the Latvian government, leading to open war.

Following a cease-fire, a ploy was developed by the Germans, nominally dissolving into the West Russian Volunteer Army led by Gen. Pavel Bermont-Avalov. This West Russian Volunteer Army included Germans and former Russian prisoners of war nominally allied with the White Army in the Russian Civil War, but both Bermondt-Avalov and von der Goltz were more interested in eliminating the nationalists than fighting the Bolsheviks.

Certain episodes of the Latvian Independence War were also part of the Polish-Soviet War, particularly the Battle of Daugavpils.

Soviet offensive

On November 18, 1918 the People's Council of Latvia proclaimed the Independence of the Republic of Latvia and created the Latvian Provisional Government headed by Kārlis Ulmanis.

On December 1, 1918 the newly proclaimed republic was invaded by Soviet Russia.

Much of the invading army in Latvia consisted of Red Latvian Riflemen, which made the invasion easier. The Soviet offensive met little resistance. In the north Alūksne was taken on December 7, Valka on December 18, and Cēsis on December 23, in the south Daugavpils was taken on December 9 and Pļaviņas on December 17.

Riga was captured by the Red Army on January 3, 1919. By the end of January the Latvian Provisional Government and remaining German units had retreated all the way to Liepāja, but then the Red offensive stalled along the Venta river. The Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic was officially proclaimed on January 13 with the political, economic, and military backing of the Soviet Russia.

Liberation of Kurzeme and the coup d'etat

On February 18 an agreement was signed between Latvia and Estonia, starting formation of the North Latvian Brigade led by Jorģis Zemitāns on Estonian territory.

On March 3, 1919 the German and Latvian forces commenced a counterattack against the Red Latvian Riflemen. Tukums was recaptured from the Bolsheviks on March 15, and Jelgava on March 18.

On April 16 the Baltic nobility organized a coup d'etat in Liepāja and a puppet government headed by Andrievs Niedra was established. The provisional national government took refuge aboard the steamship Saratov under British protection in Liepaja harbour.[12]

On 22 May 1919 Riga was recaptured by the Freikorps and terror against any suspected Soviet sympathizers began. At the same time the Estonian Army including the North Latvian Brigade loyal to the Ulmanis government started a major offensive against the Soviets in north Latvia. By the middle of June the Soviet rule was reduced to Latgale.

German–Latvian conflict

After the capture of Riga the German forces advanced north towards the Latvian city of Cēsis. The objective of the German forces had now clearly become the establishment of German supremacy in the Baltic by eliminating the Estonian military and Latvian national units, not the defeat of the Bolsheviks. The Estonian commander General Johan Laidoner insisted the Germans withdraw to a line south of the Gauja river. He also ordered the Estonian 3rd Division to seize the Gulbene railroad station.

On June 19, 1919, the Landeswehr and the Iron Division launched an attack to capture Cēsis. Initially, the Freikorps captured the town of Straupe and continued their advance toward the town of Limbaži. The Estonians launched a counterattack and drove the Freikorps out of the town. On June 21, the Estonians received reinforcements and immediately attacked the Landeswehr under Alfred Fletcher, who was forced to withdraw from an area to the northeast of Cēsis. The Iron Division attacked from Straupe towards Stalbe in an effort to relieve pressure on the Landeswehr. On the morning of June 23, the Germans began a general retreat toward Riga.[13]

The Allies again insisted that the Germans withdraw their remaining troops from Latvia, and on June 3 intervened to impose an armistice between Estonia, Latvia, and the Landeswehr and Freikorps when the Latvians were about to march into Riga.

By its terms the legitimate government of Ulmanis was to be restored, the Baltic German Landeswehr be placed under the command of the British officer Harold Alexander and the Iron Division to leave Latvia. The government of Ulmanis returned to Riga on 8 July 1919 and the Landeswehr became a component of the Latvian National Army.

Bermondt offensive

The Iron Division, however, did not leave Latvia. Instead Major Bischoff created a German Legion from over a dozen Freikorps units and turned the units over to the West Russian Volunteer Army. In all, the Iron Division transferred over 14,000 men, 64 aircraft, 56 artillery pieces, and 156 machine guns. Six cavalry units and a field hospital also went over. The offensive by the reformed German army was subsequently defeated by the Latvian Army, which received assistance from British and French warships and Estonian armoured trains.

Timeline

{{prose|date=January 2015}}

1918

  • 11 November: The German Empire and Allies of World War I sign the armistice, which marks the end of World War I; Soviet Russia launches attack on German forces. The British Empire recognizes de facto independence of Latvia.
  • 17 November: The first legislative institution of Latvia, the People's Council (Tautas Padome) and the provisional government are established. Jānis Čakste becomes the chairman of the People’s Council, while Kārlis Ulmanis becomes prime minister.
  • 18 November: Republic of Latvia is proclaimed in Riga.
  • 28 November: The Regency Council of the United Baltic Duchy dissolved.
  • 1 December: The Red Army invades Latvia.
  • 17 December: The government of the Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, headed by Pēteris Stučka, is formed in Russia.

1919

  • 5 January: The first armed unit of Latvia—the 1st Latvian Independent Battalion, under command of Oskars Kalpaks—is formed. The provisional government retreats from Jelgava to Liepāja.
  • 31 January: Most of Latvia is under the control of the Red Army; the Latvian government and German forces control the neighborhood of Liepāja.
  • 18 February: Agreement is signed between Estonia and Latvia, starting formation of North Latvian Brigade led by Jorģis Zemitāns on Estonian territory.
  • 3 March: United German and Latvian forces commence counterattack against the forces of Soviet Latvia.
  • 6 March: Oskars Kalpaks, commander of all Latvian forces subordinated to German headquarters, is killed by German friendly fire. He is replaced by Jānis Balodis.
  • 10 March: Saldus comes under Latvian control.
  • 21 March: 1st Latvian Independent Battalion is reformed into the Latvian Independent Brigade.
  • 16 April: The puppet Latvian Government established by the Baltic nobility[14] organizes a coup d'etat in Liepāja, the provisional national government of Latvia takes refuge aboard steamship Saratow.
  • 16 May: The Estonian Army starts a major offensive against the Soviets in north Latvia.
  • 22 May: The Baltische Landeswehr captures Riga.
  • 23 May: The Latvian Independent Brigade marches into Riga.
  • 3 June: The Baltische Landeswehr reaches Cēsis.
  • 6 June: The Landeswehr's North Latvian campaign begins, commanded by Major Alfred Fletcher.
  • 23 June: The Estonian 3rd Division commanded by Gen. Ernst Põdder, including the 2nd Latvian Cēsis regiment of the North Latvian Brigade defeats the Landeswehr.
  • 3 July: Estonia, Latvia and the pro-German Provisional Government of Latvia sign the Ceasefire of Strazdumuiža.
  • 6 July: The North Latvian Brigade enters Riga.
  • 5 October: The German mission secretly leaves Riga for Jelgava, where an attack is prepared by the German-established West Russian Volunteer Army on Riga.
  • 8 October: The West Russian Volunteer Army attacks Riga, taking the Pārdaugava district.
  • 20 October: Battle of Talsi.
  • 3 November: The Latvian Army, supported by Estonian armored trains and the British Royal Navy, launches its counterattack.
  • 5 November: Battle of Liepaja.
  • 11 November: The Latvian Army, supported by Estonian armored trains and the Royal Navy, defeats the West Russian Volunteer Army in Riga.
  • 21 November: The Latvian Army releases Jelgava from the West Russian Volunteer Army.
  • 22 November: The Lithuanian Army defeats the remnants of the West Russian Volunteer Army in Lithuania near Radviliškis.

1920

  • 3 January: United forces of Latvia and Poland launch attack on Bolsheviks in Latgale and take Daugavpils.
  • 13 January: Government of the Latvian SSR resigns.
  • 1 February: Latvia signs cease-fire with Russia.
  • 17–18 April: Election of Constitutional Assembly of Latvia.
  • 1 May: First session of Constitutional Assembly.
  • 15 July: Latvia signs cease-fire with Germany.
  • 11 August: Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty is signed.

See also

  • Aftermath of World War I
  • Freikorps in the Baltic
  • West Russian Volunteer Army
  • Estonian War of Independence
  • Lithuanian Wars of Independence
  • United Baltic Duchy
  • Ober Ost
  • British campaign in the Baltic (1918–1919)

References

Bibliography

  • {{cite book | author = Gen. Fürst Awaloff | title = Im Kampf gegen den Bolschewismus. Erinnerungen von General Fürst Awaloff, Oberbefehlshaber der Deutsch-Russischen Westarmee im Baltikum. | publisher = Verlag von J.J. Augustin, Glückstadt und Hamburg | year = 1925 | authorlink = Pavel Bermondt-Avalov}}
  • {{cite book | author = Gen. Graf Rüdiger von der Goltz | title = Meine Sendung in Finland und im Baltikum. | publisher = Verlag von K.F. Koehler, Leipzig | year = 1920 | authorlink = Rüdiger von der Goltz}}
  • BischoffJosef, Die letzte Front. Geschichte der Eiserne Division im Baltikum 1919, Berlin 1935.
  • Darstellungen aus den Nachkriegskämpfen deutscher Truppen und Freikorps, Bd 2: Der Feldzug im Baltikum bis zur zweiten Einnahme von Riga. Januar bis Mai 1919, Berlin 1937; Bd 3: Die Kämpfe im Baltikum nach der zweiten Einnahme von Riga. Juni bis Dezember 1919, Berlin 1938.
  • Die baltische Landeswehr im Befreiungskampf gegen den Bolschevismus. Ein Gedenkbuch, herausgegeben vom baltischen Landeswehrein, Riga 1929.
  • Kiewisz Leon, Sprawy łotewskie w bałtyckiej polityce Niemiec 1914-1919, Poznań 1970.
  • Łossowski Piotr, Między wojną a pokojem. Niemieckie zamysły wojenne na wschodzie w obliczu traktatu wersalskiego. Marzec-kwiecień 1919, Warszawa 1976.
  • Paluszyński Tomasz, Walka o niepodległość Łotwy 1914-1920, Warszawa 1999.
  • Von den baltische Provinzen zu den baltischen Staaten. Beiträge zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Republiken Estland und Lettland, Bd I (1917–1918), Bd II (1919–1920), Marburg 1971, 1977.
  • Claus Grimm: "Vor den Toren Europas – Geschichte der Baltischen Landeswehr" Hamburg 1963
{{Latvia topics}}{{Years in Latvia}}{{Russian Conflicts}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Latvian War Of Independence}}

16 : Conflicts in 1918|Conflicts in 1919|Conflicts in 1920|Russian Civil War|Wars of independence|1918 in Latvia|1919 in Latvia|1920 in Latvia|Wars involving Estonia|Wars involving Germany|Wars involving Latvia|Wars involving Poland|Wars involving Russia|Wars involving the United Kingdom|Latvia–Russia relations|Wars involving Lithuania
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