| 词条 | Laurence Monroe Klauber |
| 释义 |
|name = Laurence Monroe Klauber |image = Laurence_M_Klauber_1955_CAS.jpg |image_size = |caption = Laurence M. Klauber, from A Century of Progress in the Natural Sciences (California Academy of Sciences, 1955) |birth_date = December 21, 1883 |birth_place = San Diego, California |death_date = {{death date and age|1968|05|08|1883|12|21}} |death_place = San Diego, California |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |ethnicity = |field = Herpetology |work_institutions = San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego Zoo |alma_mater = Stanford University |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = |author_abbrev_bot =|author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }}Laurence M. Klauber (December 21, 1883 in San Diego, California – May 8, 1968), was an American herpetologist and the foremost authority on rattlesnakes. He was the first curator of reptiles and amphibians at the San Diego Natural History Museum[1] and Consulting Curator of Reptiles for the San Diego Zoo.[2] He was also a businessman, inventor, and contributed to mathematics in his study of the distribution of prime numbers. BiographyThe youngest of Theresa Epstein and Abraham Klauber's twelve children, Klauber was born on December 21, 1883 in San Diego, California. He received his A.B. degree (Electrical Engineering) from Stanford University in 1908 and completed a Westinghouse graduate apprenticeship course in 1910. He married Grace Gould in 1911, and in that same year began his career with San Diego Gas & Electric Company. He received an honorary LL.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1941.[3] Klauber died on May 8, 1968 in San Diego.[2] Businessman and inventorBefore becoming a herpetologist, Klauber worked for many years with the San Diego Gas & Electric Company. He worked his way up in the company from his first job as electric sign salesman thru electrical engineering positions; ultimately he became president in 1947, then Chairman of the Board of Directors, a position he held from 1950 until his retirement in 1953.[3] Klauber held 9 U.S. patents (2 jointly) for inventions relating to energy transmission. HerpetologyIn 1923, Dr. Harry M. Wegeforth of the newly opened San Diego Zoo asked Klauber to identify several species of snake recently acquired.[3] Even though reptiles were not much more than a hobby to him at the time, he took the job and eventually became Consulting Curator of Reptiles. In addition, he became a member of the Zoological Society's Board of Trustees in 1945, and served as its President from 1949 to 1951.[3] As curator, he dedicated the following 35 years of his life to the study of reptiles, and rattlesnakes in particular. The end result of that considerable amount of time and amassed data was his magnum opus, the two-volume book entitled Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories and Influence on Mankind, published in 1956. It is still considered to be the most complete and authoritative resource ever written on rattlesnakes.[4] In his research and field work, Klauber is credited with identifying 53 new taxa of reptiles and amphibians (such as Arizona elegans candida, Chionactis palarostris, Pituophis catenifer pumilis, and Charina bottae umbratica) and has been recognized by his fellow herpetologists by having had 14 new taxa named after him (such as Chionactis occipitalis klauberi, Crotalus lepidus klauberi, Ensatina eschscholtzii klauberi, Hemidactylus klauberi, Hypsiglena torquata klauberi, Sauromalus klauberi, Sphaerodactylus klauberi, and Terrapene nelsoni klauberi ).[5] He donated approximately 36,000 specimens to the San Diego Natural History Museum, and his extensive personal library and field notes were donated there upon his death. Klauber's rattlesnake collection, containing over 8,600 specimens, comprises the core of the museum's Herpetology Department collection; at over 9,300 rattlesnake specimens, it is one of the largest rattlesnake collections in the world.[6] MathematicsIn the early 1930s, Klauber proposed a geometric arrangement of primes not unlike Ulam's spiral.[7] In 1932, Klauber presented a paper on a triangular, non-spiral matrix to the Mathematical Association of America demonstrating geometric regularity in the distribution of the primes.[8] The lines of primes in the Klauber triangle meet at 60° angles, while in an Ulam Spiral, they meet at 90° angles.[9][10] Klauber's interest in mathematics—and the extensive samples of rattlesnakes that he accumulated for study—led to his most significant contribution to herpetology, the application of statistical methods to aid in the classification of reptiles. Klauber pioneered the use of quantitative analysis in herpetology to determine variation in snakes and to weight the differences between species and subspecies.[11][12][13] Patents
| country = US | number = 1196118 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1196118A/en?q=klauber,laurence+M.+klauber&q=laurence Method of soldering metals] | pubdate = | gdate = 1916-08-29 | fdate = 1910-04-01 | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Klauber, Laurence M. | invent2 = | assign1 = }}
| country = US | number = 1352816 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1352816A/en?q=klauber,laurence+M.+klauber&q=laurence Repeating fuse apparatus] | pubdate = | gdate = 1920-09-14 | fdate = | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Klauber, Laurence M. | invent2 = | assign1 = }}
| country = US | number = 1359509 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1359509A/en?q=klauber,laurence+M.+klauber&q=laurence Wishbone cross-arm construction for transmission-poles] | pubdate = | gdate = 1920-11-23 | fdate = 1919-09-11 | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Klauber, Laurence M. | invent2 = | assign1 = }}
| country = US | number = 1371378 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1371378A/en?q=klauber,laurence+M.+klauber&q=laurence Oil-testing apparatus] | pubdate = | gdate = 1921-0-15 | fdate = 1919-07-25 | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Klauber, Laurence M. | invent2 = | assign1 = }}
| country = US | number = 1395046 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1395046A/en?q=klauber&q=laurence Automatic circuit-controlling apparatus] | pubdate = | gdate = 1921-10-25 | fdate = 1920-03-04 | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Klauber, Laurence M. | invent2 = | assign1 = }}
| country = US | number = 1454289 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1454289A/en?q=klauber,laurence+M.+klauber&q=laurence Lightning arrester] | pubdate = | gdate = 1923-05-08 | fdate = 1919-12-03 | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Klauber, Laurence M. | invent2 = | assign1 = }}
| country = US | number = 1503269 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1503269A/en?q=klauber,laurence+M.+klauber&q=laurence Automatic circuit-making switch for high-potential circuits] | pubdate = | gdate = 1924-07-29 | fdate = 1922-03-15 | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Klauber, Laurence M. | invent2 = | assign1 = }}
| country = US | number = 1597320 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1597320A/en?q=klauber,laurence+M.+klauber&q=laurence Circuit-making device] | pubdate = | gdate = 1926-08-24 | fdate = 1922-08-05 | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Klauber, Laurence M. | invent2 = | assign1 = }}
| country = US | number = 1213211 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1213211A/en?q=klauber,laurence+M.+klauber&q=laurence Current-distributing apparatus] | pubdate = | gdate = 1917-01-23 | fdate = 1916-03-10 | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Klauber, Laurence M. | invent2 = Ray C. Cavell | assign1 = }}
| country = US | number = 1371379 (A) | status = patent | title = [https://patents.google.com/patent/US1371379A/en?q=klauber,laurence+M.+klauber&q=laurence Remote-controlled switch for high-tension transmission-lines] | pubdate = | gdate = 1921-03-15 | fdate = | pridate = | inventor = | invent1 = Symons, William H. | invent2 = Laurence M. Klauber | assign1 = }} Society memberships[14]{{Col-begin|width=75%}}{{Col-2}}
References1. ^{{cite news|last1=Rather|first1=Terry|title=Grace Klauber Dies at 106 After Life of Civic Service|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 28, 1990}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Person Details for Laurence M Klauber, "California Death Index, 1940-1997" — Department of Public Health Services, Sacramento, CA|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VPHS-4MZ|website=FamilySearch}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Shaw|first1=Charles|title=Laurence Monroe Klauber, 1883-1968|journal=Copeia|date=June 3, 1969|volume=1969|issue=2|pages=417–419|jstor=1442107}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Katz|first1=Bob|title=Laurence M. Klauber: Mr. Rattlesnake|url=http://www.desertusa.com/desert-people/laurence-m-klauber.html|website=DesertUSA}} 5. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Klauber", p. 143). 6. ^{{cite web|title=Herpetology Collections|url=http://sdnhm.org/science/herpetology/collections/|website=San Diego Natural History Museum}} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Pegg, Jr.|first1=Ed|authorlink=Ed Pegg, Jr.|title=Prime generating polynomials|date=July 17, 2006|work=Math Games|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|url=http://www.maa.org/editorial/mathgames/mathgames_07_17_06.html|accessdate=5 July 2010}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Klauber|first1=Laurence M.|title=1932 Field Notes of Laurence M. Klauber (March 26)|url=https://archive.org/stream/1931fieldnotesla00klau#page/362/mode/1up|website=Internet Archive}} See also mention of work on triangular arrangement of primes in Klauber field notes of December 28, 1931 ("Recd today a very encouraging letter from Prof. E.T. Bell re originality of my triangle of primes."), December 31, 1931, and January 1, 1932. 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gardner|first1=Martin|title=Mathematical Games|journal=Scientific American|date=1964|volume=210|issue=3|pages=120–128|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0364-120|bibcode=1964SciAm.210c.120G}} 10. ^{{cite web|last1=O'Dell|first1=Eric|title=Ulam Spiral Explorer|url=http://meresh.com/ulam.html|website=Meresh}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Gans|first1=Carl|title=Herpetological compendium [Review of Rattlesnakes. Their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind]|journal=Science|date=1973|volume=179|issue=4078|pages=1121|doi=10.1126/science.179.4078.1121|jstor=1734987}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Klauber|first1=L. M.|title=The correlation of variability within and between rattlesnake populations|journal=Copeia|date=1943|volume=1943|issue=2|pages=115–118|doi=10.2307/1437777|jstor=1437777}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=Fact vs. fiction about rattlers|work=San Diego Union|date=October 21, 1956|page=E-2}} 14. ^1 {{cite book|editor1-last=Fletcher|editor1-first=Russell Holmes|title=Who's Who in California (Vol. 1)|date=1941|publisher=Who's Who Publications|location=Los Angeles, Calif.}} External links
8 : American herpetologists|American curators|1883 births|1968 deaths|People associated with the San Diego Natural History Museum|People from San Diego|20th-century zoologists|20th-century American scientists |
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