请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Lava lake
释义

  1. Formation

     Behaviors 

  2. Notable examples

  3. List of volcanoes having displayed past or present lava lake activity

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

{{short description|Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater}}{{distinguish|text=crater lakes, lakes of water that form in a volcanic crater or caldera}}{{For|places named Lava Lake|Lava Lake (disambiguation){{!}}Lava Lake}}

Lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression. The term is used to describe both lava lakes that are wholly or partly molten and those that are solidified (sometimes referred to as frozen lava lakes in this case).

Formation

Lava lakes can form in three ways:[1]

  • from one or more vents in a crater that erupts enough lava to partially fill the crater; or
  • when lava pours into a crater or broad depression and partially fills the crater; or
  • atop a new vent that erupts lava continuously for a period of several weeks or more and slowly builds a crater progressively higher than the surrounding ground.

Behaviors

Lava lakes occur in a variety of volcanic systems, ranging from the basaltic Erta Ale lake in Ethiopia and the basaltic andesite volcano of Villarrica, Chile, to the unique phonolitic lava lake at Mt. Erebus, Antarctica. Lava lakes have been observed to exhibit a range of behaviours. A “constantly circulating, apparently steady-state” lava lake was observed during the 1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii.[2] By contrast, a lava lake at the 1983–1984 Pu'u 'O'o eruption of Kilauea displayed cyclic behaviour with a period of 5–20 minutes; gas “pierced the surface” of the lake, and the lava rapidly drained back down the conduit before the onset of a new phase of lake activity.[3]

The behaviour observed is influenced by the combined effects of pressure within the reservoir, exsolution and decompression of gas bubbles within the conduit and, potentially, exsolution of bubbles within the magma reservoir. Superimposed upon this is the effect of bubbles rising through the liquid, and coalescence of bubbles within the conduit. The interactions of these effects can create either a steady-state recirculating lake, or a lake level that periodically rises and then falls.[4]

Notable examples

Persistent lava lakes are a rare phenomenon. Only a few volcanoes have hosted persistent or near-persistent lava lakes during recent decades:

  • Erta Ale,[5] Ethiopia
  • Ambrym, Vanuatu
  • Mount Yasur, Vanuatu
  • Mount Erebus,[6] Ross Island, Antarctica
  • Kīlauea,[7] Big Island, Hawaii
  • Mount Nyiragongo,[8] Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Masaya volcano, Nicaragua
Kīlauea had two persistent lava lakes: one in the Halemaʻumaʻu vent cavity within the summit caldera, and another within the Puʻu ʻŌʻō cone located on the east rift zone of the volcano.[9] In May 2018, both of these lava lakes disappeared as a result of increased activity in Kīlauea's east rift zone. However, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is certain that the Halemaumau lava lake will eventually return.[10]

Nyiragongo's lava lake has usually been the largest and most voluminous in recent history, reaching 700 meters wide in 1982,[11] although Masaya is believed to have hosted an even larger lava lake at the time of the Spanish conquest, being 1,000 meters wide in 1670.[12] The lava lake at Masaya came back in January 2016.[13]

In addition to the aforementioned persistent lava lakes, a certain number of occurrences of temporary lava lakes (sometimes called lava ponds or lava pools, depending on their size and nature[14]) have also been observed and are listed in the following table.

List of volcanoes having displayed past or present lava lake activity

{{Expand list|date=May 2012}}
Volcano Location
Persistent or near-persistent lava lakes during recent decades
Erta Ale[5] Ethiopia
Mount Erebus[6] Ross Island, Antarctica
Kīlauea[7] Halemaʻumaʻu Hawaii (Big Island)
Mount Yasur Tanna Island, Vanuatu
Nyiragongo[8] (the largest one in the past century) Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ambrym[15] (two lava lakes in both Benbow and Marum craters since around 1991)[16] Ambrym Island, Vanuatu
Recent intermittent lava lake activity
Masaya[13][17] Nicaragua
Villarrica[18] Chile
Karthala[19] Grande Comore, Comoros
Piton de la Fournaise [20][21] (small temporary lava pond in Dolomieu crater) Réunion Island
Ol Doinyo Lengai [22][23] (only active volcano in the world emitting carbonatite lava) Tanzania
Turrialba[24] (small lake) Costa Rica
Unconfirmed lava lake activity
Telica[25] (possibly in 1971 and 1999–2000) Nicaragua
Tungurahua[26] (possibly in 1999) Ecuador
Tofua[27] (possibly in 2004 and 2006) Tofua Island, Tonga
Nabro[28] (possibly in 2012) Eritrea
Lava lake activity suggested by satellite remote-sensing data
Mount Michael[29] Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands
Mount Belinda[30] Montagu Island, South Sandwich Islands
Mawson Peak[31] Heard Island
Past lava lake activity (historical times)
Kīlauea[7] Pu'u O'o crater (1983-2018, collapsed during the 2018 Puna eruption) Hawaii (Big Island)
Mount Matavanu[32][39] (during the 1905–1911 eruption) Savai'i Island, Samoa
Nyamuragira[33][34] (lava lake located within the summit caldera, confirmed for the first time in 1921, drained in 1938, and temporary lava pond in the Kituro cone on the SW flank, during the 1948 eruption) Democratic Republic of the Congo
Capelinhos[35][36] (in 1958, a Surtseyan eruption) Faial Island, Azores
Surtsey[37][38][39] (in 1964, during the 1963–67 eruption which led to the formation of the island) Iceland
Tolbachik,[33][40] part of the Klyuchevskaya volcanic complex (last observation of lava lake activity in 1964) Kamchatka, Russia
Etna[41] (in 1974) Sicily, Italy
Mount Vesuvius (in 79 AD) Campania, Italy
Ardoukôba[42] (in 1978) Djibouti
Mount Mihara[43] (in 1986) Izu Ōshima, Japan
Stromboli[44] (in 1986 and 1989) Aeolian Islands, Italy
La Cumbre[45] (in 1995) Fernandina Island, Galápagos
Pacaya[46] (in 2000 and 2001) Guatemala
Lava lake activity on other planetary bodies
Loki Patera[47] Io
Janus Patera[48] Io
Pele[49] Io

See also

  • {{annotated link|Types of volcanic eruptions}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/LavaLake.php |title=VHP Photo Glossary: Lava lake |publisher=Volcanoes.usgs.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
2. ^Swanson et al. (1979) Ground deformation at Pu'u 'O'o. U.S. Geological Survey Chronological narrative of the 1969-71 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea volcano US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1056
3. ^Wolfe et al. (1988). Geologic observations and chronology of eruptive events US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1463
4. ^Witham and Llewellin (2006) Stability of Lava Lakes, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research vol. 158 p.321-332
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0201-08= |title=Global Volcanism Program : Erta Ale |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1900-02= |title=Global Volcanism Program : Erebus |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
7. ^1 2 {{cite gvp|vnum=1301-02-|name=Kīlauea}}
8. ^1 {{cite gvp|vnum=0203-03=|name=Nyiragongo}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hvo/activity/kilaueastatus.php |title=HVO Kilauea Status |publisher=Volcanoes.usgs.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/file_mngr/file-187/Summit_Deformation_FAQ_July.pdf |title=Frequently asked questions about deformation at Kīlauea summit |publisher=Volcanoes.usgs.gov |date=2018-07-31 |accessdate=2018-08-02}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0203-03=&volpage=var |title=Global Volcanism Program : Nyiragongo |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c435/Gravity-papers/rymer%20et%20al%201998.pdf |title=Pit crater structure and processes governing persistent activity at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua |publisher=Eps.mcgill.ca |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
13. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/masaya.html|title=Masaya|website=www.volcanodiscovery.com|access-date=2016-11-07}}
14. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Tazieff | first1 = H. | authorlink = Haroun Tazieff| doi = 10.1016/0377-0273(94)90015-9 | title = Permanent lava lakes: Observed facts and induced mechanisms | journal = Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research | volume = 63 | pages = 3–11| year = 1994 | pmid = | pmc = | bibcode = 1994JVGR...63....3T}}
15. ^{{cite gvp|vnum=0507-04=|name=Ambrum}}
16. ^http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=257040
17. ^{{cite gvp|vnum=1404–10=|name=Masaya}}
18. ^{{cite gvp|vnum=1507–12=|name=Villarrica}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0303-01=&volpage=erupt |title=Global Volcanism Program : Karthala |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0303-02=&volpage=erupt |title=Global Volcanism Program : Fournaise, Piton de la |doi=10.1029/2007GL031248 |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15|bibcode=2007GeoRL..3421301M}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://terreetvolcans.free.fr/fr/news.php?id1=561&t=10&n=id |title=Terre et Volcans News v4 |publisher=Terreetvolcans.free.fr |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0202-12=&volpage=erupt |title=Global Volcanism Program : Lengai, Ol Doinyo |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djW31_TkXFI |title=Etnatao: Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano Tanzania |publisher=YouTube |date=2010-02-11 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rsn.ucr.ac.cr/actividad-volcanica/reportes-volcanicos/9000-inspeccion-del-interior-del-crater-activo-del-volcan-turrialba-del-29-de-junio-del-2017 |title=Inspección del interior del cráter activo del volcán Turrialba del 29 de junio del 2017 |publisher=rsn.ucr.ac.cr |date= |accessdate=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1404-04=&volpage=var |title=Global Volcanism Program : Telica |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1502-08=&volpage=erupt |title=Global Volcanism Program : Tungurahua |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0403-06=&volpage=erupt |title=Global Volcanism Program : Tofua |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.activolcans.info/eruption-volcanique-du-volcan-Nabro-201204.html |title=Eruption volcanique, activité éruptive du volcan Nabro |publisher=Activolcans.info |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1900-09= |title=Global Volcanism Program : Michael |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
30. ^First recorded eruption of Mount Belinda volcano (Montagu Island), South Sandwich Islands, Bull Volcanol (2005) 67:415–422 (PDF)
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0304-01=&volpage=var#bgvn_3111 |title=Global Volcanism Program : Heard |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0404-04=&volpage=erupt |title=Global Volcanism Program : Savai'i |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date=2013-01-03 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
33. ^1 2 Tazieff, Haroun, Cratères en feu, éd. Arthaud, 1951.
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0203-02= |title=Global Volcanism Program : Nyamuragira |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?guid=dc34c23c-5c0d-470e-a980-5e03a60d40a8 |title=GC1QN4C Capelinhos Volcano [Faial] (Earthcache) in Arquipélago dos Açores, Portugal created by almeidara |publisher=Geocaching.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
36. ^http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=382010
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1702-01=&volpage=erupt |title=Global Volcanism Program : Vestmannaeyjar |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://stories.inspiredbyiceland.com/story/658001 |title=Inspired by Iceland stories: Tell us the story of your visit to Iceland |publisher=Stories.inspiredbyiceland.com |date=2011-05-26 |accessdate=2013-08-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120715210251/http://stories.inspiredbyiceland.com/story/658001 |archivedate=2012-07-15 |df= }}
39. ^Duncan C. Blanchard, From Raindrops to Volcanoes: Adventures With Sea Surface Meteorology, Dover Publications, 1967.
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1000-24=&volpage=erupt |title=Global Volcanism Program : Tolbachik |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0101-06=&volpage=var#cslp_7410 |title=Global Volcanism Program : Etna |doi=10.1029/2005GL022527.2005 |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0201-126&volpage=var |title=Global Volcanism Program : Ardoukôba|publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date=2013-01-03 |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/VRC/kansoku/oshima_E.html |title=Izu-Oshima Volcano Observatory |accessdate=2014-02-20}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0101-04=&volpage=var |title=Global Volcanism Program : Stromboli |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1503-01=&volpage=var |title=Global Volcanism Program : Fernandina |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1402-11=&volpage=var |title=Global Volcanism Program : Pacaya |doi=10.1029/2007GC001791 |publisher=Volcano.si.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15|bibcode=2008GGG.....9.2S02K}}
47. ^{{cite journal | last=Howell |first=R. R. |author2=R. M. C. Lopes |title=The nature of the volcanic activity at Loki: Insights from Galileo NIMS and PPR data |journal=Icarus |volume=186 |issue= 2|pages=448–461 |date=2007 |url= |doi =10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.022 |bibcode=2007Icar..186..448H}}
48. ^{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Ashley Gerard|title=Volcanism on Io : a comparison with Earth|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85003-2|page=184}}
49. ^{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Ashley Gerard|title=Volcanism on Io : a comparison with Earth|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85003-2|page=184}}
{{USGS|article=VHP Photo Glossary: Lava lake|url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/LavaLake.php|author=the Volcano Hazards Program}}

External links

{{Commons category|Lava lakes}}
  • Lava lake in Nyiragongo Volcano crater. Video on France 24 TV
  • Into the mouth of a volcano, video footage of lava lake in Vanuatu's Marum volcano

1 : Volcanic landforms
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/12 8:16:32