| 词条 | Law enforcement in Japan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
There are two types of law enforcement officials in Japan, depending on the underlying provision: Police officers of Prefectural Police Departments are prescribed as {{nihongo|Judicial police officials|司法警察職員}} under Article 189 of the {{nihongo|Code of Criminal Procedure|刑事訴訟法|Keiji-soshōhō}}. In article 190 of the same law, it is stipulated for {{nihongo|Special judicial police officials|特別司法警察職員}} dealing with specialized fields with high expertise.[2] History{{See also|Edo period police|Police services of the Empire of Japan}}The Japanese government established a European-style civil police system in 1874, under the centralized control of the Police Bureau within the Home Ministry, to put down internal disturbances and maintain order during the Meiji Restoration. By the 1880s, the police had developed into a nationwide instrument of government control, providing support for local leaders and enforcing public morality. They acted as general civil administrators, implementing official policies and thereby facilitating unification and modernization. In rural areas especially, the police had great authority and were accorded the same mixture of fear and respect as the village head. Their increasing involvement in political affairs was one of the foundations of the authoritarian state in Japan in the first half of the twentieth century. The centralized police system steadily acquired responsibilities, until it controlled almost all aspects of daily life, including fire prevention and mediation of labor disputes. The system regulated public health, business, factories, and construction, and it issued permits and licenses. The Peace Preservation Law of 1925 gave police the authority to arrest people for "wrong thoughts". Special Higher Police (Tokko) were created to regulate the content of motion pictures, political meetings, and election campaigns. The Imperial Japanese Army's military police (Kempeitai) and the Imperial Japanese Navy's Tokkeitai, operating under their respective services and the justice and home ministries aided the civilian police in limiting proscribed political activity. After the Manchurian Incident of 1931, military police assumed greater authority, leading to friction with their civilian counterparts. After 1937 police directed business activities for the war effort, mobilized labor, and controlled transportation. After Japan's surrender in 1945, occupation authorities in World War II retained the prewar police structure until a new system was implemented and the Diet passed the 1947 Police Law. Contrary to Japanese proposals for a strong, centralized force to deal with postwar unrest, the police system was decentralized. About 1,600 independent municipal forces were established in cities, towns, and villages with 5,000 inhabitants or more, and a National Rural Police was organized by prefecture. Civilian control was to be ensured by placing the police under the jurisdiction of public safety commissions controlled by the National Public Safety Commission in the Office of the Prime Minister. The Home Ministry was abolished and replaced by the less powerful Ministry of Home Affairs, and the police were stripped of their responsibility for fire protection, public health, and other administrative duties. When most of the occupation forces were transferred to Korea in 1950–51 with the Korean War, the 75,000 strong National Police Reserve (predecessor of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force) was formed outside the Regular police organizations to back up the ordinary police during civil disturbances. And pressure mounted for a centralized system more compatible with Japanese political preferences. The 1947 Police Law was amended in 1951 to allow the municipal police of smaller communities to merge with the National Rural Police. Most chose this arrangement, and by 1954 only about 400 cities, towns, and villages still had their own police forces. Under the 1954 amended Police Law, a final restructuring created an even more centralized system in which local forces were organized by prefectures under a National Police Agency. The revised Police Law of 1954, still in effect in the 1990s, preserves some strong points of the postwar system, particularly measures ensuring civilian control and political neutrality, while allowing for increased centralization. The National Public Safety Commission system has been retained. State responsibility for maintaining public order has been clarified to include coordination of national and local efforts; centralization of police information, communications, and record keeping facilities; and national standards for training, uniforms, pay, rank, and promotion. Rural and municipal forces were abolished and integrated into prefectural forces, which handled basic police matters. Officials and inspectors in various ministries and agencies continue to exercise special police functions assigned to them in the 1947 Police Law. Regular police organizationsPrefectural Police Departments are established for each Prefectures and have full responsibility for regular police duties for their area of responsibility. These Prefectural Police Departments are primarily municipal police with their own police authority, but their activities are coordinated by National Police Agency and Public Safety Commission.{{Sfn|National Police Agency Police History Compilation Committee|1977|pp=442-448}} National Police Agency{{main|National Police Agency (Japan)}}As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police Agency determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons.[3] In a national emergency or large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural police forces. In 1989 the agency was composed of about 1,100 national civil servants, empowered to collect information and to formulate and execute national policies. The agency is headed by a commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with the approval of the prime minister.[3] The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning, information, finance, management, and procurement and distribution of police equipment, and five bureaus. The citizen oversight is provided by the National Public Safety Commission. As of 2016, the NPA has a strength of 7,800 officers: 2,100 police officers, 900 Imperial guards and 4,800 police staff.[4] The total strength of the prefectural police is approximately 287,900 officers: 259,500 police officers and 28,400 police staff.[4] Nationwide, there are approximately 22,000 female police officers and 12,700 female police staff.[4] Prefectural Police Departments{{main|Prefectural Police Department}}All operational police units are organized into Prefectural Police Headquarters for each Prefectures. Each Prefectural Police Departments are composed of Prefectural Public Safety Commission, police authority, and Police Headquarters, operational units.{{Sfn|National Police Agency Police History Compilation Committee|1977|pp=442-448}} Prefectural Police Department of Tokyo are specifically referred to as the {{Nihongo|Metropolitan Police Department|警視庁|Keishi-chō}}. Also, in Japanese language, Hokkaido Prefectural Police Departments are {{nihongo||道警察|Dō-keisatsu}}, those in Ōsaka and Kyōto are {{nihongo||府警察|Fu-keisatsu}} and are distinguished from other {{Nihongo|Prefectural Police Departments|県警察|Ken-keisatsu}}. There are some 289,000 police officers nationwide, about 97 percent of whom were affiliated with Prefectural Police Departments.[5] RanksPolice officers are divided into nine ranks:[6]
The NPA Commissioner General holds the highest position of the Japanese police.[8] His title is not a rank, but rather denotes his position as head of the NPA. On the other hand, the MPD Superintendent General represents not only the highest rank in the system but also assignment as head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.[8] Police officers whose rank are higher than {{Nihongo|Assistant Commissioner|警視正|Keishi-sei}} are salaried by the National budget even if they belong to local police departments. Designation and dismissal of these high-rank officers are delegated to National Public Safety Commission.[9] Public security officials except for Police OfficersThere are several thousands of Public security officials attached to various agencies. They are responsible for such matters as forest preservation, narcotics control, fishery inspection, and enforcement of regulations on maritime, labor, and mine safety. In the {{nihongo|Act on Remuneration of Officials in the Regular Service|一般職の職員の給与に関する法律}}, a salary table for {{nihongo|Public security officials|公安職|Kōan-shoku}} including Judicial police officials is stipulated. Special judicial police officialsNational Police Agency
Ministry of Justice
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and TourismCoast Guard Officer (海上保安官)The largest and most important of these ministry-supervised public safety agencies is the Japan Coast Guard, an external agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism that deals with crime in coastal waters and maintains facilities for safeguarding navigation. The agency operates a fleet of patrol and rescue craft in addition to a few aircraft used primarily for anti-smuggling patrols and rescue activities. In 1990 there were 2,846 incidents in and on the waters. In those incidents, 1,479 people drowned or were lost and 1,347 people were rescued.
Ministry of Defense
Officials working for public safety, except for Special judicial police officialsThere are other officers having limited public safety functions. The National Diet
Ministry of Justice
Public security intelligence officer (公安調査官)They handle national security matters both inside and outside the country. Its activities are not generally known to the public.
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Tables
Historical secret police organizations
See also{{Commons category|Law enforcement in Japan}}
References
1. ^{{Cite web|author=Supreme Court of Japan|year=2005||title=Who will conduct the investigation?|url=http://www.courts.go.jp/saiban/qa_keizi/qa_keizi_09/index.html|accessdate=2018-11-01}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=2283&vm=&re=&new=1 |title=日本法令外国語訳データベースシステム-刑事訴訟法 |trans-title=Code of Criminal Procedure |accessdate=2017-06-14 |author=Japanese Law Translation ||date=2011-12-01 |publisher=Ministry of Justice |page=1 }} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/Asia-South-Pacific/Japan|title=Interpol Japan Page|accessdate=2012-02-15|publisher=Interpol}} 4. ^1 2 https://www.npa.go.jp/english/kokusai/pdf/Police_of_Japan_2017_5.pdf 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.npa.go.jp/hakusyo/h22/english/White_Paper_2010_8.pdf |title=Public Safety Commission System and Police Activity Support |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65U795y3j?url=http://www.npa.go.jp/hakusyo/h22/english/White_Paper_2010_8.pdf |archivedate=2012-02-16 |publisher=Japanese National Police Agency |accessdate=2012-02-15 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 6. ^1 {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025190209/https://www.npa.go.jp/english/kokusai/pdf/POLICE_OF_JAPAN_2016_5.pdf|accessdate=2018-08-13|archivedate=2016-10-25|url=https://www.npa.go.jp/english/kokusai/pdf/POLICE_OF_JAPAN_2016_5.pdf|title=4. Human Resources|last=|first=|date=|website=(警察庁) National Police Agency|publisher=National Police Agency}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.go.jp/pco/kumamoto/kaikyu/kaikyu.html|title=Insignia of the JSDF personnel|date=|website=JSDF Kumamoto Provincial Cooperation office|publisher=Japan Self Defense Force|accessdate=15 November 2016}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706161636/http://www.iej.uem.br/police.htm|url=http://www.iej.uem.br/police.htm|title=Description of the Japanese Police Organization|accessdate=2012-02-15|archivedate=2011-07-06}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kouiki-kansai.jp/data_upload/1381287395.pdf|title=Outline of the police system|access-date=28 December 2016|publisher=Union of Kansan Gavernments}} Books
External links
Regional Bureaus
Police communications Bureaus
Kobans
1 : Law enforcement in Japan |
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