1. Diaspora history

2. Religious diversity

3. Return migration

4. Notable Lebanese Australians

5. See also

6. References

7. External links

• 230,880 (ancestry)^[1]
• 78,650 (Lebanese-born)

}}{{Short description|ethnic group}}

Lebanese Australians refers to citizens or permanent residents of Australia of Lebanese ancestry. The population is diverse, having a large Christian religious base, being mostly Maronite Catholics and Greek Orthodox, while also having a large Muslim group of both the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam, which also includes a large Non Religious minority.

Lebanon, in both its modern-day form as the Lebanese state (declared in 1920, granted independence in 1943) and its historical form as the region of the Lebanon, has been a source of migrants to Australia for over two centuries. Some 203,139 Australians claim Lebanese ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry. According to 2011 estimates, 76,459 Lebanese-born people in Australia, with 72% of all people with Lebanese ancestry living in Sydney,

In New South Wales, the Western Sydney suburbs of Bankstown, Lakemba, Auburn, Granville, Parramatta, Punchbowl, Greenacre, Merrylands, Liverpool, Arncliffe and Bexley. As in Victoria are the Northern Melbourne suburbs of Broadmeadows, Coburg, Brunswick, Fawkner and Altona.

Diaspora history

As part of a large scale emigration in the 1870s, numerous Lebanese migrated in great numbers out of Lebanon to various destinations. Most emigrated to The United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina and other Latin American nations, particularly Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. Many also went to the United States, Canada, and others to Australia, primarily to the eastern states, and most to New South Wales in particular.^[2][3]

Thus, Australia's Lebanese population is one of the older established non-English speaking minorities in the country (though many Lebanese people now speak English, to a greater or lesser extent).

In the 1890s, there were increasing numbers of Lebanese immigrants to Australia, part of the mass emigration from the area of the Lebanon that would become the modern Lebanese state, and also from the Anti-Lebanon mountains region of what would become Syria.^[5]

Under the White Australia policy of the nineteenth century (and with Lebanon being located in the Middle East, geographically known as South West Asia) Lebanese migrants were classified as Asians and came within the scope of the White Australia policy which intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia. Lebanese migrants, like others deemed non-white by Australian law, were excluded from citizenship, the right to vote and employment, and were treated as enemy aliens during World War I and World War II.^[2] In 1897 Lebanese store keepers and businesses were accused of fraud by state border Customs officers during Queensland customs prosecution cases.^[4]

Prior to 1918, Lebanese immigrants to Australia were not habitually distinguished from Turks because the area of modern Lebanon was a province of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Administration then passed to the French Mandate for several decades, which ruled it together with what would become Syria, its neighbour. Hence, for that period, the Lebanese were not distinguished from Syrians.^[5]

From 1920, people from Lebanon (and Syria) were granted access to Australian citizenship as the Nationality Act 1920 removed the racial disqualification from the naturalisation laws.^[4]

By 1947, there were 2000 Lebanese-born in Australia,^[6] almost all Christian. The Lebanese born population numbered 5000 in 1971. Following the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975-1990, This wave of migrants were often poor and for the first time, over half of them were Muslim.^[6] This influx of new migrants changed the character of the established Lebanese community in Australia significantly, especially in Sydney where 70% of the Lebanese-born population were concentrated.^[6]

Christian Maronite and Orthodox Lebanese Christians that settled in Australia over the last two centuries were able to gain some influence within Australian politics. In late 1975, unrest in Lebanon caused a group of influential Maronite Australians to approach Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and his immigration minister, Michael MacKellar regarding the resettling of Lebanese civilians with their Australian relatives. Immediate access to Australia could not be granted under normal immigration categories, thus the Lebanese people were categorised as refugees. This was not in the traditional sense as the Lebanese people were not fleeing from persecution but escaping from internal conflict between Muslim and Christian groups. This action was known as the "Lebanon Concession".^[7]

Between 1975-1990, more than 30,000 civil war refugees arrived in Australia.^[6] Most immigrants were Muslim Lebanese from deprived rural areas who learned of Australia's Lebanon Concession and decided to seek a better life. They were Sunnis from northern Lebanon and Shias from southern Lebanon as Christian and Muslim Lebanese were unwilling to leave the capital city, Beirut. Immigrants of the Lebanese Concession primarily settled in south-west Sydney; Sunnis in Lakemba and Shias in Arncliffe.^[7]

Lebanese in Sydney have followed a distinctive occupational pattern characterised by high levels of self-employment, particularly in petty commercial activities such as hawking and shopkeeping. In 1901, '80 per cent of Lebanese in NSW were concentrated in commercial occupations' – in 1947, little had changed, as 60 per cent of Lebanese were 'either employers or self-employed'. Even in the 1991 census, Lebanese men and women were 'noticeably over-represented as self-employed'. [21]

The Lebanese in Melbourne have opened restaurants and groceries and Middle Eastern shops and Lebanese bars on Sydney Road which is sometimes called "Little Lebanon".^[8]

Following the trials for a series of gang rape attacks in Sydney in 2000 by a group of Lebanese Muslims, the Lebanese Muslim Australian community came under significant scrutiny by the media in addition to a more general anti-Muslim backlash after the September 11 attacks in 2001.^[9] Community concern and divisiveness continued in the wake of the 2005 Cronulla riots in Sydney.^[10] In 2014, a series of documentaries on Lebanese Australians was presented by SBS under the title Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl.^[11]

In November 2016, Immigration Minister, Peter Dutton said that it was a mistake of a previous Liberal administration to have brought out Lebanese Muslim immigrants.^[12][13] Foreign Minister, Julie Bishop said Mr Dutton was making a specific point about those charged with terrorism offences. "He made it quite clear that he respects and appreciates the contribution that the Lebanese community make in Australia".^[14]

There are now many Lebanese-Australian business groups, businesses and events aimed primarily at engaging the large Lebanese community in Australia and strengthening ties between Australia and Lebanon.

The peak business body is the Australian Lebanese Chamber of Commerce, with associations in both Sydney and Melbourne.

A Lebanese Film Festival has been launched in Sydney for 2012. This will showcase Lebanese arts and culture through film and becomes the premier showcase of Lebanese cinema outside Lebanon.^[15]

Religious diversity

Most Lebanese people today live outside Lebanon and the prolonged emigration of Lebanese Christians due to religious persecution for the last two centuries (leading to their depletion in Lebanon itself), today, an estimated 54% of Lebanese in Lebanon are Muslim (having become the majority in the last three decades). Of the Lebanese outside Lebanon, known also as the Lebanese diaspora which numbers from 8^[16] to possibly 14 million,^[17] the vast majority are Christian (between 70%-80%).{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

In Australia, 55% of Lebanese people are Christian, while a large minority (37%) are Muslim.^[18]

All main Lebanese religious groups — Christians, including Maronites, Melkites, Greek Orthodox, Protestants, Muslims, including Shia, Sunnis and Druze are now represented.^[19]

According to the {{CensusAU|2016}}, 48.81% of Australians with Lebanese ancestry are Christians, 39.88% are Muslims, and 26.46% follow secular or no religious beliefs.^[20]

Return migration

Lebanese Australians have a moderate rate of return migration to Lebanon. In December 2001, the Department of Foreign Affairs estimated that there were 30,000 Australian citizen residents in Lebanon.^[21]

During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, the Australian Government organised mass evacuations of Australians resident in Lebanon.^[22]

Notable Lebanese Australians

See also

• List of Lebanese people in Australia
• Arab Australians
• Assyrian Australians
• Egyptian Australians
• Syrian Australians
• Jewish Australians
• Maltese Australians

References

External links

• Australian Lebanese Historical Society
• Lebanese-Australian Embassy
• United Australian Lebanese movement
• World Lebanese Cultural Union (WLCU) Geographic-Regional Council (GRC) for Australia and New Zealand
• {{cite web | url = http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/lebanese | title = Lebanese | accessdate = 4 October 2015 | author = Anne Monsour and Paul Convy - Australian Lebanese Historical Society | date = 2008 | work=Dictionary of Sydney}} (History of Lebanese in Sydney)

• Akimitsu Station
• Aki Mizusawa
• Akim Kozlov
• Akim Oda Sunderland Football Academy, Ghana
• Akimori
• Akimoto, Masahiro
• Akimov, Alexander
• Akimov, Sergei
• Akim Swedru-created 2012 (Ghana parliament constituency)
• Akim Swedru Secondary School
• Akim Ustinov
• Akim Volynsky
• Akim Zedadka
• Akin Adesokan
• Akinaga
• Akina Hiizumi
• Akin Alabi
• Akina Nakamori albums discography
• Akina Nakamori singles discography
• Akina Nakamori videography
• Akinari Kawazura
• A-kinase anchoring protein 9
• A-kinase-anchoring proteins
• A-kinase anchor protein 4
• Akin (band)