“Leonardo (robot)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

There are approximately sixty motors in the small space of the robot body that make the expressive movement of the robot possible. The Personal Robot Group developed the motor control systems (with both 8-axis and 16-axis control packages) that they’ve used for Leonardo. Leonardo does not resemble any real creature, but instead has the appearance of a fanciful being. Its face was designed to be expressive and communicative since it is a social robot. The fanciful, purposefully young look is supposed to encourage humans to interact with it in the same way they would with a child or pet.^[4]

A camera mounted in the robot’s right eye captures faces. A facial feature tracker developed by the Neven Vision corporation isolates the faces from the captures. A buffer of up to 200 views of the face is used to create a model of the person whenever they introduce themself via speech. Additionally, Leonardo can track objects and faces visually using a collection of visual feature detectors that include color, skin tone, shape, and motion.^[5]

The group plans that Leonardo will have skin that can detect temperature, proximity, and pressure. To accomplish this, they are experimenting with force-sensing resistors and quantum tunnelling composites. The sensors are layered over with silicon like is used in makeup effects to maintain the aesthetics of the robot.^[6]

Purpose

The goal of creating Leonardo was to make a social robot. Its motors, sensors, and cameras allow it to mimic human expression, interact with limited objects, and track objects. This helps humans react to the robot in a more familiar way. Through this reaction, humans can engage the robot in more naturally social ways. Leonardo’s programming blends with psychological theory so that he learns more naturally, interacts more naturally, and collaborates more naturally with humans.

Learning

Leonardo learns through spatial scaffolding. One of the ways a teacher teaches is by positioning objects near to the student that they expect the student to use. This same technique, spatial scaffolding, can be used with Leonardo, who is taught to build a sailboat from virtual blocks, using only the red and blue blocks. Whenever it tries to use a green block, the teacher pulls the “forbidden” color away and moves the red and blue blocks into the robot’s space. Leonardo learns, in this way, to build the boat using red and blue blocks only.^[7]

Leonardo can also track what a human is looking at. This allows the robot to interact with a human and objects in the environment. Naturally, humans will follow a pointing gesture and/or gaze and understand that what is being pointed at or looked at is the object the other human is concerned with and about to discuss or do something with. The Personal Robots Group has used Leonardo’s tracking ability and programmed the robot so it can act human-like, bringing its gaze to an object the human is paying attention to. Matching the human’s gaze is one way Leonardo seems to exhibit more natural behavior.^[8] Sharing attention like this is one of the ways that allows the robot to learn from a human. The robot’s expressions, being able to give feedback on its “understanding” is also vital.

Another way that Leo learns is by mimicry. The same way infants learn to understand and manipulate their world is helpful for the social robot. By mimicking human facial expressions and body movement, Leo can distinguish between self and other. This ability is important for humans in taking each other's perspectives, and it’s the same for a social robot. Being able to understand that “others” don’t have the same knowledge it has lets the robot view its environment more accurately and make better decisions based in its programming of what to do in a given situation. It also allows the robot to distinguish between a human’s intentions and their actual actions, since humans are not exact. This would allow a human without special training to teach the robot.^[7]

Leonardo can explore on its own, in addition to being trained with a human, which saves time and is a key factor in the success of a personal robot. It must be able to learn quickly using the mechanisms humans already use (like spatial scaffolding, shared attention, mimicry, and perspective taking). It also cannot require an extensive amount of time. And finally, it should be a pleasure to interact with, which is why aesthetics and expression are so important. These are all important steps in bringing the robot into a home.

Interacting

Shared attention and perspective taking are two mechanisms Leonardo has access to that help it interact naturally with humans. Leonardo also can achieve something like empathy, however, by examining the data it gets from mimicking human facial expressions, body language, and speech. In a similar way, humans can understand what other humans might be feeling based on the same data, Leonardo has been programmed according to the rules of simulation theory, allowing it to render something like empathy.^[9] In these ways, social interaction with Leonardo seems more human-like, making it more likely humans will be able to work with the robot in a team.

Collaborating

Leonardo can work together with a human to solve a common problem as much as his body allows. He’s more effective at working shoulder-to-shoulder with a human because of the theory of mind work that is blended with his programming. In a task where one human wants cookies and another crackers from two locked locations and one of them has switched the locations, Leonardo can watch the first human trying to get to where he thinks the cookies are and open a box with cookies, helping him achieve his goal. All of Leonardo’s social skills work together so it can work alongside humans. When a human asks it to do a task, it can indicate what it knows or doesn’t know and what it can and cannot do. Communicating through expression and gesture and through perceiving expression, gesture, and speech, the robot is able to work as part of a team.^[10]

Contributors

See also

Bibliography

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/multimedia/medialab/2.html |title=Furry Robots, Foldable Cars and More Innovations from MIT’s Media Lab |publisher=PBS |date=2011-05-20}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/overview/overview.html |title=Leonardo Project Home Page |publisher=MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group |accessdate=2012-02-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214033916/http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/overview/overview.html |archivedate=2012-02-14 |df= }}
3. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.01/robots.html |title=The 50 Best Robots Ever |publisher=Wired Magazine |date=January 2006 |author=Robert Capps}}
4. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/body/body.html |title=Leonardo Project Body Page |publisher=MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group |accessdate=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324220452/http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/body/body.html |archive-date=2012-03-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/vision/vision.html |title=Leonardo Project Vision Page |publisher=MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group |accessdate=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324215853/http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/vision/vision.html |archive-date=2012-03-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/skin/skin.html |title=Leonardo Project Skin Page |publisher=MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group |accessdate=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302224254/http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/skin/skin.html |archive-date=2008-03-02 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
7. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/sociallearning/sociallearning.html |title=Leonardo Project Social Learning Page |publisher=MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group |accessdate=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324205711/http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/sociallearning/sociallearning.html |archive-date=2012-03-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
8. ^{{cite journal |title=Working with Robots and Objects: Revisiting Deictic Reference for Achieving Spatial Common Ground |author=Andrew Brooks and Cynthia Breazeal |year=2006 |publisher=Human Robot Interaction |location=Salt Lake City}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/socialcog/socialcog.html |title=Leonardo Project Social Cognition Page |publisher=MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group |accessdate=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324214408/http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/socialcog/socialcog.html |archive-date=2012-03-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/teamwork/teamwork.html |title=Project Leonardo Teamwork Page |publisher=MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group |accessdate=2012-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324211811/http://robotic.media.mit.edu/projects/robots/leonardo/teamwork/teamwork.html |archive-date=2012-03-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }}

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