| 词条 | Leonard R. Brand |
| 释义 |
| name = Leonard R. Brand | residence = Loma Linda, California | image = | image_size = 250px | caption = | birth_name = Leonard Roy Brand | birth_date = 1941, USA | birth_place = Harvey, North Dakota | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | known = Combination of paleobiology research and creationism; advocacy for courtesy in dialogue and for caution in making scientific claims. | occupation = Professor of biology and paleontology | title = Chair, Department of Earth and Biological Sciences | salary = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | partner = | children = 2 | relations = | website = http://resweb.llu.edu/lbrand/index.html | footnotes = | employer = Loma Linda University | height = | weight = }}{{Seventh-day Adventism}} Leonard Brand is a Seventh-day Adventist creationist,{{sfn|Numbers|2006|p=514}} biologist, paleontologist, and author. He is the chair professor of Loma Linda University Department of Earth and Biological Sciences.{{sfn|LLU|2011}} As a Creationist, he teaches interventionism, a view of history that holds that there is intelligent intervention in history.{{sfn|Brand|1997}} {{sfn|Pfandl|2010}} His desire for respectful dialogue has been welcomed by advocates on both sides of the creation–evolution controversy. He challenges his fellow creationists to use caution when making scientific claims. His most widely debated research was regarding fossil tracks at the Grand Canyon. He has a PhD in biology from Cornell University, received in 1970 when working for LLU La Sierra campus.{{sfn|Pacific Union Recorder|1970|p=8}} Scientific researchBrand began his scientific career in the study of small mammals. In 1968, Brand and Raymond Ryckman studied the systematics of deer mice (specifically the mainland cactus mouse and two related species isolated to nearby islands, the San Lorenzo and Angel Island mice. This was also the topic of Brand's masters. They confirmed the accepted taxonomy of these species, and showed that these species are still able to interbreed.[1] Starting in 1970, Brand reported on the tree nests and vocalisations of California chipmunks. This was also his PhD topic. Along with many other scientists, his reported methodologies and observations have added to the accumulating scientific knowledge of these mammals.[2] From 1999, the fossil remains of hundreds of whales (including the "Leviathan") were discovered as part of the Pisco formation in Peru. Brand and his associates studied the taphonomy of these well-articulated skeletons, and concluded that the burial of the whales in diatom sediment had been a very rapid event.{{sfn|Brand|Esperante|Chadwick|Poma|2004|pp=165–168}} {{sfn|Esperante|Brand|Chadwick|Poma|2002|pp=337-343}} In 2000, Brand et al. have conducted field research on fossil turtles in the Bridger Formation of Wyoming.{{sfn|Brand|Buchheim|Goodwin|Ambrose|2000|pp=171–189}} {{sfn|Buchheim|Brand|Goodwin|2000|pp=191–209}} He has also been involved in taphonomy experiments using modern animal carcasses, particularly intended to aid understanding of the features of fossil turtles.{{sfn|Brand|Hussey|Taylor|2003|pp=233–245}} In the field of ichnology, Brand, along with Thu Tang, Andrew A. Snelling, and Steven Austin{{sfn|Snelling|Austin|1992}} has proposed that fossil tracks in the Grand Canyon's Coconino Sandstone point to underwater deposition, rather than desert wind deposition of dry sand.{{sfn|Brand|Tang|1991|pp=1201–1204}} {{sfn|Brand|1979|pp=25–38}}[3] {{sfn|Brand|1996|pp=1004–1010}} {{sfn|Brand|Kramer|1996|pp=225–230}} Brand and Tang studied western newts walking on sand under 4 cm of flowing water in an aquarium tank. By analogy, they concluded that at least part of the Coconino Sandstone was deposited under water.{{sfn|Elders|1998|pp=11–19}} This hypothesis has been criticized by geologists who interpret evidence supporting sub-aerial formation.[4][5][6][7] Geologist Martin Lockley describes Brand's Salamander trackway study as "seriously flawed" and notes that Brand links the underwater tracks theory to the idea that the Grand Canyon was formed entirely by a catastrophic, biblical-style flood, a view which Lockley calls geologically naive and disingenuous. He criticizes Brand's book, Faith, Reason and Earth History, for "leaving out any discussion of the objections published by geologists to his interpretation." Lockley does, however, commend Brand for admitting that creationists have made mistakes and that science-bashing can be counter-productive, for advocating respectful engagement, and for raising thought-provoking philosophical questions regarding evolution and sociobiology.[8] A number of studies have found evidence contradicting Brand and Tang's conclusions and Lockley and Hunt's 1995 book Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of the Western United States suggests an alternative explanation with the tracks being made in air by extinct mammal-like reptiles called caseids. Inconsistencies that contradict the underwater hypothesis include:{{sfn|Elders|1998|pp=11–19}}[7]
Apart from the controversy, his observations of underwater foot prints have been cited in peer-reviewed journals.[9][10][11][12] In his report on laboratory controlled simulations of dinosaur footprints in sand, Simon J. Jackson cites eight scientists, including Brand. He says, {{quotation|Experimental studies with live animals have greatly contributed to our understanding of track formation and preservation. Several authors (e.g., Padian and Olsen, 1989; Farlow, 1989; Farlow and Pianka, 2000) have focused on how the gait and behavior of the trackmaker affects the resultant track and trackway morphology. Other studies (e.g., McKee, 1947; Brand, 1979, 1996; Gatesy et al., 1999; Milan 2006) have investigated how a range of media conditions, such as the moisture (i.e., water) content, interacts with the movement of the foot to produce a spectrum of footprints.[13]}}Brand has also been involved in research not published in mainstream scientific journals. In 1970 Berney Neufeld, Brand and Art Chadwick studied the controversial Paluxy tracks and, contrary to many creationists at that time, concluded that those tracks did not provide valid evidence for the coexistence of humans and dinosaurs.[14] CreationismOn November 9, 1972, the California State Board of Education held hearings to examine creation science.[15] Leonard Brand, along with Loma Linda University colleague Ariel Roth, made presentations. Brand contended that creationist views are misunderstood in that creationists also believe in evolution of species within the major groups of plants and animals. The evidence for this was very good, he said. They "have no argument with experimental evidence."[16] In conclusion, he stated that students in California schools should be allowed to hear both theories and form their own conclusions.[16] Leonard Brand has authored two books on the creation-evolution controversy, Faith, Reason and Earth History (1997, 2nd Ed. 2009) and Beginnings (2007). Both are published in English and Spanish, and the former is also published in Portuguese.[17] Ichnologist Martin Lockley wrote a critical review of FREH, accusing Brand of unscrupulousness and ignorance. He said the book "shows us, on the one hand, a very curious mix of what appear to be a few genuine attempts, by creationists, to do good science, or at least better science than they have done in the past, and, on the other hand, what appear to be quite ridiculous and extraordinarily naive interpretations of classic geological localities such as the Grand Canyon."[18] Young Earth Creationists include Leonard Brand among their leaders. They often cite his field and lab research as evidence for the biblical flood.{{sfn|Snelling|Austin|1992}}[19] Marcus R. Ross of Liberty University includes Brand's Faith, Reason and Earth's History in a short list of "well-researched YEC writings on geology." These "excellent sources" include Steven Austin, Kurt Wise, Leonard Brand and Andrew A. Snelling.[20] In August, 2008, Brand gave the keynote address at the Seventh Creation Biology Study Groups Conference entitled “Origins Research: A Better Worldview Yields Better Research Questions.”[21][22]Brand participates in the creation–evolution controversy less confrontationally than many creationists. Young and Stearley, two Christian geologists who disagree with Brand's young earth views, state that he, along with Ariel Roth and some other recent flood geology advocates "have a much more irenic and moderate tone that provides a welcome contrast to the sarcastic, sometimes disrespectful tone and unwarrantedly dogmatic pronouncements of earlier creationists."[23] In a forward to Brand's book, Faith Reason and Earth History,[24] Kurt Wise applauds the book for breaking free from the "science-bashing spirit" prevalent in creationist literature.[25] Lockley suggests that Brand is "writing for people of faith" and that his more sympathetic approach may have a greater impact in "educat[ing] creationists to a scientific way of thinking" than the more confrontational approach of many anti-creationists.[8] Brand argues for integrity in creationist arguments, against using material that has many errors and writing "without having the scientific training to match their zeal."[26] In his PhD dissertation, Thomas McIvor reports that:[27] {{quotation|Zoologist Leonard Brand used live reptiles and amphibians in his lab to see how footprints were formed in different conditions: dry, damp, and wet sand, and when the animals were walking on sand underwater. The underwater tracks, he concludes, resembles most closely fossil tracks such as found in the Grand Canyon’s Coconino Sandstone. This contradicts the evolutionist assumption of the desert origin of the sandstone, and supports the Flood model. Brand has published these experiments both in GRI’s journal Origins (1978) as well as a standard scientific journal (1979).}}Brand distinguishes between scientific data and presuppositions: {{quotation|The difference between a creationist and an evolutionist isn't a difference in the scientific data, but a difference in philosophy – a difference in the presuppositions...[28]}}Brand teaches that his biblical views help him propose questions for research. On page 8 of his book, Beginnings, he states, {{Quotation|In my approach, I retain the scientific method of observation and experimentation, but I also allow study of Scripture to open my eyes to things that I might otherwise overlook and to suggest new hypotheses to test. This approach is not just a theory; some of us have been using it for years with success.[29]}}Seventh-day Adventist churchThe Seventh-day Adventist Church has recognized Brand as a thought leader in matters of science and origins since the early 1970s. He has served on the SDA church's science council from 1976 to 2003.[30] He oversaw the development of the church's earth sciences program at Loma Linda University. He has taught science methodology in regional church conference and has explained creationist concepts to students in public colleges. In the area of doctrinal apologetics, Brand has published a book in response to the major critics of church founder Ellen G. White. In 1978, church leaders approved Loma Linda University's Department of Biology masters program in earth history. As head of the department, Brand explained the rationale for the program, {{quotation|Our objectives for the degree are two-fold. We want to train secondary teachers to teach earth history and to foster study in the earth sciences in the context of the various ideas of origins." He said that Adventists had neglected the fields of paleontology and geology even though they related significantly to the church's understanding of origins. According to Brand, it was important for the Adventist church to have teachers on all levels who could understand the conflict in these areas.[31]}} The prophet and her criticsIn 2005, Don S. McMahon, an Australian medical specialist, and Leonard Brand co-authored the book, The prophet and her critics.[32] It was published by the Pacific Press Publishing Association.[33] The core issue treated in their book is Ellen White's writings on health.[32][34] In the first four chapters, Brand reports on the earlier research of Ron Numbers on health (1976), Jon Butler on prophetic fulfilment (1979) and Walter Rea on literary relationships (1982). He proposes that these earlier research studies should be examined for their use of logic, interpretation of data, and whether they had good research designs.[34]{{Undue weight inline|date=August 2011}} Numbers reports, {{quotation|Brand collaborated with McMahon in bringing McMahon's finding to the attention of American Adventists... the latter book (Brand and McMahon's) devotes a chapter to exposing the perceived weaknesses of Prophetess of Health, especially its failure to entertain "the hypothesis of divine inspiration" (p. 44)[32]}}He criticises both of McMahon's books:[32] {{quotation|Despite their pretense to scientific rigor, McMahon's books are riddled with pseudoscientific claims, historical errors, and misleading comparisons.}}Publications
| last = Brand | first = Leonard R. | last2 = Ryckman | first2 = Raymond E. | title = Laboratory Life Histories of Peromyscus eremicus and Peromyscus interparietalis | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 495–501 |date=August 1968 | jstor = 1378208 | doi = 10.2307/1378208 | pmid = 5670808 | ref=harv}}
| last1 = Brand | first1 = Leonard R. | last2 = Ryckman | first2 = Raymond E. | title = Biosystematics of Peromyscus eremicus, P. guardia, and P. interparietalis | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 50 | issue = 3 | pages = 501–513 |date=August 1969 | jstor = 1378777 | doi = 10.2307/1378777 | ref=harv}}
See also{{Portal|Seventh-day Adventist Church|Christianity|Biography|Biology|North Dakota}}
Notes1. ^The research on deer mice is cited in sources including Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed. p.45). Also see: {{harvnb|Brand|Ryckman|1968|pp=495–501}};{{harvnb|Brand|Ryckman|1969|pp=501–513}}; Review article {{harvnb|Veal|Caire|1979|pp=1–6}}; the American Society of Mammalogists' species list; {{harvnb|Kirkland|Layne|1989|p=366}}; {{harvnb|Brand|1966}}; etc. 2. ^For example, see references:{{harvnb|Chinnock|Cole|2006}}. For details see: {{harvnb|Brand|1970}}; {{harvnb|Brand|1974|pp=489–491}};{{harvnb|Brand|1976|pp=319–335}}; {{harvnb|Blankenship|Brand|1987|pp=126–135}}. 3. ^Comments on {{harvnb|Brand|Tang|1991|pp=1201–1204}} were published in: Science News, 141 (4):5, 1992; Geology Today, 8 (3):78–79, 1992; and Nature, 355:110, Jan 9, 1992. Brand responded to the comments: {{harvnb|Brand|1992|pp=668–670}} 4. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2451.1992.tb00366.x | title = Briefing | journal = Geology Today | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 78–81 | year = 1992 }} 5. ^{{cite journal | title = Wading newts may explain enigmatic tracks – footprints found in sandstone layers within the Grand Canyon | journal = Science News | date = January 4, 1992 | first = Richard | last = Monastersky | volume = 141 | issue = 1 | pages = 5 | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n1_v141/ai_11746935/ | accessdate =June 26, 2011 | doi=10.2307/3976245| jstor = 3976245 }} 6. ^Lockley, M. G., and Hunt, A. P. (1995) Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of the Western United States . New York, New York, Columbia University University Press, p. 338 {{ISBN|0-231-07926-5}} 7. ^1 {{cite book | last = Isaak | first = Mark | title = The Counter-Creationism Handbook | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-520-24926-4 |page=138}} 8. ^1 {{Cite book| last = Lockley| first = Martin| title = The Eternal Trail: A Tracker Looks at Evolution| publisher = Basic Books| year = 2000| location = New York, NY| url = https://books.google.com/?id=MIi4SMt4EoMC&pg=PA69&dq=brand,+The+Eternal+Trail:+A+Tracker+Looks+at+Evolution.#v=onepage&q&f=false| pages = 68–71| isbn = 978-0-7382-0362-1}} 9. ^{{Cite journal | last = Kirby, John | title = An Occurrence of Reptile Subaqueous Traces in the Moenkopi Formation (Triassic) of Capitol Reef National Park, South Central Utah, USA | journal = National Park Service Paleontological Research | date = n.d. | url = http://nature.nps.gov/Geology/paleontology/pub/grd3_3/care1.htm | accessdate =August 21, 2011}} 10. ^{{Cite journal | last = Draganits, Erich | last2 = Braddy, Simon J. | last3 = Briggs, Derek E. G. | title = A Gondwanan Coastal Arthropod Ichnofauna from the Muth Formation (Lower Devonian, Northern India): Paleoenvironment and Tracemaker Behavior | journal = PALAIOS | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 126–147 | year = 2001 | url = http://homepage.univie.ac.at/erich.draganits/pdf/Draganits%20et%20al%202001%20trackways%20Palaios.pdf | accessdate =August 21, 2011 | doi=10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0126:agcaif>2.0.co;2}} Brady (1939, 1947) and Sadler (1993) conducted neoichnological investigations with arthropods, but did not consider trackways produced subaqueously. Brand (1979, 1996) carried out extensive studies on trackways produced by modern amphibians and reptiles with different substrates, slope angles, and moisture contents, under both subaqueous and subaerial conditions. Different substrate conditions caused considerable variation in the appearance of trackways produced by one species. The trackways produced by uphill-walking salamanders on sloping dry sand in Brand’s (1979, fig. 6a, 6b) study are similar in their track depth and shape of pushback mounds to some uphill Palmichnium trackways found on foresets in the Muth Formation (Fig. 5B). Although the producers were different, these neoichnological studies provide an analogue for the mechanism of production of some of the Muth Palmichnium trackways. 11. ^{{Cite journal | last = Minter, Nicholas J. | last2 = Braddy, Simon J. | first2 =Simon J. | title = The fish and amphibian swimming traces undichna lunichnium, with examples from the lower permian of New Mexico, USA | journal = Palaeontology | volume = 49 | issue = 5 | pages = 1123–1142 | year = 2006 | url = https://bristol.academia.edu/SimonBraddy/Papers/277233/The_fish_and_amphibian_swimming_traces_Undichna_and_Lunichnium_with_examples_from_the_Lower_Permian_of_New_Mexico_USA# | accessdate =August 21, 2011 | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00588.x | first1 = Nicholas J.}} 12. ^{{Cite book | last = Stephen T. Hasiotis; Brian F. Platt; Daniel I. Hembree; and Michael J. Everhart. | last2 = Editor, William C. Miller | title = in Trace fossils: concepts, problems, prospects | place = Oxford, UK | publisher = Elsevier | year = 2007 | edition = First | chapter = 12, The trace fossil record of vertebrates | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=FLDKUSoFmHMC&pg=PA196&dq=%22William+Charles+Miller,+%22the+fossil+record+of+vertebrates%22&hl=en&ei=41hRTticDIuLsAKHv4jhBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FLDKUSoFmHMC | isbn = 978-0-444-52949-7 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}} }} 13. ^{{Cite journal |author1=Simon J. Jackson |author2=Martin A. Whyte |author3=Miki Romano | title =Laboratory-controlled simulations of dinosaur footprints in Sand: A key to understanding vertebrate track formation and preservation | journal = PALAIOS | volume = 16 |issue=4 | page = 238 | year = 2009 | doi = 10.2110/palo.2007.p07-070r | url = http://homepage.univie.ac.at/erich.draganits/pdf/Draganits%20et%20al%202001%20trackways%20Palaios.pdf | accessdate = August 21, 2011}} 14. ^{{Cite journal | last = Kuban | first = Glen J. | title = On the Heels of Dinosaurs | journal = Talk Origins | year = 2010 | url = http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/paluxy/onheel.html | accessdate =August 16, 2011}} 15. ^{{Cite book| last = Webb | first = George E.| title = Evolution Controversy in America| publisher = University Press of Kentucky| year = 1994 | location = Lexington, KY| page = 171| url = https://books.google.com/?id=DFb5HyC6qtMC&pg=PA171&dq=%22under+the+prodding+of+John+Ford%22#v=onepage&q=%22under%20the%20prodding%20of%20John%20Ford%22&f=false| isbn = 978-0-8131-1864-2 }} 16. ^1 {{Cite journal | last = Roth | first = Ariel A. | last2 = Brand | first2 = Leonard R. | title = The Truly Scientific Approach | journal = Review | volume = 150 | issue = 7 | pages = 4, 5 | date = February 15, 1973 | url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/RH/RH19730215-V150-07__B.pdf#view=fit | accessdate =2011-11-18}} 17. ^Foreign translations of Brand's books, see and {{Cite web | title = Cornell University Library, Search results for 'kw:"Faith, Reason and earth history"' limited to Libraries Worldwide | url = http://cornell.worldcat.org/search?q=kw%3A%22Faith%2C+Reason+and+earth+history%22&qt=advanced&dblist=638 | accessdate =August 22, 2011 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}}}} 18. ^{{Cite journal | last = Lockley, Martin | title = Book Review, This Brand of Faith: This Faith of Brand | journal = Ichnos | volume = 7 | issue =4 | pages = 307–318 | year = 2000 | issn = 1563-5236 | doi = 10.1080/10420940009380168 | first1 = Martin | last2 = Donovan | first2 = Stephen K.}} 19. ^In the handbook for their Grand Canyon Field Study Course, the Institute for Creation Research refers to Brand's lab study. {{Cite journal | last = McIver | first = Thomas | title = A Creationist Walk Through the Grand Canyon | journal = Creation Evolution Journal | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–13 | date = Spring 1987 | url = http://ncse.com/cej/7/1/creationist-walk-grand-canyon | accessdate =August 14, 2011 }} 20. ^{{Cite web | last = Ross, M.R. | title = 2010 Creation Geology Society Abstracts: 7. YEC Geology in the Classroom: Educational Materials, Challenges and Needs | url = http://www.cedarville.edu/event/geology/2010_proceedings.pdf | accessdate =August 21, 2011 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}}}} 21. ^{{Cite web | title = Creation Biology Society, Frontiers in Creation Research | url = http://www.creationbiology.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=201240&module_id=43213 | accessdate =August 20, 2011 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}}}} Brand contrasts two worldviews, the naturalistic and the unnaturalistic. He said that "Some scientists believe that a religious viewpoint cannot result in valid scientific research. However, abundant examples demonstrate that a religious (including biblical) worldview, when combined with high quality research procedures, can lead to productive research and suggest better research questions and hypotheses with results publishable in the best peer-reviewed scientific journals." 22. ^{{Cite journal | last = Wood | first = T. C. Ed. | title = Frontiers in Creation Research Proceedings of the Seventh BSG Conference | journal = Occasional Papers of the BSG | issue = 11 | pages = 4 | date = August 7, 2008 | url = http://documents.clubexpress.com/documents.ashx?key=sQR4r9AJ5xTTNM53d6r3wliV5ruUcpjsvGaC284tP6s%3D | accessdate =August 20, 2011}} For the journal's editorial policy see p. 2 23. ^{{Cite book| last1 = Young, Davis A.| last2 = Stearley, Ralph F.| title = The Bible, rocks, and time: geological evidence for the age of the earth| publisher = InterVarsity Press| year = 2008| location = Downers Grove, Illinois| pages = 160, 161| url = https://books.google.com/?id=TRKtFWlSrRsC&pg=PA160&dq=%22leonard+brand%22#v=onepage&q=%22leonard%20brand%22&f=false| isbn = 978-0-8308-2876-0}} 24. ^Brand, L. R. (1997). Faith, Reason, and Earth History: A Paradigm of Earth and Biological Origins by Intelligent Design. Berrien Springs, Michigan: Andrews University Press. {{ISBN|1-883925-15-0}}. 25. ^{{Cite book | last1 = Giberson, Karl | last2 = Yerxa, Donald A. | title = Species of Origins: America's Search for a Creation Story | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | series = American Intellectual Culture | edition = | year = 2002 | location = Lanham, Maryland | page = 162 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=BXt7khUslccC&pg=PA162&dq=%22leonard+brand%22#v=onepage&q=%22leonard%20brand%22&f=false | isbn = 978-0-7425-0765-4}} 26. ^{{Cite book| last = Toumey, Christopher P.| title = God's own scientists: creationists in a secular world| publisher = Rutgers University Press| year = 1994| location = New Brunswick, NJ| page = 136| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Je3R2qrW6zEC| isbn = 978-0-8135-2043-8}} 27. ^{{Cite journal | last = McIver | first = Thomas Allen | title = Creationism: Intellectual Origins, Cultural Context, and Theoretical Diversity, section: The Geoscience Research Institute | journal = PhD Dissertation, Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles | pages = 85–88 | year = 1989 | url = http://ncse.com/webfm_send/1431 | jstor = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}} }} 28. ^Brand, Leonard (1976, 1977) "The Evidence for Creation," Ministry, November 1976 pp. 18–20; January 1977, pp. 34–37 cited in {{Cite journal | last = Couperus | first = Molleurus | title = Tensions Between Religion and Science | journal = Spectrum | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 74–88 | url = http://www.spectrummagazine.org/files/archive/archive06-10/10-4couperus.pdf | jstor = | issn = | mr = | zbl = | jfm = | accessdate = August 15, 2011}} 29. ^{{Cite book | last1 = Brand, Leonard| last2 = Jarnes, David C.| title = Beginnings: are science and Scripture partners in the search for origins?| publisher = Pacific Press Publishing Association| year = 2005| page = 8| url =| isbn = 978-0-8163-2144-5}} 30. ^{{Cite web | title = Yearbooks of Seventh-day Adventists, 1976–2003 | url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/search.asp?CatID=77&CatName=Yearbooks&Search=%22Science+council%22%2C+brand | accessdate =August 16, 2011 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}} }} 31. ^{{Cite journal | title = Graduate Program in Earth History at LLU | journal = Atlantic Union Gleaner | volume = 77 | issue = 13 | pages = 7, 8 | date = July 11, 1978 | url = http://www.adventistarchives.org/docs/ALUG/ALUG19780711-V77-13__C.pdf#view=fit | accessdate = August 10}} 32. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book| last = Numbers| first = Ronald L.| title = Prophetess of health: a study of Ellen G. White| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing| year = 2008| location = Grand Rapids, Michigan| page = xxiv| url = https://books.google.com/?id=TNRP8NLNyvEC&pg=PR24&lpg=PR24&dq=%22science+defends+supernatural#v=onepage&q&f=false| isbn = 978-0-8028-0395-5}} 33. ^{{Cite book| last1 = Brand| first1 = Leonard| last2 = McMahon| first2 = Don Stewart| title = The prophet and her critics| publisher = Pacific Press Publishing Association| year = 2005| location = Nampa Idaho| pages = 127| url = https://books.google.com/?id=mppOXKzfaIoC| isbn = 978-0-8163-2057-8}} 34. ^1 {{Cite web | last = Patrick | first = Arthur | title = Acquired or Inspired? Groundbreaking Research on Ellen White and Health | date = April 17, 2005 | url = http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/white/patrick/egw-acquired.htm | accessdate =August 13, 2011 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}}}} References
|last1 = Veal |first1 = Rita |last2 = Caire |first2 = William |title = Peromyscus eremicus |journal = Mammalian Species |issue = 118 |pages = 1–6 |date = June 8, 1979 |url = http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-118-01-0001.pdf |accessdate = August 14, 2011 |ref = harv |doi = 10.2307/3503858 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120318014855/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-118-01-0001.pdf |archive-date = March 18, 2012 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all |jstor = 3503858
External links{{external links|date=April 2015}}
| last = Brand | first = Leonard R. | title = How do we know what is true? | journal = The Journal of Adventist Education | volume = 73 | issue = 2 | pages = 16–23 | date = December 2020 – January 2011 | url = http://circle.adventist.org/files/jae/en/jae201073021608.pdf | jstor = | issn = 0021-8480 | accessdate =September 3, 2011 | ref=harv}}
| title = Geology & Minerals: Coconino NF, Red Rock, Coconino Sandstone. US Forest Service, Southwestern Region: Resource Management | url = http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPyhQoY6BdkOyoCAGixyPg!/?navtype=&cid=stelprdb5194259&navid=160120000000000&pnavid=160000000000000&ss=1103&position=Not%20Yet%20Determined.Html&ttype=detail&pname=Region%203-%20Resource%20Management | accessdate =September 5, 2011 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}}}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Brand, Leonard R.}} 12 : Living people|American geologists|21st-century American biologists|American paleontologists|Cornell University alumni|Loma Linda University faculty|American Christian creationists|American Seventh-day Adventists|Seventh-day Adventist theologians|Intelligent design advocates|1941 births|People from Loma Linda, California |
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