| 词条 | Cushing, Oklahoma |
| 释义 |
|name = Cushing, Oklahoma |settlement_type = City |nickname = "Pipeline Crossroads of the World" |motto = "Personal Connections. Global Impact." |image_skyline = Cushing pipeline crossroads sign.jpg |image_caption = Pipeline Crossroads of the World monument (2006) |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Payne County Oklahoma incorporated and unincorporated areas Cushing highlighted.svg |map_caption = Location within Payne County and Oklahoma |coordinates = {{coord|35|58|57|N|96|45|51|W|region:US-OK_type:city_source:GNIS|display=inline,title}} |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name1 = Oklahoma |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = Payne |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = |established_date = |area_footnotes = |area_total_sq_mi = 7.6 |area_land_sq_mi = 7.6 |area_water_sq_mi = 0.0 |area_total_km2 = 19.8 |area_land_km2 = 19.8 |area_water_km2 = 0.0 |unit_pref = Imperial |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_ft = 935 |elevation_m = 285 |population_footnotes = |population_as_of = 2010 |population_total = 7826 |pop_est_footnotes = [1] |pop_est_as_of = 2013 |population_est = 7889 |population_density_sq_mi = auto |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = Central (CST) |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = CDT |utc_offset_DST = -5 |postal_code_type = ZIP code |postal_code = 74023 |area_code_type = Area code |area_code = 539/918 |blank_name = FIPS code |blank_info = 40-18850[2] |blank1_name = GNIS feature ID |blank1_info = 1091897[3] |website = City Website |footnotes = }}Cushing is a city in Payne County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 7,826 at the 2010 census, a decline of 6.5% from 8,371 at the 2000 census.[4] Cushing was established after the Land Run of 1891 by William "Billy Rae" Little. It was named for Marshall Cushing, private secretary to U.S. Postmaster General John Wanamaker. A 1912 oil boom led to the city's development as a refining center.[5] Today, Cushing is a major trading hub for crude oil and a price settlement point for West Texas Intermediate on the New York Mercantile Exchange.[6] HistoryThe area that became Cushing was part of the Sac and Fox Reservation. With the Land Run of 1891, a former government trader for the tribe, Billy Rae Little, built a house, established his claim, and laid out town lots. The town got a post office on November 10, 1891 and was named for Marshall Cushing, private secretary to U.S. Postmaster General John Wanamaker.[5] In 1902, the Eastern Oklahoma Railway line to Cushing was built. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway added service on its own line built in 1903.[5] Wildcatter Thomas B. Slick started an oil boom on March 17, 1912 when he brought in a gusher east of Cushing. Other wells were soon drilled nearby, and the oil field became known as the Cushing-Drumright Oil Field. The city became a center for exploration of and production from nearby oil fields and also a refining center, when Consumers Oil Company opened a refinery in 1913. Production centered on the new town of Drumright, and Cushing became a refining center. Eventually, 23 oil companies and five oil-field supply houses located in the town,[5] and more than 50 refineries once operated in the Cushing area.[7] Pipelines and storage facilities have since made it “the pipeline crossroads of the world. The oil boom did not last long. Production peaked in 1915 with 8.3 million barrels of oil, but production declined by 50% in 1916. During the 1970s and 1980s refining operations continued in Cushing until the last two refineries, Kerr-McGee and Hudson, closed. Rail service ended in 1982.[5] As the oil fields started to run dry, starting in the 1940s, production and refining became less important. The town retained a great asset in the Shell pipeline terminal, with 39 storage tanks and pipelines that could move as much as 1.5 million barrels a day. This enhanced Cushing's status as "Pipeline Crossroads of the World." The maze of pipelines and tanks that had been built led to the NYMEX choosing Cushing as the official delivery point for its light sweet crude futures contract in 1983. GeographyCushing is located in Payne County, Oklahoma at the intersection of state highways 33 and 18. Its geographic coordinates are {{coord|35|58|57|N|96|45|51|W|type:city}} (35.982628, -96.764171).[8] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|7.6|sqmi|km2}}, of which, {{convert|7.6|sqmi|km2}} is land and 0.13% is water. {{clear}}Climate{{Weather box |location = Cushing, Oklahoma |single line = Y |Jan record high F = 81 |Feb record high F = 83 |Mar record high F = 92 |Apr record high F = 101 |May record high F = 100 |Jun record high F = 108 |Jul record high F = 117 |Aug record high F = 112 |Sep record high F = 110 |Oct record high F = 99 |Nov record high F = 85 |Dec record high F = 82 |year record high F= 117 |Jan high F = 48 |Feb high F = 54 |Mar high F = 61 |Apr high F = 73 |May high F = 80 |Jun high F = 89 |Jul high F = 94 |Aug high F = 95 |Sep high F = 88 |Oct high F = 76 |Nov high F = 62 |Dec high F = 52 |year high F= |Jan low F = 25 |Feb low F = 30 |Mar low F = 36 |Apr low F = 49 |May low F = 59 |Jun low F = 67 |Jul low F = 71 |Aug low F = 70 |Sep low F = 61 |Oct low F = 51 |Nov low F = 37 |Dec low F = 29 |year low F= |Jan record low F = −11 |Feb record low F = 3 |Mar record low F = −2 |Apr record low F = 23 |May record low F = 32 |Jun record low F = 45 |Jul record low F = 55 |Aug record low F = 51 |Sep record low F = 35 |Oct record low F = 24 |Nov record low F = 10 |Dec record low F = −1 |year record low F= −11 |Jan precipitation inch = 1.3 |Feb precipitation inch = 1.6 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.1 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.5 |May precipitation inch = 5.8 |Jun precipitation inch = 5.1 |Jul precipitation inch = 4.3 |Aug precipitation inch = 2.7 |Sep precipitation inch = 3.7 |Oct precipitation inch = 3 |Nov precipitation inch = 1.6 |Dec precipitation inch = 1.3 |year precipitation inch= 35.8 |Jan snow inch = 3.6 |Feb snow inch = 2.1 |Mar snow inch = 1.3 |Apr snow inch = 0.1 |May snow inch = |Jun snow inch = |Jul snow inch = |Aug snow inch = |Sep snow inch = |Oct snow inch = |Nov snow inch = 0.3 |Dec snow inch = 1.4 |year snow inch= 8.8 |Jan humidity= 70 |Feb humidity= 68 |Mar humidity= 63 |Apr humidity= 62 |May humidity= 70 |Jun humidity= 69 |Jul humidity= 66 |Aug humidity= 64 |Sep humidity= 63 |Oct humidity= 63 |Nov humidity= 61 |Dec humidity= 66 |year humidity= 65 |unit rain days= |Jan rain days= 3.3 |Feb rain days= 3.9 |Mar rain days= 5 |Apr rain days= 6.5 |May rain days= 7.4 |Jun rain days= 7.8 |Jul rain days= 7.1 |Aug rain days= 5.2 |Sep rain days= 5.9 |Oct rain days= 5 |Nov rain days= 3.1 |Dec rain days= 3.3 |year rain days= 63.5 |source 1 = weather.com |source 2 = Weatherbase.com[9] |date=October 2010}} Demographics{{US Census population|1900= 226 |1910= 1072 |1920= 6326 |1930= 9301 |1940= 7703 |1950= 8414 |1960= 8619 |1970= 7529 |1980= 7720 |1990= 7218 |2000= 8371 |2010= 7826 |estyear=2015 |estimate=7867 |estref=[10] |footnote=[https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html U.S. Decennial Census] }} As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 8,371 people, 3,071 households, and 2,002 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,096.1 people per square mile (423.0/km²). There were 3,636 housing units at an average density of 476.1 per square mile (183.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 79.66% White, 7.02% African American, 7.97% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.90% from other races, and 4.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.70% of the population. There were 3,071 households out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was spread out with 22.9% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $26,483, and the median income for a family was $32,284. Males had a median income of $26,710 versus $17,711 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,620. About 15.1% of families and 16.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.0% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over. Oil industryOperators{{more footnotes|section|date=April 2018}}Cushing is a "vital transshipment point with many intersecting pipelines, storage facilities and easy access to refiners and suppliers." Crude oil flows "inbound to Cushing from all directions and outbound through dozens of pipelines."[11] In 2005, crude oil and refined products in the US were almost always transported by interconnected pipeline systems. In Oklahoma, eight private companies operated almost all the pipelines and frequently operated oil terminals and refineries: Enbridge; Enterprise Products; Explorer Pipeline; Jayhawk; Magellan Midstream Partners; Plains All American Pipeline; Sunoco; and Valero Energy.[12]{{not in citation given|date=April 2018}} The crude oil tanks around Cushing have approximately 85 million barrels of storage capacity.[13][14] On October 28, 2016, tanks held a total of 58.5 million barrels of oil.[15] A partial list of tank farm owners at Cushing are:[16]{{not in citation given|date=April 2018}}
A partial list of pipelines with connections at Cushing are:[17]
Transhipment point for West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oilCushing is the delivery point for West Texas Intermediate, a blend of US light sweet crude oil streams[11] traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange[27] Cushing's strategic position as a major hub in oil supply led to WTI’s development as a significant physical market price reference or benchmark for over three decades. In 2005 Cushing was described[28] as the most significant trading hub for crude oil in North America, connecting the Gulf Coast suppliers with northern consumers. In 2006, with production increases from Canadian oil sands, one pipeline reversed direction, bringing crude into the Cushing Hub, rather than delivering crude from Cushing to oil refineries. {{citation needed|date=February 2012}} By 2007 Cushing held 5% to 10% of the total US crude inventory. Signs made of a pipe and valve on the major highways near town proclaim Cushing to be the "Pipeline Crossroads of the World", and the town is surrounded by several tank farms. Oil futures designated delivery point in the USOn April 13, 2007, the now-defunct Lehman Brothers released a study which claimed that West Texas Intermediate (WTI) Crude at Cushing is no longer an accurate gauge of world oil prices.[29] By May 2007, Cushing's inventory fell by nearly 35% as the oil-storage trade heated up.[36] Oil giant BP, and energy-transport and logistics firms Enbridge Energy Partners (an affiliate of Canada's Enbridge), Plains All American Pipeline and SemGroup owned most of the oil storage tanks in Cushing in October 2007.[36] Oil storage became big business in 2008 and 2009, when the supply glut in the oil market led to situation where oil futures were higher priced than their spot price.[30] Many participants—including Wall Street giants, such as Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, and Citicorp—turned sizeable profits simply by sitting on tanks of oil.[31] Institutional investors bet on the future of oil prices through a financial instrument known as oil futures, in which investors contractually agree to buy or sell oil at a set date in the future. Investors can choose to take profits or losses prior to the oil-delivery date. Alternatively, they can leave the contract in place and take physical delivery of the oil at an "officially designated delivery point" in the United States; this delivery point is usually Cushing. On July 13, 2010, BP announced it will sell its assets in Cushing to Magellan Midstream Partners.[32] Cushing storage hub bottleneckThe bottleneck at Cushing's giant storage hub distorted benchmark US oil prices for many years. In 2007 a large stockpile of oil at the facility was caused largely because Valero Energy Corp.'s McKee refinery near Sunray, Texas, was temporarily shut down.[33] With the refinery closed, crude oil prices were artificially depressed at the Cushing pricing point. The Eagle North pipeline reactivated in 2010, added offtake capacity to Cushing by connecting Valero's oil refinery in Ardmore, Oklahoma with Cushing's cheap crude oil. This should have resulted in boosting WTI prices which were discounted against Brent crude oil because of the glut.[34] In March 2013 Valero Energy Corp.'s (VLO) McKee refinery in Sunray, Texas was closed for five weeks for planned maintenance.[35] Oil industry and seismic activityIn October 2014 two moderate-sized earthquakes (Mw 4.0 and 4.3) struck south of Cushing, below one of the largest crude oil storage facility and gas pipeline transportation hubs in the world. The system also includes operational sections of the Keystone pipeline.[36] On 6 November 2016, around 7:44 pm, a 5.0 Mw earthquake rattled north-central Oklahoma. The quake was centered one mile west of Cushing.[15] It was the sixth 5.0 magnitude or higher to strike the state since 1882. Three of those larger quakes occurred in 2016, and the strongest ever recorded in Oklahoma was a 5.8 magnitude that hit Pawnee (25 miles from Cushing) in September.[37] According to George Choy, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma has had a severe spike in earthquakes of 3.0 magnitude or higher since 2008. The number of 3.0 magnitude quakes rose from 2 in 2008 to 889 in 2015, according to USGS statistics. In 2016, there have been 572 (up to November). "The oil companies have said for a long time that these are natural earthquakes, that they would have occurred anyway," Choy said, "but when you look at the statistics, that argument does not fly."[37] Analysis of the spatial distribution of earthquakes and regional moment tensor focal mechanisms indicated reactivation of a subsurface unmapped strike-slip fault.[36] The discovery stoked fears among scientists about other unknown faults that could be triggered by oil and gas wastewater being injected deep underground.[38] Coulomb failure stress change calculations indicated that the Wilzetta Fault zone south of Cushing could produce a large, damaging earthquake comparable to the 2011 Oklahoma earthquake at Prague, Oklahoma.[36] Much of the production, using new horizontal drilling techniques, produces at very high rates, with very high water-to-oil ratios. Thus many of the disposal wells, which re-inject the brine into underground formations, handle much more water at much higher pressures than has been common in other, often older, plays. When high volume, high pressure liquids follow the planes in some susceptible dormant faults, it frequently causes them to slip resulting in quakes. After the strongest earthquake in Oklahoma's history, at Pawnee, recorded at 5.8 on the Moment magnitude scale, concerns about the relationship between disposal wells and earthquakes caused state and federal regulators to respond by shutting down more than 50 disposal sites and wells across the state, considering their proximity to fault lines.[37][38] For-profit prisonThe Cimarron Correctional Facility, owned and operated by CoreCivic, is located three miles southwest of Cushing. It has been the scene of frequent riots. During one in 2015, four white supremacist gang members were stabbed to death. Five inmates were indicted for their alleged participation in the incident. GovernmentCushing has a commissioner-manager form of government.[5] EducationThe Cushing school district has five schools that include a preschool, two elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school. The district serves approximately 1,800 students.[39]
Notable people
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2015-03-07}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=2013-09-11 |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2007-10-25}} 4. ^CensusViewer:Population of the City of Cushing, Oklahoma 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture."Cushing". By D. Earl Newsome, Accessed June 9, 2010. 6. ^{{cite web |title=Crude Oil Futures Contract Specs. Delivery.|url=http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/energy/crude-oil/light-sweet-crude_contract_specifications.html}} 7. ^Oklahoma Oil History. American Oil & Gas Historical Society 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}} 9. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=937&refer= | title = Historical Weather for Cushing, Oklahoma, United States}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|accessdate=July 2, 2016}} 11. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.cmegroup.com/trading/energy/files/en-153_wti_brochure_sr.pdf |format=PDF |title=Light Sweet Crude Oil (WTI) Futures and Options: When the World Asks, "What's the Price of Crude Oil?" WTI is the Answer |publisher=CME Group}} 12. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.muskogeephoenix.com/news/company-prepares-to-construct-pipeline-through-muskogee-mcintosh-counties/article_de391e48-7c61-5eb9-963c-022b686c4966.html |title=Company prepares to construct pipeline through Muskogee, McIntosh counties |date=28 August 2016 |work=Muskogee Phoenix |first=D.E. |last=Smoot |access-date=28 August 2016}} 13. ^Oil tanker demand booms as traders wait out cheap oil; cbc.ca; January 14, 2015. 14. ^[https://news.yahoo.com/us-running-room-store-oil-price-collapse-next-171025276--finance.html US running out of room to store oil; price collapse next?; AP; March 3, 2015.] 15. ^1 Extensive damage reported from Oklahoma earthquake near major oil hub; CBS News; November 7, 2016. 16. ^[https://tankworldblog.wordpress.com/2014/01/30/inside-the-worlds-biggest-tank-farm-cushing-oklahoma-usa/ Inside the World’s Biggest Tank Farm in Cushing; Tank World Blog; January 30, 2014.] 17. ^[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/u-crude-oil-pipeline-projects-201831934.html U.S. crude oil pipeline project; Yahoo Finance / Reuters; April 6, 2015.] 18. ^Company history; EOG Resources. 19. ^[https://www.ndoil.org/news/industry_news/first-train-with-eog-resources-bakken-crude-oil-departs-stanley-nd-for-oklahoma/ First train with EOG Resources Bakken crude oil departs Stanley, ND for Oklahoma]; EOG Resources. North Dakota Petroleum Council, December 31, 2009. 20. ^Crude Oil Offload Terminal; JFSCO Engineering. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122113/http://jfsco.com/projects/projectdetails/crude%20oil%20offload.asp |date=2015-04-02 }} 21. ^Great Salt Plains Pipeline; IPS Engineering. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310062605/http://www.ips-epc.com/great-salt-plains-pipeline-parnon-gathering-llc/ |date=2014-03-10 }} 22. ^JP Energy Partners acquires Parnon Storage and Paronon Gathering; Business Wire; August 14, 2012. 23. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=22938 |title=Oil Flows Through Keystone |author=Ken Newton |publisher=St. Joseph News-Press |location=St. Joseph, Missouri |date=June 9, 2010}} 24. ^Press Release – Keystone Pipeline Starts Deliveries to U.S. Midwest; TransCanada; June 30, 2010. 25. ^{{cite web | publisher = Enbridge | url = http://www.enbridgeus.com/Delivering-Energy/Pipeline-Systems/Liquids-Pipelines/ | title = Liquids Pipelines | accessdate= 2012-02-08}} 26. ^EIA Short-Term Look At Crude Oil Pipeline Infrastructure; Pipeline & Gas Journal; April 2013. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112750/http://pipelineandgasjournal.com/eia%E2%80%99s-short-term-look-crude-oil-pipeline-infrastructure |date=2015-04-02 }} 27. ^{{cite web|magazine=This Week in Petroleum|title=Upcoming Pipeline Capacity Additions Will Facilitate Continued Growth in Crude Oil Shipments from Midwest to Gulf Coast|author=U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)|publisher=CME Group|url=http://www.cmegroup.com/education/files/this-week-in-petroleum-2013-01-18.pdf|format=PDF}} 28. ^{{cite report |title=The 2005 Oklahoma Refinery Report: Appendix A |url=http://www.ok.gov/marginalwells/documents/2005_Refinery_Rpt_Appendix.pdf |date=April 2005 |publisher=Office of the Secretary of Energy |location=Oklahoma |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015180310/http://www.ok.gov/marginalwells/documents/2005_Refinery_Rpt_Appendix.pdf |archivedate=2008-10-15 |df= }} 29. ^{{cite news| title = WTI Prices Don't Reflect International Oil Market, Study Says| author = Margot Habiby| publisher = Bloomberg| date = 2007-04-13| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=apum7LTvljdc}} 30. ^{{cite web|first=Michele|last=Norris|date=17 December 2008|title=Contango In Oil Markets Explained|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98410267}} 31. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Where Has All The Oil Gone? After Sitting on Crude, Speculators Unload It. The World's Eyes Fall on Cushing, Oklahoma|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119162309507450611|journal=Wall Street Journal|date=6 October 2007|first=Anne|last=Davis}} 32. ^{{cite news | url= http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article221489.ece | title= Magellan snaps up BP midstream package | newspaper = Upstream Online | publisher = NHST Media Group | date=2010-07-13 | accessdate=2010-07-13}} 33. ^{{cite news |title = Crude Oil in New York Falls on Increasing Supplies in Oklahoma |author = Mark Shenk |date = 2007-04-13 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a_T5lNxayQ14 |work=Bloomberg}} 34. ^{{cite news |publisher=Reuters |location=New York |first= Robert |last=Campbell |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/05/cushing-valero-idUSN0519159220101005 |title=Valero oil refinery to link to Cushing hub soon |date=5 October 2010}} 35. ^{{cite news |journal=Wall Street Journal|title=Refinery Status: Citgo Reports Leak at Corpus Christi |url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130401-706447.html |date=4 Apr 2013}} 36. ^1 2 McNamara, D. E. et al. (2015),Reactivated faulting near Cushing, Oklahoma: Increased potential for a triggered earthquake in an area of United States strategic infrastructure, Geophysical Research Letters, 42, 8328–8332, doi:10.1002/2015GL064669. 37. ^1 2 [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/11/07/oklahoma-earthquake-fracking-well/93447830/ Oklahoma earthquake reignites concerns that fracking wells may be the cause]. By Rick Jervis. USA TODAY, November 7, 2016. 38. ^1 New fault line discovered after 5.8 Oklahoma earthquake,The Wichita Eagle, Sean Murphy Associated Press, September 13, 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2017. 39. ^Cushing School District, Education.com (accessed June 9, 2010). 40. ^News services and staff reports (December 28, 2013) "Star center fielder won two titles with Orioles" The Washington Post, page B4. Retrieved December 28, 2013 [https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/paul-blair-graceful-orioles-outfielder-dies-at-69/2013/12/27/3864482c-6f13-11e3-aecc-85cb037b7236_story.html?tid=auto_complete] 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=COOKKEL01 |title=Kelly Cook |publisher=databaseFootball.com |deadurl=yes |accessdate=December 15, 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104194148/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=COOKKEL01 |archivedate=November 4, 2012 |df= }} External links{{Commons category|Cushing, Oklahoma}}
2 : Cities in Oklahoma|Cities in Payne County, Oklahoma |
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