| 词条 | Lesser fish eagle |
| 释义 |
| image = Lesser fish eagle.jpg | status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Haliaeetus | species = humilis | authority = (Müller & Schlegel, 1841) | synonyms = Ichthyophaga humilis }} The lesser fish eagle (Haliaeetus humilis) is a species of Haliaeetus found in the Indian subcontinent, primarily in the foothills of the Himalayas, and south-east Asia. There are records from Gujarat, Central India and in more recent times from the Kaveri river valley in southern India.[2] Some taxonomic authorities place this species in the monotypic genus Ichthyophaga. Others place it in the genus Haliaeetus. Lesser fish eagles are fish-eating birds that have feet adapted to aid in gripping slippery fish. They have strongly curved talons,[3] and spicules along the underside of the birds' toes help to grip fish as they pull them from the water.[3] There are two subspecies: Haliaeetus humilis humilis, which is native to the Malaysian Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and Sulawesi;[3] and Haliaeetus humilis plumbeus, which is native to Kashmir through southeast India, Nepal, and Burma towards Indochina.[4] DescriptionThe lesser fish eagle is a medium-sized bird of prey that is primarily gray-brown in colour with broad, blunt wings and coarse featherless legs.[5] They are smaller than the similar Haliaeetus ichthyaetus (grey-headed fish eagle)[6] and may often get confused with the similar species. The lesser fish eagle has a brown breast with white thighs and belly.[3] They have a short, rounded tail with a long neck and a small head.[6] Juvenile lesser fish eagles are similar in appearance to adults, although they have brown eyes whereas an adult has yellow. Adults have a wingspan reaching 1.2 m and can grow to up to 64 centimeters tall.[3] Diet and feeding habitsThe lesser fish eagle feeds primarily on fish, which it snatches from the water as it observes them from above on a perch, which may be an overhanging tree or rock in the middle of a stream.[4] They have several personal perches that they often switch between throughout their feeding time.[3] As their diet is primarily fish, lesser fish eagles have large, curved talons specialized for catching fish and taking them from the water.[6] HabitatThey inhabit various forms of rivers, lakes, and wetlands[6] and are seen most often along hill streams and fast moving water.[6] They have been known to reach heights up to 2,400 m, but usually create their habitats below 1,000 m.[3] Some specific eagles have been recorded to reach heights exceeding 4,000 m in Nepal.[6] RangeThe lesser fish eagle has been known to live in India and the Kashmir region,[6] spanning eastward into Nepal, China, and other parts of Southeast Asia.[6] In India, they are restricted to the Himalayan foothills and move north-eastern.[3] Adults move south of the Himalayan mountain ranges, but remain partial and altitudinal in the Himalayas throughout the year.[6] They have been known to live in a variety of widespread locations such as Bangladesh and Nepal, to Cambodia, Indonesia, and Vietnam.[3] Researchers believe that there are 1,000 to 10,000 individuals.[6] The numbers of the lesser fish eagle are in decline for various reasons such as habitat loss, human disturbance, as well as hunting and nest robbery.[6] They have recently been listed as Near Threatened by BirdLife International.[6] ReproductionAlthough incubation and fledging periods are unknown, the breeding season in the lesser fish eagle begins in March and ends in August for those in Northern India and Nepal,[6] but in other areas, may begin in November and end in April.[6] Roughly 2-4 eggs are laid in a clutch,[6] and their nests consist of sticks and green leaves.[6] After enough use, the nest may reach 1 m across and up to 1.5 m deep.[6] References1. ^{{IUCN|id=22695156 |title=Ichthyophaga humilis |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{cite journal|author1=Ramarao, D.|author2= Karuthedathu, D.|author3= Mohanram K.|author4= Prakash H. L.|author5= Raju A. K.|author6= Sreekumar H.|author7= Kumar, S.|author8= Das, V.|year= 2011| title= On the breeding of Lesser Fish-Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis in Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka. | journal=Indian Birds| volume=7|issue=1|pages=9-13|url=http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/Ramarao_et_al_LesserFishEagle.pdf}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|title=Lesser Fish Eagle (Icthyophaga humilis)|url=http://www.planetofbirds.com/accipitriformes-accipitridae-lesser-fish-eagle-icthyophaga-humilis|accessdate=1 April 2014|website=Planet of Birds}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Lesser Fish Eagle: Ichthyophaga humilis|url=http://www.globalraptors.org/grin/SpeciesResults.asp?specID=8288|accessdate=1 April 2014|website=Global Raptor Information Network}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Lesser Fish-eagle Ichthyophaga humilis|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3367|accessdate=1 April 2014}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite web|title=Lesser Fish Eagle – Ichthyophaga humilis|url=http://www.eagledirectory.org/species/lesser_fish_eagle.html|accessdate=1 April 2014}}
4 : Birds of India|Birds of Southeast Asia|Birds described in 1841|Haliaeetus |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。