| 词条 | Abadan, Iran | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Abadan |official_name = Ābādān |native_name = {{lang|fa|آبادان}} |settlement_type = City |image_skyline = Abadan Catalitic facilities.jpg | image_caption = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Iran | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Iran and Asia | coordinates = {{coord|30|20|21|N|48|18|15|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name1 = Khuzestan | subdivision_name2 = Abadan | subdivision_name3 = Central | subdivision_name4 = | established_title = | established_date = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Hosein Hamid-Pour | leader_title2 = City Council Chairman | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 1275 | area_metro_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 3 | elevation_ft = | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2016 Census | population_density_km2 = 167 | population_urban = 231,476 [1] | population_metro = | population_est = | population_est_as_of = | population_blank1_title = Population Rank in Iran | population_blank1 = 40th | population_demonym = Abadani (en) | area_code = (+98) 061 | blank_name = Climate | blank_info = BSk | website = www.Abadan.ir | footnotes = | timezone = IRST | utc_offset = +03:30 | timezone_DST = IRDT | utc_offset_DST = +04:30{{Contains Perso-Arabic text}} Abadan ({{lang-fa|آبادان}} Ābādān, {{IPA-fa|ʔɒːbɒːˈdɒːn|pron}}) is a city and capital of Abadan County, Khuzestan Province which is located in the southwest of Iran. It lies on Abadan Island ({{convert|68|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=or}} long, 3–19 km or 2–12 miles wide), the island is bounded in the west by the Arvand waterway and to the east by the Bahmanshir outlet of the Karun River (the Arvand Rood), {{convert|53|km|mi}} from the Persian Gulf,[2] near the Iran–Iraq border. EtymologyThe earliest mention of the island of Abadan, if not the port itself is found in works of the geographer Marcian, who renders the name "Apphadana".[3] Earlier, the classical geographer, Ptolemy notes "Apphana" as an island off the mouth of the Tigris (which is, where the modern Island of Abadan is located). An etymology for this name is presented by B. Farahvashi to be derived from the Persian word "ab" (water) and the root "pā" (guard, watch) thus "coastguard station").[4] In the Islamic times, a pseudo-etymology was produced by the historian Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri (d. 892) quoting a folk story that the town was presumably founded by one "Abbad bin Hosayn" from the Arabian Tribe of Banu Tamim, who established a garrison there during the governorship of Hajjaj in the Ummayad period.[4] In the subsequent centuries, the Persian version of the name had begun to come into general use before it was adopted by official decree in 1935.[4] Population
The civilian population of the city dropped close to zero during the eight years of the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). The 1986 census recorded only 6 people. In 1991, 84,774 had returned to live in the city.[6] By 2001, the population had jumped to 206,073, and it was 217,988, in 48,061 families, according to 2006 census.[7] Abadan Refinery is one of the largest in the world.The population today has reached almost 350,000 people. Only 9% of managers (of the oil company) were from Khuzestan. The proportion of natives of Tehran, the Caspian, Azarbaijan and Kurdistan rose from 4% of blue collar workers to 22% of white collar workers to 45% of managers, thus Arabic-speakers were concentrated on the lower rungs of the work force, managers tended to be brought in from some distance.[8] There is also a single Armenian church in the centre of the city. Now most of the population is ethnically Persian due to migration from Persian provinces. HistoryAbadan is thought to have been further developed into a major port city under the Abbasids' rule. In this time period, it was a commercial source of salt and woven mats.[2] The siltation of the river delta forced the town further away from water; In the 14th century, however, Ibn Battutah described Abadan just as a small port in a flat salty plain.[9] Politically, Abadan was often the subject of dispute between the nearby states; in 1847, Persia acquired it from Turkey,[6] in which state Abadan has remained since. From the 17th century onward, the island of Abadan was part of the lands of the Arab Ka'ab (Bani Kaab) tribe. One section of this tribe, Mohaysen, had its headquarters at Mohammara (present-day Khorramshahr), until the removal of Shaikh Khaz'al Khan in 1924.[10] It was not until the 20th century that rich oil fields were discovered in the area. On 16 July 1909, after secret negotiation with the British consul, Percy Cox, assisted by Arnold Wilson, Sheik Khaz'al agreed to a rental agreement for the island including Abadan.[11][12][13]{{refn|group=nb|The agreement gave £1,500 per year and £16,500 in gold sovereigns to the Sheik.[13]}} The Sheik continued to administer the island until 1924.[14] The Anglo-Persian Oil Company built their first pipeline terminus oil refinery in Abadan, starting in 1909 and completing it in 1912, with oil flowing by August 1912 (see Abadan Refinery).[15][16] Refinery throughput numbers rose from 33,000 tons in 1912–1913 to 4,338,000 tons in 1931.[14] By 1938, it was the largest in the world. During World War II, Abadan was the site of brief combat between Iranian forces and British and Indian troops during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. Later, Abadan was a major logistics centre for Lend-Lease aircraft being sent to the Soviet Union by the United States.[17][18] In 1951, Iran nationalized all oil properties and refining ground to a stop on the island. Rioting broke out in Abadan, after the government had decided to nationalize the oil facilities, and three British workers were killed.[19] It was not until 1954, that a settlement was reached, which allowed a consortium of international oil companies to manage the production and refining on the island.[20] This continued until 1973, when the NIOC took over all facilities.[15] After total nationalization, Iran focused on supplying oil domestically and built a pipeline from Abadan to Tehran.[15] Whereas Abadan was not a major cultural or religious centre, it did play an important role in the Islamic Revolution. On 19 August 1978 the anniversary of the US backed coup d'état which overthrew the nationalist and popular Iranian prime minister, Dr. Mohammed Mossadegh – the Cinema Rex, a movie theatre in Abadan, Iran, was set ablaze. The Cinema Rex Fire caused 430 deaths,[21]{{refn|group=nb|Sources give different amounts for the number of people killed, with 400+,[22] "about 370 people",[23] and "almost 400 people."[24]}} but more importantly, it was another event that kept the Islamic Revolution moving ahead. At the time there was much confusion and misinformation about the perpetrators of the incident. The public largely put the blame on the local police chief and also the Shah and SAVAK.[22][23][24][25] The reformist Sobhe Emrooz newspaper in one of its editorials revealed that the Cinema Rex was burned down by the radical Islamists. The newspaper was shut down immediately after.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Over time, the true culprits, radical Islamists, were apprehended and the logic behind this act was revealed, as they were trying both to foment the general public to distrust the government even more, and also as they perceived cinema as a link to the Americans.[23][26] This fire was one of four during a short period in August, with other fires in Mashhad, Rizaiya, and Shiraz.[21] In September 1980, Abadan was almost overrun during a surprise attack on Khuzestan by Iraq, marking the beginning of the Iran–Iraq War. For 12 months Abadan was besieged, but never captured, by Iraqi forces, and in September 1981, the Iranians broke the siege of Abadan.[27] Much of the city, including the oil refinery which was the world's largest refinery with capacity of 628,000 barrels per day, was badly damaged or destroyed by the siege and by bombing.[28] Previous to the war, the city's civilian population was about 300,000, but before it was over, almost the entire populace had sought refuge elsewhere in Iran. After the war, the biggest concern was the rebuilding of Abadan's oil refinery, as it was operating at 10% of capacity due to damage.[29] In 1993, the refinery began limited operation and the port reopened. By 1997, the refinery reached the same rate of production as before the war. Recently, Abadan has been the site of major labour activity as workers at the oil refineries in the city have staged walkouts and strikes to protest non-payment of wages and the political situation in the country.[30] Recent eventsTo honour the 100th anniversary of the refining of oil in Abadan, city officials are planning an oil museum.[31] The Abadan oil refinery was featured on the reverse side of Iran's 100-rial banknotes printed in 1965 and from 1971 to 1973. Abadan today has been declared as a free zone city. The healthy relationship between Iran and Iraq has become one of the transit cities connecting both countries through a 40-minute drive. GeographyClimateThe climate in Abadan is arid (Köppen climate classification BWh) and similar to Baghdad's, but slightly hotter due to Abadan's lower latitude. Summers are dry and extremely hot, with temperatures above {{convert|45|°C|°F}} almost daily and temperatures above {{convert|55|°C|°F}} can be almost common. Abadan is notably one of the few hottest populated places on earth and experiences many sand and dust storms. Winters are mildly wet and spring-like, though subject to cold spells. Winter temperatures are around {{convert|16–20|°C|°F}}. The world's highest unconfirmed temperature was a temperature flare up during a heat burst in June 1967, with a temperature of {{convert|87|°C|°F}}.[32] The lowest recorded temperature in the city range is {{convert|-4|°C|°F}}. which was recorded on January 20, 1964 and February 3, 1967 while the highest is {{convert|53|°C|°F}}, recorded on July 11, 1951 and August 9, 1981.[49] {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Abadan (1951-2010) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 29.0 |Feb record high C = 34.0 |Mar record high C = 39.2 |Apr record high C = 42.8 |May record high C = 48.4 |Jun record high C = 53.0 |Jul record high C = 53.0 |Aug record high C = 53.0 |Sep record high C = 49.4 |Oct record high C = 43.2 |Nov record high C = 37.0 |Dec record high C = 29.8 |Jan high C = 18.1 |Feb high C = 20.9 |Mar high C = 25.9 |Apr high C = 32.2 |May high C = 39.2 |Jun high C = 43.8 |Jul high C = 45.4 |Aug high C = 45.4 |Sep high C = 42.5 |Oct high C = 36.1 |Nov high C = 26.8 |Dec high C = 19.9 |year high C = 33.0 |Jan mean C = 12.7 |Feb mean C = 15.0 |Mar mean C = 19.4 |Apr mean C = 25.2 |May mean C = 31.2 |Jun mean C = 35.2 |Jul mean C = 36.7 |Aug mean C = 36.3 |Sep mean C = 33.0 |Oct mean C = 27.5 |Nov mean C = 20.0 |Dec mean C = 14.3 |year mean C = 25.5 |Jan low C = 7.3 |Feb low C = 9.1 |Mar low C = 13.0 |Apr low C = 18.1 |May low C = 23.3 |Jun low C = 26.5 |Jul low C = 28.0 |Aug low C = 27.3 |Sep low C = 23.4 |Oct low C = 18.9 |Nov low C = 13.2 |Dec low C = 8.7 |year low C = 18.1 |Jan record low C = -4.0 |Feb record low C = -4.0 |Mar record low C = -1.0 |Apr record low C = 7.0 |May record low C = 12.0 |Jun record low C = 17.0 |Jul record low C = 17.0 |Aug record low C = 19.4 |Sep record low C = 14.0 |Oct record low C = 7.0 |Nov record low C = -1.6 |Dec record low C = -1.0 |year record low C = -4.0 |Jan precipitation mm = 35.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 20.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 19.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 14.4 |May precipitation mm = 3.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 3.9 |Nov precipitation mm = 20.5 |Dec precipitation mm = 36.4 |year precipitation mm = 153.3 |Jan rain days = 4.7 |Feb rain days = 3.4 |Mar rain days = 3.3 |Apr rain days = 2.2 |May rain days = 0.9 |Jun rain days = 0.0 |Jul rain days = 0.0 |Aug rain days = 0.0 |Sep rain days = 0.0 |Oct rain days = 0.6 |Nov rain days = 2.6 |Dec rain days = 4.6 |year rain days = 22.3 |Jan sun = 180.6 |Feb sun = 195.0 |Mar sun = 222.3 |Apr sun = 221.6 |May sun = 262.9 |Jun sun = 292.1 |Jul sun = 305.1 |Aug sun = 290.4 |Sep sun = 290.4 |Oct sun = 263.4 |Nov sun = 202.4 |Dec sun = 182.5 |Jan humidity = 70 |Feb humidity = 61 |Mar humidity = 51 |Apr humidity = 44 |May humidity = 33 |Jun humidity = 26 |Jul humidity = 28 |Aug humidity = 31 |Sep humidity = 34 |Oct humidity = 45 |Nov humidity = 58 |Dec humidity = 69 |year humidity = 45 |source 1 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[33] (temperatures),[34] (precipitation),[35] (humidity),[36] (days with precipitation),[37] (sunshine)[38] |date=November 2015 }} Places of interestThe Abadan Institute of Technology was established in Abadan in 1939.[14] The school specialized in engineering and petroleum chemistry, and was designed to train staff for the refinery in town. The school's name has since changed several times, but since 1989 has been considered a branch campus of the Petroleum University of Technology, centred in Tehran. There is an international airport in Abadan. It is represented by the IATA airport code ABD.[39] There is a large amount of external investment from East Asian countries that are building oil refineries and developing a lot of real estate. Main sights{{see also| Tourism in Iran}}MosquesRangoonis MosqueMuseums
Notable people{{Main|List of people from Abadan}}TransportationThe city is served by Abadan-Ayatollah Jami International Airport with flights on various commercial airlines. See also{{Portal|Iran}}
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home|website=www.amar.org.ir}} 2. ^1 {{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=6}} 3. ^{{harvnb|Hoeschel|Heracleensis|von Karyanda|Messenius|1600|p=48}} 4. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Elwell-Sutton|de Planhol|1982|p=52}} 5. ^{{cite journal|title=Iran's Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran|first1=Carola|last1=Hein|first2=Mohamad|last2=Sedighi|date=1 September 2016|journal=Architectural Theory Review|volume=21|issue=3|pages=349–374|doi=10.1080/13264826.2018.1379110|url = http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:28fe171a-086d-4c1c-bdf9-d1cb91182bff}} 6. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Lagassé|2000|p=2}} 7. ^1 {{harvnb|Vadahti|2006}}{{citation not found}} 8. ^{{harvnb|Elwell-Sutton|de Planhol|1982|pp=55–56}} 9. ^1 {{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=7}} 10. ^{{harvnb|Elwell-Sutton|de Planhol|1982|p=53}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Ferrier|1991|pp=641–42}} 12. ^{{harvnb|Greaves|1991|pp=418–19}} 13. ^1 {{harvnb|Abrahamian|2008|p=56}} 14. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Ferrier|1991|pp=647–48}} 15. ^1 2 {{harvnb|MacPherson|1989|p=164}} 16. ^{{harvnb|Issawi|1991|pp=606–07}} 17. ^{{harvnb|United States Air Force|1987}} 18. ^{{harvnb|Ferrier|1991|p=651}} 19. ^{{harvnb|Wilber|1984|p=141}} 20. ^{{harvnb|Melamid|1997|p=6}} 21. ^1 {{harvnb|Chelkowski|1991|p=800}} 22. ^1 {{harvnb|Abrahamian|2008|p=159}} 23. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Axworthy|2013|pp=108–09}} 24. ^1 {{harvnb|Daniel|2001|pp=167–68}} 25. ^{{harvnb|Satrapi|2003|pp=14–15}} 26. ^{{harvnb|Keddie|2003|p=231}} 27. ^{{harvnb|Daniel|2001|p=208}} 28. ^{{harvnb|MacPherson|1989|p=154}} 29. ^{{harvnb|Axworthy|2013|p=309}} 30. ^{{harvnb|Mather|2009}} 31. ^{{harvnb|Anon|2005}} 32. ^{{harvnb|Burt|2004|p=36}} 33. ^1 * {{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/7.asp |title= Highest record temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate= April 8, 2015}}* {{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/6.asp |title= Lowest record temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate= April 8, 2015}} 34. ^* {{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/Abadan/3.asp |title=Average Maximum temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127081232/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/Abadan/3.asp |archivedate=27 November 2015 |df= }}* {{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/5.asp |title=Average Mean Daily temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 }}* {{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/2.asp |title=Average Minimum temperature in Abadan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127013834/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/2.asp |archivedate=27 November 2015 |df= }} 35. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/25.asp |title= Monthly Total Precipitation in Abadan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate= April 8, 2015}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/14.asp |title=Average relative humidity in Abadan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126230756/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/14.asp |archivedate=26 November 2015 |df= }} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/29.asp |title=No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Abadan by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127034032/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/29.asp |archivedate=27 November 2015 |df= }} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/statistics/archive/iran/khz/ABADAN/42.asp |title=Monthly total sunshine hours in ABADAN by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/airports/abd|title=Flightradar24.com - Live flight tracker!|first=|last=Flightradar24|website=Flightradar24}} Footnotes{{Reflist}}References
Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Abadan}}{{Wikivoyage|Abadan}}
4 : Abadan, Iran|Cities in Khuzestan Province|Populated places in Abadan County|Shatt al-Arab basin |
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