| 词条 | LGBT rights in Cuba | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| location_header = Cuba | image = LocationCuba.png | caption = Cuba | legal_status = Legal since 1979 | gender_identity_expression = Transgender people allowed to change gender after surgery | recognition_of_relationships = No | recognition_of_relationships_restrictions = | adoption = No | military = LGBT people allowed to serve openly | discrimination_protections = Constitutional protections based on sexual orientation and gender identity[1][1][2] }} Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Cuba may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Attitudes and acceptance towards LGBT people have evolved significantly, though a culture of machismo and homophobia is quite still present in Cuba.[3] In 2018, the National Assembly voted to legalize same-sex marriage and prohibit all discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity, with a constitutional referendum to be held in February 2019. However, same-sex marriage was later removed from the draft Constitution.[4] Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity is illegal in Cuba.[1] Historically, public antipathy towards LGBT people was high, reflecting regional norms. This has eased since the 1990s.[5] Educational campaigns on LGBT issues are currently implemented by the National Center for Sex Education, headed by Mariela Castro, daughter of former President and current Communist Party First Secretary Raúl Castro. Pride parades in Havana are held every May, to coincide with the International Day Against Homophobia. Attendance has grown every year.[6] HistoryPre-revolution CubaIn pre-revolution Cuba, there were a few LGBT-friendly bars in Cuban cities, such as the St. Michel, the Dirty Dick, and El Gato Tuerto in Havana.[7] But Cuba had strict laws that criminalized homosexuality and targeted gay men for harassment. "[T]o be a maricón (faggot) was to be a social outcast."[8] [D]iscrete lesbian or gay male identities in the modern sense - identities that are based on self-definition and involve emotional as well as physical aspects of same-sex relations - were rare. Erotic loyalty (and, in the case of women, subservience) to the opposite sex was assumed to be normal even by homosexuals. Hence, for many Cubans of this era, homosexuality was a mere addendum to customary marital roles. Among others, it was just a profitable commodification of sexual fantasy. For the vast majority, homosexuality made life a shameful and guilt-ridden experience.[7] Homosexuality was a component of the thriving industry of prostitution in Cuba,[9] with many gay men drawn into prostitution largely for visitors and servicemen from the United States.[7][10] Homosexuality also was linked to gambling and crime.[10] Post-revolution Cuba{{Further|Communism and homosexuality}}Homophobia and labor camps during the 1960sWith the profit motive eradicated by the revolution, the superficial tolerance of LGBT persons by the strongly homophobic Cuban society quickly evaporated. Emigration to Miami began immediately, including lesbians and gay men who had worked for United States firms or had done domestic work for the native bourgeoisie. LGBT people who already had lived largely abroad moved away permanently.[7] [T]he homophobia and heterosexism that already existed ... became more systematized and institutionalized. Gender and sexuality explicitly entered political discourse even as vaguely worded laws increasingly targeted gender-transgressive men who were believed to be homosexual ... whereas lesbianism remained unnamed and invisible. Between 1959 and 1980[,] male homosexuals suffered a range of consequences from limited career options to detention in street sweeps to incarceration in labor camps. ... Long hair, tight pants, colorful shirts, so-called effeminate mannerisms, "inappropriate clothing," and "extravagant hairstyles" were seen as visible markers of male homosexuality. Such visible markers not only facilitated enforcement of homosexual repression; more broadly, visibility and gender transgressions themselves constituted a central part of the problem identified by the revolution. Even during the severest period of enforcement, Marvin Leiner reminds us, private homosexual expression was never the main target. Rather, "... the major concern, as it had always been, was with the public display of homosexuality."[11] Many of the progressive LGBT persons who remained in Cuba became involved in counter-revolutionary activities, independently or through encouragement of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and were jailed. The 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion, commando attacks from Florida bases, and internal CIA-sponsored subversion created in Cuba an increased concern over national security. Realistic fears gave rise to paranoia, and anyone who was "different" fell under suspicion. Homosexual bars and La Rampa cruising areas were perceived as centers of counter-revolutionary activities and they began to be systematically treated as such.[7] The gay community was seen as a threat to the military order.[9] Cuba's new ally, the Soviet Union, had hostile policies towards gays and lesbians, seeing homosexuality as a product of the decadent capitalist society prevailing in Cuba in the 1950s. Fidel Castro made insulting comments about homosexuality. Castro's admiring description of rural life in Cuba ("in the country, there are no homosexuals"[12]) reflected the idea of homosexuality as bourgeois decadence, and he denounced "maricones" as "agents of imperialism".[13] Castro explained his reasoning in a 1965 interview: [W]e would never come to believe that a homosexual could embody the conditions and requirements of conduct that would enable us to consider him a true Revolutionary, a true Communist militant. A deviation of that nature clashes with the concept we have of what a militant Communist must be.[14] According to Ian Lumsden, traditional Spanish machismo and the Catholic Church have disdained effeminate and sexually passive males for centuries. The homophobia exposed during the revolution was a mere continuation of the well-established culture of machismo and the rigid gender roles of pre-revolutionary Cuba.[23] Barbara Weinstein, professor of Latin American history at New York University and co-editor of the Hispanic American Historical Review, said that gay people were defined as deviant and decadent but not weak or sick. She also claimed that the way that the Cuban revolution came to power gave it a stronger sense of masculinity than other revolutions. The guerrilla experience pervaded the political structure and the guerrilla army itself became the nucleus of a new society.[15] Cuban gay writer Reinaldo Arenas wrote, "[T]he decade of the sixties ... was precisely when all the new laws against homosexuals came into being, when the persecution started and concentration camps were opened, when the sexual act became taboo while the 'new man' was being proclaimed and masculinity was being exalted."[16] LGBT persons were imprisoned frequently, particularly effeminate males, without charge or trial, and confined to forced labor camps. Camps of forced labour were instituted with all speed to "correct" such deviations ... Verbal and physical mistreatment, shaved heads, work from dawn to dusk, hammocks, dirt floors, scarce food ... The camps became increasingly crowded as the methods of arrest became more expedient ...[17] In 1965, the country-wide Military Units to Aid Production (UMAP) program was set up as an alternative form of military service for members of pacifist religious groups, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, hippies, conscientious objectors, and gay men. It was believed that the work, together with the strict regimes operating within the UMAP camps, would "rehabilitate" the participants. The camps became notorious both inside and outside Cuba.[9] Although the camps ended up targeting gay men more than most, "there is no evidence that [they] were created with homosexuals exclusively in mind."[23] A homosexual man who worked in a UMAP camp described the conditions there as follows, "[W]ork is hard because it's nearly always in the sun. We work 11 hours a day (cutting marble in a quarry) from seven in the morning to seven at night, with one hour's lunch break."[18] Fidel Castro visited one of the UMAP camps incognito to experience the treatment for himself. He was followed by 100 boys from the Young Communist League whose identity was also kept secret. In 1968, shortly after these visits, the camps closed.[9] Castro said, "They weren't units of internment or punishment.... However, after a visit I discovered the distortion in some places, of the original idea, because you can't deny that there were prejudices against homosexuals. I personally started a review of this matter. Those units only lasted three years."[19] Many gay artists and intellectuals like Reinaldo Arenas were attracted to the socialist promise of an egalitarian society, which would pave the way for cultural and sexual freedom and social justice. Gay writers largely wrote the popular journal Lunes de Revolución. Its radical ideas seemed to enjoy the favor of the Cuban Government. But a couple of years after Castro's rise to power, this journal was closed down amidst a wave of media censorship. Its gay writers were publicly disgraced, refused publication, and dismissed from their jobs. Some were reassigned to work as janitors and labourers.[20] This period was dramatically documented in the 1980s documentary Improper Conduct, Reinaldo Arenas in his 1992 autobiography, Before Night Falls, as well as in his fiction, most notably The Color of Summer and Farewell to the Sea. Negative attitudes during most of the 1970sHomophobia in Cuba persisted in the 1970s, with more tolerant attitudes beginning to appear in the mid-1970s. Although the UMAP program ended in 1968, the camps themselves continued. They became military units, and the same types of men were sent there as were sent to the UMAP camps. The only difference was that the men were paid a pitiful salary for their long and harsh working hours while living under very difficult and inhumane conditions.[21] A 1984 documentary, Improper Conduct, interviewed several men who had been sent to these camps. In his autobiography, My Life, Fidel Castro claims the internment camps were used in lieu of the mistreatment homosexuals were receiving in the military during the Cuban intervention in Angola and other conflicts. They would do laborious tasks and be housed roughly, but some saw it as better than joining the Cuban military because there, they would often be publicly humiliated and discharged by homophobic elements.[22] After a discussion of homosexuality at the Cuban Educational and Cultural Congress in April 1971, homosexuality was declared to be a deviation incompatible with the revolution. Homosexuality was considered sufficient grounds for discriminatory measures to be adopted against the gay community, and homophobia was institutionalised. Gay and lesbian artists, teachers, and actors lost their jobs. Gays and lesbians were expelled from the Communist Party. Students were expelled from university. Gays were prohibited from having contact with children and young people. Gays were not allowed to represent their country.[9] Effeminate boys were forced to undergo aversion therapy.[23] A more tolerant policy slowly began to emerge in 1975. In 1975, the People's Supreme Court found in favour of a group of marginalised gay artists who were claiming compensation and reinstatement in their place of work. The court's ruling was the initial change in official attitudes towards gays and lesbians. In the same year, a new Ministry of Culture was formed under the leadership of Armando Hart Dávalos, resulting in a more liberal cultural policy. In addition, a commission was established to investigate homosexuality, leading to the decriminalisation of same-sex relationships in 1979.[9] Gradual liberalization during the 1980sCuban gays were expelled or took the opportunity to leave Cuba during the 1980 Mariel boatlift. From the early stages of the massive exodus, the Government described homosexuals as part of the "scum" that needed to be discarded so the socialist society could be purified.[24] Some homosexuals were given the ultimatum of either imprisonment (or extended terms for those already imprisoned) or leaving the country, although Fidel Castro publicly denied that anyone was being forced to leave.[11] In 1981, the Ministry of Culture stated in a publication entitled "In Defence of Love" that homosexuality was a variant of human sexuality. The ministry argued that homophobic bigotry was an unacceptable attitude inherited by the revolution and that all sanctions against gays should be opposed.[9] In 1986, the National Commission on Sex Education publicly opined that homosexuality was a sexual orientation and that homophobia should be countered by education.[9] Gay author Ian Lumsden has claimed that since 1986 there is "little evidence to support the contention that the persecution of homosexuals remains a matter of state policy".[25] In 1988, the Government repealed the 1938 Public Ostentation Law and the police received orders not to harass LGBT people. In a 1988 interview with Galician television, Castro criticised the rigid attitudes that had prevailed towards homosexuality.[9] Toward the end of the 1980s, literature with gay subject matter began to re-emerge. More rapid liberalization since 1990In a 1993 interview with a former Nicaraguan Government official, Tomás Borge, Fidel Castro declared that he opposed policies against LGBT people as he considered homosexuality to be a natural tendency that should be respected. The same year, a series of sex education workshops were run throughout the country carrying the message that homophobia was a prejudice.[9] That same year, the Government lifted its ban on allowing LGBT persons from serving openly in the military. Since 1993, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons may serve openly in the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces. However, discrimination is still common in the Cuban military so LGBT people serving tend to hide their sexual orientation. In 1994, the feature film Strawberry and Chocolate, produced by the government-run Cinema of Cuba and Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, featured a gay main character. The film criticised the country's narrow, doctrinaire ways of thinking in the 1970s and discussed anti-gay prejudice and the unjust treatment suffered by gays. The film provoked a great deal of comment and discussion among the public.[9] In 1995, Cuban drag queens led the annual May Day procession, joined by two gay delegations from the United States.[9] According to a Human Rights Watch report, "the government [in 1997] ... heightened harassment of homosexuals, raiding several nightclubs known to have gay clientele and allegedly beating and detaining dozens of patrons."[26] Spanish filmmaker Pedro Almodóvar was reported to be among several hundred people detained in a raid on Havana's most popular gay discothèque, El Periquiton.[27] According to a United States government report, Cuban customers of the club were fined and warned of imprisonment if they did not stop publicly displaying their homosexuality. The foreigners who were detained were released after a check of their documents. Many of the Cuban gay and lesbian clientele were reportedly beaten by police.[28] This crackdown extended to other known gay meeting places throughout the capital, such as Mi Cayito, a beach east of Havana, where gays were arrested, fined, or threatened with imprisonment.[28] After this crackdown, Cuban gays and lesbians began keeping a lower profile amid intermittent sweeps of gay and lesbian meeting places. Castro's apparent criticism of Tomás Gutiérrez Alea and his last film Guantanamera during a speech in February 1998 seemed to cast a further chill over Cuba's gay community.[29] Still, a number of clandestine gay clubs continued to operate sporadically in private homes.[28] In December 2000, half of all the Latin American films shown at the Havana Film Festival had gay themes. Gay and lesbian film festivals are now run in a number of Cuban cities, and in October 2005, a Sexual Diversity Cinema Week was held in Pinar del Río.[9] Yet, in 2001, the police operated a campaign against homosexuals and transvestites, and prevented them from meeting in the street, fined them and closed down meeting places.[30] In 2004, the soap opera El jardín de los helechos (Garden of Ferns) included a lesbian couple as part of its plot.[9] That same year, however, the BBC reported that "Cuban police have once again launched a campaign against homosexuals, specifically directed at travestis (transvestites) whom they are arresting if they are dressed in women's clothing."[31] Carlos Sanchez, the male representative of the International Lesbian, Gay, Trans and Intersex Association for the Latin America and Caribbean Region, visited Cuba in 2004. While there, he asked about the status of lesbians and gays in the country and asked the Cuban Government why it had abstained from the vote on the "Brazilian Resolution", a 2003 proposal to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights that would symbolically recognise the "occurrence of violations of human rights in the world against persons on the grounds of their sexual orientation." The Government argued that the resolution could be used to further attack and isolate Arab countries, consistent with "North American aggression against Afghanistan and Iraq". Sanchez also asked about the possibility of creating an LGBT organization in Cuba. The Government said that the formation of the organization would distract attention from national security in light of constant threats from the United States. After meeting with some Cuban LGBT people, Sanchez reported the following observations:[32]
In 2006, the state-run Cuban television began running a serial soap opera titled La Otra Cara De La Luna (The Other Face of the Moon) in which a married man "discovers himself" through a sexual relationship with a male friend.[33] In 2012, Adela Hernandez became the first known transgender person to hold public office in Cuba, winning election as a delegate to the City Council of Caibarien in the central province of Villa Clara.[34] Fidel Castro takes responsibilityIn his autobiography My Life, Fidel Castro criticized the machismo culture of Cuba and urged for the acceptance of homosexuality. He made several speeches to the public regarding discrimination against homosexuals. In a 2010 interview with Mexican newspaper La Jornada, Castro called the persecution of homosexuals while he was in power "a great injustice, great injustice!" Taking responsibility for the persecution, he said, "If anyone is responsible, it's me.... We had so many and such terrible problems, problems of life or death. In those moments, I was not able to deal with that matter [of homosexuals]. I found myself immersed, principally, in the Crisis of October, in the war, in policy questions." Castro personally said that the negative treatment of gays in Cuba arose out of the country's pre-revolutionary attitudes toward homosexuality.[35] Legality of same-sex sexual activityPrivate, non-commercial sexual relations between same-sex consenting adults 16 and over have been legal in Cuba since 1979.[36] Recognition of same-sex relationships{{main|Recognition of same-sex unions in Cuba}}The Cuban Constitution does not ban same-sex marriage. Until 2019, Article 36 contained language defining marriage as between a man and a woman. This was repealed in a February 2019 referendum.[37] The current Constitution states that "marriage is a social and legal institution. ... It is based on free will and equality of rights, obligations and legal capacity of the spouses."[1] Nonetheless, statutory laws still contain prohibitions on same-sex marriage, and the country does not recognise civil unions or any other kind of partnership.[38] A major public campaign by LGBT groups began in late 2017 to amend the Constitution to allow same-sex marriage.[39] In July 2018, the National Assembly approved a new draft constitution which recognised same-sex marriage, though the proposal would need to go to a referendum on 24 February 2019.[40][41][42] In September 2018, President Miguel Díaz-Canel expressed his support for same-sex marriage.[43] Media outlets have spoken of a "revolution within a revolution" or of a "rainbow revolution", and have pointed out how quickly the landscape for LGBT rights has changed, as just a few decades back Cuba imprisoned gay men in labor camps.[44][45] On 18 December 2018, it was announced that the National Assembly had removed the language from the draft.[46][47] This means that same-sex marriage would be neither prohibited nor regulated by the new Cuban Constitution. The National Assembly and Mariela Castro have stated that same-sex marriage will be legalised through a Family Code amendment instead. In March 2019, the Government began popular consultations to look into legalizing same-sex marriage in the Family Code.[48] Discrimination protectionsEmployment discrimination on account of sexual orientation is prohibited by law.[49] The Labor Code (Código de Trabajo) does not cover gender identity, and LGBT discrimination in other sectors of society – such as education, housing and public accommodations – is not addressed by the law.[50] Mariela Castro, director of the National Center for Sex Education, had also sought to ban employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity, HIV status and disability, but this was rejected. In July 2018, a same-sex couple, Brian Canelles and Arián Abreu, were kicked out of a Havana bar after taking a selfie of themselves kissing. A worker at the bar asked them to leave, saying: "The bar isn't interested in the gay public. We don't want that reputation." The case was widely criticized. Merely two days after the incident, Cuba's official gazette published a decree outlining that any private business found to discriminate against clients based on their gender or sexual orientation can be fined 1,000 Cuban pesos (around 860 euros/1,000 U.S. dollars) and shut down.[51] The Cuban Constitution, amended in 2019, prohibits all discrimination on the basis of gender, gender identity and sexual orientation, among others.[52] Article 42 reads as follows:[53][54] {{cquote|All people are equal before the law, receive the same protection and treatment from the authorities, and enjoy the same rights, liberties, and opportunities, without any discrimination for reasons of sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, ethnic origin, skin color, religious belief, disability, national or territorial origin, or any other personal condition or circumstance that implies a distinction injurious to human dignity.{{efn|In Spanish: Todas las personas son iguales ante la ley, reciben la misma protección y trato de las autoridades y gozan de los mismos derechos, libertades y oportunidades, sin ninguna discriminación por razones de sexo, género, orientación sexual, identidad de género, edad, origen étnico, color de la piel, creencia religiosa, discapacidad, origen nacional o territorial, o cualquier otra condición o circunstancia personal que implique distinción lesiva a la dignidad humana.[55]}}}}Gender identity and expressionSince June 2008, qualifying Cubans have been able to have free sex reassignment surgeries.[56][57] Blood donationIndividuals seeking to donate blood must be in good health, have a regular pulse and must not have had a viral injection (catarrh or pharyngitis) within the past 7 days. Men who have sex with men are not explicitly banned from donating.[58] Social conditionsFreedom of associationAccording to the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association and other sources, Cuba's only gay and lesbian civil rights organization, the Cuban Association of Gays and Lesbians, was formed in 1994 by eighteen people but was effectively shut down and its members arrested in 1997.[59][60] Since 2008, the National Center of Sex Education has sponsored some LGBT festivals and pride events. In 2013, a week of drag shows, colourful marches, and social and cultural events in Havana culminated with celebrations of the International Day Against Homophobia.[61] Events have been held every year since. Nosotros también amamosIn 2015, the project Nosotros también amamos which advocates for the legalisation of same-sex marriage, was funded by the human rights organisations Corriente Martiana, Fundación Cubana por los Derechos de la comunidad de Lesbianas, Gay, Bisexuales, Trans e Intersex (LGBTI) and the gay project SHUI TUIX.[62][63] In June 2016, Babel, a socio-cultural Cuban LGBT project, declared: "All people are equal in dignity and rights beyond what differentiates us as race, skin color, sex, national origin, political, religious, ideological or sexual preferences, amongst other things"[64][65] WorksFilms
Books
Summary table
See also{{Portal|LGBT|Cuba}}
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^{{es}} Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014 2. ^{{es}} Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo 3. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/cuba-lgbt-revolution-gay-lesbian-transgender-rights-havana-raul-castro-a8122591.html Inside Cuba's LGBT revolution: How the island's attitudes to sexuality and gender were transformed] independent.com.uk, 4 January 2018 4. ^ReformaConstitucional: ¿Qué pasó con el artículo 68? 5. ^Rachel Evans, "Rainbow Cuba: the sexual revolution within the revolution" Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal (23 December 2011). 6. ^{{es icon}} [https://www.telemundo51.com/noticias/cuba/En-Cuba-celebran-el-dia-del-orgullo-gay-422298803.html En Cuba celebran el día del orgullo gay] 7. ^1 2 3 4 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173617 "Homosexuality, Homophobia, and Revolution: Notes toward an Understanding of the Cuban Lesbian and Gay Male Experience", Lourdes Arguelles and B. Ruby Rich, Signs, "The Lesbian Issue (Summer, 1984)", vol. 9, no. 4] 8. ^"Homosexuality in Cuba: revolution within the revolution", authored by Jo Ellis, greenleft.news, 4 July 1999 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Gay and Lesbian Rights in Cuba", Cuba Solidarity Campaign, page 3 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124161916/http://www.cuba-solidarity.org.uk/faqdocs/Cuba-sexual-diversity.pdf |date=24 January 2013 }} 10. ^1 "From Persecution To Acceptance? The History Of LGBT Rights In Cuba", The Cutting Edge News, reported by Justin Halatyn, 24 October 2012 11. ^1 "'Obvious Gays' and the State Gaze: Cuban Gay Visibility and U.S. Immigration Policy during the 1980 Mariel Boatlift", Journal of the History of Sexuality, authored by Susana Peña, September 2007, volume 16, number 3, pages 486-7, published by University of Texas Press {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721164734/http://www.ilzeearner.com/spring2012/ir702/s9/Obvious%20Gaze%20and%20the%20State%20Gaze%20-%20Mariel%20Boatlift%202007.pdf |date=21 July 2015 }} 12. ^Gay Rights and Wrongs in Cuba,, Peter Tatchell (2002), published in the "Gay and Lesbian Humanist", Spring 2002. An earlier version was published in a slightly edited form as [https://www.theguardian.com/cuba/story/0,11983,712621,00.html "The Defiant One"], in The Guardian, Friday Review, 8 June 2001. 13. ^Llovio-Menéndez, José Luis (1988). Insider: My Hidden Life as a Revolutionary in Cuba, Bantam Books, New York, pages 156-158, 172-174 14. ^Lockwood, Lee (1967). Castro's Cuba, Cuba's Fidel, revised edition: October 1990, page 124, {{ISBN|0-8133-1086-5}} 15. ^[https://groups.yahoo.com/group/nationalblacksgllgbt/message/157 "Che Guevara: liberator or facilitator?", by Drew Himmelstein, 29 October 2004] 16. ^"Whorehouse of the Caribbean", Salon, authored by Jonathan Lerner, 4 January 2001, quoting Before Night Falls, authored by Reinaldo Arenas, Penguin Books. {{ISBN|0-14-015765-4}} 17. ^{{cite book|title=Health, politics, and revolution in Cuba since 1898|author=Katherine Hirschfeld}} 18. ^Cardenal, Ernesto, 1974. In Cuba, New Directions Books, page 68 19. ^Ramonet, Ignacio, 2006. Cien Horas con Fidel: Conversaciones con Ignacio Ramonet, Oficina de Publicaciones del Consejo de Estado, 2nd edition, Havana, pages 253-55 20. ^Marshall, Peter (1987). Cuba Libre: Breaking the Chains?, London: Victor Gollancz, 1987. {{ISBN|1-55778-652-6}} 21. ^"Concentration Camps in Cuba: The UMAP", Totalitarian Images, 6 February 2010 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fightforchange.org/castros-daughter-leads-gay-rights-conga-line/ |title=Raul Castro's Daughter Leads Gay Rights Conga |publisher=Fight for Change |date=16 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522002648/http://www.fightforchange.org/castros-daughter-leads-gay-rights-conga-line/ |archivedate=22 May 2009 }} 23. ^[https://www.amazon.com/review/R1R7LDSMR4CNC4 Disingenuous apology for Castro's persecution of homosexuals], Steven O. Murray's review of Lumsden's book, 19 June 2001. Stephen O. Murray is a sociologist who has written several widely read works, including "Latin American Male Homosexualities" (University of New Mexico Press, 1995) and "Homosexualities", (University of Chicago 2000). 24. ^"A Long Way from Mariel", Miami Herald, reported by Daniel Shoer-Roth, 23 April 2005 25. ^1 2 Machos, Maricones, and Gays: Cuba and Homosexuality, by Ian Lumsden. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996. {{ISBN|1-56639-371-X}} 26. ^[https://www.hrw.org/legacy/worldreport/Americas-03.htm#P448_89148 "World Report 1998 (Cuba)", Human Rights Watch] 27. ^"Government Attacks Against Homosexuals", APIC, reported by Jesus Zuñiga, 3 September 1997 28. ^1 2 [https://archive.is/20130416053435/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCIS,,CUB,,3ae6a6a40,0.html "Cuba: Status of homosexuals", United States Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services, Department of Homeland Security, 9 August 1999] 29. ^"Cuba: Ideology Shake up Threatens Cultural Liberalization", Inter Press Service, published on the CNN website, 4 March 1998 30. ^{{es}} "¿Nueva campaña contra gays en Cuba?", BBC Mundo, reported by Fernando Ravsberg, 23 February 2001 31. ^{{es}} "Cuba: 'campaña' contra travestis", BBC Mundo, reported by Fernando Ravsberg, 26 July 2004 32. ^"Carlos Sanchez, ILGA LAC rep tells us about his Cuban experience", International Lesbian, Gay, Trans and Intersex Association, 12/3/2004 33. ^"Controversial gay soap opera grips Cuba", BBC Mundo, reported by Fernando Ravsberg, 3 May 2006 34. ^"Transgender woman 1st to win office in Cuba", The Associated Press, reported by Andrea Rodriguez, carried on The Jakarta Post website, 17 November 2012 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090022/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/11/17/transgender-woman-1st-win-office-cuba.html |date=4 March 2016 }} 35. ^{{Cite news | title = Fidel Castro takes blame for 1960s gay persecution | newspaper = The Globe and Mail | publisher = Reuters | date = 31 August 2010 | url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/americas/fidel-castro-takes-blame-for-1960s-gay-persecution/article1691613 | accessdate = 31 August 2010}} 36. ^"Cuba's gay rights revolution", Global post, Megan Sweas, 29 June 2012. 37. ^Article 36, Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992 38. ^"Legal and Ethical Aspects of HIV/AIDS in Cuba", MEDICC Review, authored by Evelio J. Alpízar Pérez, María E. Cobas Cobiella, and Mercedes Rodríguez Acosta, 2001, presented at the 4th International Conference on HIV/AIDS in Cuba, Central America and the Caribbean, Havana, Cuba, January, 2000 39. ^{{es icon}} [https://www.cibercuba.com/videos/noticias/2017-12-13-u1-e186450-homosexuales-cubanos-luchan-insertar-matrimonio-gay Homosexuales cubanos luchan por insertar el matrimonio gay en la Constitución de la Isla] 40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/23/cubas-new-constitution-paves-way-for-same-sex-marriage|title=Cuba's new constitution paves way for same-sex marriage|work=The Guardian|date=23 July 2018}} 41. ^[https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/cuba-s-national-assembly-concludes-debate-on-constitutional-reforms/50000262-3698805 Cuba's National Assembly concludes debate on constitutional reforms] 42. ^{{es icon}} Referendo de nueva constitución será el 24 de febrero 43. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45546645|title=Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel backs same-sex marriage|publisher=BBC|date=17 September 2018}} 44. ^[https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2018/08/cuban-revolution-coming-sex-marriage-debate/ A Cuban revolution is coming and same-sex marriage is up for debate], LGBTQ Nation, 4 August 2018 45. ^Cuba’s ‘rainbow revolution’ changes attitudes toward LGBT community 46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/regions/latin-america/219202-cuba-same-sex-marriage-new-constitution|title=Cuba decides to scrap same-sex marriage law|date=19 December 2019|work=Rappeler}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/cuba-drops-sex-marriage-language-constitution-181219011915356.html|title=Cuba drops same-sex marriage language from new constitution|date=19 December 2018|work=Al Jazeera}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cibercuba.com/noticias/2019-03-08-u1-e192519-s27061-gobierno-cuba-sometera-consulta-popular-nuevo-codigo-familia|title=El Gobierno de Cuba someterá a consulta popular el nuevo Código de Familia|website=CiberCuba|date=8 March 2019|language=Spanish}} 49. ^{{Cite web|title = Is Cuba becoming a haven for LGBT rights?|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/07/cuba-haven-lgbt-rights-150727104541812.html|website = www.aljazeera.com|accessdate = 2016-01-03}} 50. ^Cuban lawmakers ban anti-gay employment discrimination The Washington Blade, 21 December 2013 51. ^[https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/07/23/inenglish/1532348603_372863.html After decades of homophobia, Cuba closer to allowing same-sex marriage], El País, 23 July 2018 52. ^{{cite news |url=https://havanatimes.org/?p=139909 |title=Some Traps in Cuba’s New Constitution |newspaper=The Havana Times |date=21 August 2018 |author=Antonio Recio}} 53. ^{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/cuba-expands-rights-but-rejects-radical-change-in-updated-constitution-112578 |title=Cuba expands rights but rejects radical change in updated constitution |website=The Conversation |date=27 February 2019}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2019/02/26/cubans-overwhelmingly-approve-countrys-new-constitution/|title=Cubans overwhelmingly approve country’s new constitution|website=The Washington Blade|date=26 February 2019}} 55. ^1 2 3 {{es icon}} Constitución de la República de Cuba 56. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN06395397 "Cuba approves sex change operations", Reuters, 6 June 2008] 57. ^"Cuba to provide free sex-change", BBC News, 7 June 2008 58. ^[https://www.ecured.cu/Donaci%C3%B3n_de_sangre Donación de sangre, EcuRed] 59. ^"Gays Wed In Cuba: The Second Revolution", The Gully.com, authored by Juan Pérez Cabral, 2001 60. ^"Cuban LGBT activists cite progress, ongoing harassment", Washington Blade, reported by Michael K. Lavers, 17 September 2012 61. ^"Cuba's Gay Community Celebrates 'International Day Against Homophobia And Transphobia' (PHOTOS)", Associated Press, printed in the Huffington Post, 17 May 2013 62. ^{{Cite web|url=https://corrientemartianacuba.org/2015/12/07/nosotros-tambien-amamos/|title=Nosotros también amamos: Campaña a favor del matrimonio igualitario en Cuba|last=Cuba|first=Corriente Martiana|date=2015-12-07|website=Corriente Martiana|access-date=2016-08-09}} 63. ^{{Cite web|url=https://corrientemartianacuba.org/|title=Corriente Martiana|website=Corriente Martiana|language=es-ES|access-date=2016-08-10}} 64. ^{{Citation|last=victor manuel duenas otero|title=NTA Victor|date=2016-06-09|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckOhluQC5Yo|accessdate=2016-08-10}} 65. ^Cuban authorities not ‘directly’ targeting LGBTI asylum seeker’s partner, The Washington Blade, 26 May 2018 66. ^Rosero, Jessica; "A voice for the Homeless" Author Tackles Homosexuality in the Cuban Machista Society; The Union City Reporter; 18 February 2007; Page 5 External links
2 : Cuban law|LGBT rights in Cuba |
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