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词条 LGBT rights in Thailand
释义

  1. Legality of same-sex sexual activity

  2. Recognition of same-sex relationships

  3. Adoption and parenting

  4. Discrimination protections

  5. Gender identity and expression

  6. Military service

  7. Blood donation

  8. Living conditions

     LGBT lexicon  Homophobia and violence  Education   Prisons    LGBT life    Media   Public opinion 

  9. Summary table

  10. See also

  11. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}{{Infobox LGBT rights
| location_header = Thailand
| image = Thailand (orthographic projection).svg
| caption = Thailand
| legal_status = Legal since 1956:
age of consent equalized in 1997
| gender_identity_expression = Sex changes are legal
| recognition_of_relationships = Not recognized
| adoption = Not recognized
| military = Since 2005
| discrimination_protections = Sexual orientation and gender identity protections since 2015
}}{{LGBT rights}}Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Thailand may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents.[1] Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Thailand, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. About eight percent of the Thai population, five million people, are thought to be in the LGBT demographic.[2]

In 2013, the Bangkok Post said that "while Thailand is viewed as a tourist haven for same-sex couples, the reality for locals is that the law, and often public sentiment, is not so liberal."[2] A 2014 report by the United States Agency for International Development and the United Nations Development Programme said that LGBT people "still face discrimination affecting their social rights and job opportunities",[3] and "face difficulty gaining acceptance for non-traditional sexuality, even though the tourism authority has been promoting Thailand as a gay-friendly country".[3]

Changes in attitudes and public policy towards LGBT issues began to occur in Thailand during the 1990s and, in particular, the early part of the 21st century. In 2015, Thailand enacted comprehensive anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity. As of 2018, a civil partnership bill is being discussed by the Thai Parliament, which, if passed, would grant same-sex couples several of the rights of marriage, notably property and inheritance rights, but not rights to public welfare, tax benefits, or adoption.[4][5]

In 2017, Bangkok was named the second-most gay-friendly city in Asia, after Tel Aviv, Israel, due to its LGBT dating scene, nightlife, openness and safety.[6]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Private, adult, consensual, and non-commercial sodomy was decriminalized in Thailand in 1956.[7] However, same-sex attraction and transgenderism were still seen as socially unacceptable. Through the Penal Code Amendment Act of 1997, the age of consent was set at fifteen years regardless of gender or sexual orientation.

In 2002, the Ministry of Health announced that homosexuality would no longer be regarded as a mental illness or disorder.[8]

In 2007, the Thai Government expanded the definition of a sexual assault and rape victim to include both women and men.[9] The government also prohibited marital rape, with the law stipulating that women or men can be victims.[9]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Thai law currently does not recognize same-sex marriages, civil unions, or domestic partnerships. Despite the lack of formal legal recognition, Thai same-sex couples tend to be publicly tolerated, especially in urban areas such as Bangkok, Phuket, or Pattaya.[10]

In September 2011, the government's National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and the Sexual Diversity Network, an NGO, proposed draft legislation on same-sex marriage and sought the Thai government's support for the law.[11][12] Instead, in December 2012, the government formed a committee to draft legislation providing legal recognition for same-sex couples in the form of civil partnerships.[13] On 8 February 2013, the Rights and Liberties Protection Department and the Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs, Justice, and Human Rights held a first public hearing on the civil partnership bill, drafted by the committee's chairman, Police General Viroon Phuensaen.[14]

In September 2013, the Bangkok Post reported that an attempt in 2011 by Natee Teerarojjanapong, president of the Gay Political Group of Thailand, to register a marriage certificate with his male partner had been rejected.[2]

By 2014, the civil partnership bill had bipartisan support, but was stalled due to political unrest in the country.[15] In the second half of 2014, reports emerged that a draft bill called the "Civil Partnership Act" would be submitted to the junta-appointed Thai Parliament. It would give couples some of the rights of heterosexual marriage, but was criticized for increasing the minimum age from 17 to 20 and omitting adoption rights.[16]

Thai opinion polls have consistently favoured legal recognition of same-sex marriages.[5][1][17]

In 2017, the government of Thailand responded favourably to a petition signed by 60,000 people calling for civil partnerships for same-sex couples. Pitikan Sithidej, Director-General of the Rights and Liberties Protection Department at the Justice Ministry, confirmed he had received the petition and would do all he could to get it passed as soon as possible.[18] The Justice Ministry convened on 4 May 2018 to begin discussions on a draft civil partnership bill, titled the "Same Sex Life Partnership Registration Bill". Under the proposal, same-sex couples would be able to register themselves as "life partners" and will be granted some of the rights of marriage.[19][20][21] The bill was discussed in public hearings between November 12 and 16, and was expected to be presented to the cabinet by the end of the month.[22] On 25 December 2018, the Cabinet approved the bill, which grants same-sex couples several of the rights of marriage, including adoption of children. The bill will now be introduced in the parliament.[23][24]

Adoption and parenting

Only married couples may adopt in Thailand. The draft legislation working its way through the Thai bureaucracy in late 2018 would ensure only property and inheritance rights and some other rights of same-sex couples, but not their rights to public welfare, tax benefits, or child adoption.[5][4]

Thailand had long been a popular destination for surrogacy arrangements. In 2015, however, the Thai Parliament passed a law banning foreigners from travelling to Thailand to have commercial surrogacy arrangements. Only married couples as Thai residents are allowed to make commercial surrogacy contracts. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is restricted to married couples.[25]

Discrimination protections

None of the various Thai constitutions has mentioned sexual orientation or gender identity. Natee Theerarojnapong, of the Government's Human Rights Commission, and Anjana Suvarnananda, a lesbian rights advocate, campaigned unsuccessfully for the inclusion of "sexual identity" in the Interim Constitution of 2006 and the Constitution of 2007.[9] The 2007 Constitution did contain a broad prohibition of "unfair discrimination" based on "personal status" and promises to respect various civil liberties in accordance with "state security" and "public morality".

The Gender Equality Act B.E. 2558 was passed on 13 March 2015 and came into force on 9 September 2015.[26] This act bans discrimination according to gender identity and sexual orientation, and was the first law in Thailand to contain language mentioning LGBT people. Under this law, discrimination against a male, female or "a person who has a sexual expression different from that person's original sex" is punishable by up to six months in prison and a fine of up to 20,000 baht.[27][28] However, the law specified an exception for "education, religion and the public interest", which was strongly criticised by women's rights groups.[29]

Gender identity and expression

Sex reassignment operations have been performed in Thailand since 1975, and Thailand is among the most popular destinations globally for patients seeking such operations.[30]

Transgender people are quite common in Thai popular entertainment, television shows and nightclub performances, however, transgender people lack various legal rights compared to the rest of the population,[40][31] and may face discrimination from society.[2][32]

Transgender people face substantial barriers to employment, including full-time work, executive positions or promotions, according to 2015 research for the International Labour Organization.[33] Discrimination in job applications also often discourages transgender people from seeking further employment opportunities or entering the job market. The research also found that they are faced with "daily discrimination and humiliation" which often cuts short their careers.[33] An editorial in the Bangkok Post in 2013 noted that "we don't find transgenders as high-ranking officials, doctors, lawyers, scientists, or teachers in state-run schools and colleges. Nor as executives in the corporate world. In short, the doors of government agencies and large corporations are still closed to transgender women."[34]

In 2007, the Thai National Assembly debated allowing transgender people to legally change their names after having a sex change operation, but as of 2014 this change had not been passed.[3] Post-operation male-to-female transgender government employees are not granted the right to wear female uniforms at work,[35] and are still expected to perform military service.[3] Specific cases of inequality include a hospital which refused to allow a transgender woman to stay in a woman's ward, even though she had undergone sex reassignment surgery.[3]

In 2014, a Matthayom 1 textbook was criticized for discrimination and lack of gender sensitivity, due to a description of transgender people as suffering from gender confusion, khon long phet (คนหลงเพศ),[51] and illustrations in the textbook featuring performances by transgender dancers.[36] Critics argued that the word long (หลง: 'confused') had negative connotations, and that "transgender" or kham phet (ข้ามเพศ) was more suitable.[36] It was reported that officials at the Ministry of Education would investigate the matter.[36]

Military service

In 2005, the Thai Armed Forces lifted their ban on LGBT people serving in the military. Prior to this reform, LGBT people were exempted as suffering from a "mental disorder".

Blood donation

In May 2009, the Thai Red Cross reaffirmed its ban of men who have sex with men (MSM) becoming blood donors, despite campaigns to change this policy.[37]

Living conditions

LGBT lexicon

{{Main|Gender identities in Thailand}}

The Thai word for "gay" or "queer" is เกย์ ({{rtgs|ke}}) The term katoey or kathoey ({{lang-th|กะเทย}}; {{rtgs|kathoei}} ) refers to transgender women or effeminate gay men. Thai society perceives kathoeys as belonging to a third gender alongside male and female. The term dee (ดี้) alludes to homosexual or bisexual women. Thai has also adopted the word "lesbian" from English: ({{lang-th|เล็สเบียน or เลสเบี้ยน}}; {{rtgs|letbian}}).

The Thai language recognises several other gender and sexual identities, including tom (ทอม), from the English "tomboy", which refers to women who dress, act, and speak in a masculine fashion. Toms are not necessarily lesbian or bisexual, but may be perceived as such by others. Other identities include angees, kathoeys who are attracted to toms, and adams, men who are attracted to toms.

Homophobia and violence

In 2016, Paisarn Likhitpreechakul, a board member of the Sogi Foundation, wrote an op-ed in the Bangkok Post warning of so-called corrective rape being widely used to "cure" lesbians of their sexual orientation, highlighting the case of a father in Loei who confessed to raping his 14-year-old daughter for four years to stop her from socialising with tomboys. Paisarn expressed further concern that such practices were being normalised in Thai society, and that the true number of such cases was far higher, as many murders of Thai LGBTs are categorised as crimes of passion, because the Thai legal system does not include the concept of "hate crimes". The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights identified murder, beatings, kidnappings, rape and sexual assault against LGBT people as examples of homophobic and transphobic violence and noted that violence against LGBT people "tends to be especially vicious compared to other bias-motivated crimes".[38]

Education

On 26 December 1996, in a report in the Bangkok Post, the Rajabat Institute Council, the collective governing body of all of Thailand's colleges, declared that it would bar homosexuals from enrolling in any of its teacher training schools, the idea of Deputy Education Minister Suraporn Danaitangtrakul.[39] The announcement was strongly criticised by human rights groups and many others, who urged the repeal of the policy. On 25 January 1997, Danaitangtrakul proposed that the Institute set new criteria to bar people with "improper personalities", but not specific groups such as homosexuals.

Prisons

For several years, the official policy of Thai prisons has been to respect and recognize sexual diversity, placing inmates in cells based on their stated gender and sexual orientation.[40] Homosexual male prisoners, like all male prisoners, have their heads shaved. Female inmates are not allowed to wear make-up, but gay male inmates are.[40] According to the Department of Corrections, there were 4,448 LGBT prisoners in the country in 2016. Of these, 1,804 were katoey (transgender women or effeminate gay men), 352 were gay (เกย์), 1,247 were tom (ทอม; female with masculine characteristics), 1,011 were dee (ดี้; female homosexual with feminine characteristics), and 34 were male-to-female transgender people.[40]

LGBT life

Thailand had long had a reputation of tolerance when it comes to LGBT people; there are many LGBT nightclubs and bars in the country and the first Thai LGBT magazine, Mithuna, began publication in 1983.[41]

However, in 1989, LGBT activist Natee Teerarojjanapongs described the situation as more complicated; although LGBT citizens do not face direct repression from the state, instead "it is a question of subtle negation through invisibility and a lack of social awareness about homosexual people", and although people acknowledge the existence of homosexuality, "they are still not used to the idea of openly gay people. Even fewer have any understanding of the notion of lesbian and gay rights".[42]

This began to change in the 1990s with more public events, such as LGBT pride festivals that were held every year from 1999 to 2007 in Bangkok, until internal disputes within the LGBT community and arguments with the festival's financial backers prevented future events from being held.[43] Bangkok Pride was expected to take place again in November 2017, the first time in 11 years, but was postponed due to the national one year mourning period for King Bhumibol Adulyadej.[44]

A parade in the northern city of Chiang Mai in 2009 stirred such hostility that it had to be canceled. As participants were preparing to march, a local political group surrounded the compound where they had gathered, shouting insults through megaphones and throwing fruit and rocks at the building.[45]

Media

{{quote|The entertainment industry accepts us with open arms because we poke fun at ourselves and make people laugh. But if we want to be taken seriously in a field like medicine we are not afforded the same courtesy.|author=Prempreeda Pramoj Na Ayutthaya, transgender rights activist and programme officer at UNESCO}}

Since the 1980s, many LGBT-themed publications have been available in Thailand. LGBT characters in Thai films have also been common since the 1970s, often as comic relief, although it was not until the new wave of Thai cinema in the late 1990s that Thai films began to examine LGBT characters and issues in more depth.

Censorship does not affect LGBT-related media directly, but pornography and sex toys are illegal in Thailand.

Public opinion

According to a 2015 opinion poll, 89% of Thais would accept a colleague who is gay or lesbian, 80% would not mind if a family member was LGBT, and 59% were in favour of legalizing same-sex marriage.[1][46]

According to a 2019 YouGov poll of 1,025 respondents, 63% of Thais supported the legalisation of same-sex partnerships with 11% against and 27% preferring not to answer. 69% of people aged 18 to 34 supported civil partnerships, with 10% opposed. Legalisation was supported by 56% of those aged between 35 and 54 (33% opposed), and 55% of those aged 55 and over (13% opposed). 66% of those with university degrees were in favour (10% opposed), and 57% of those without university degrees (12% opposed). 68% of those with high income supported civil partnerships (7% opposed), and 55% of those with low income (13% opposed). 68% of women responded in favour (7% opposed), and 57% of men (14% opposed).[47]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity legal (Since 1956)
Equal age of consent (Since 1997)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment (Since 2015)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services (Since 2015)
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) (Since 2015)
Same-sex marriage
Recognition of same-sex couples (Pending)
Recognition of adoption for single people regardless of sexual orientation
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
LGBT people allowed to serve openly in the military (Since 2005)
Right to change legal gender
Right to change sex surgically [48]
Conversion therapy banned on minors
Homosexuality declassified as an illness (Since 2002)
Transsexuality declassified as an illness
Access to IVF for lesbians
Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples
MSMs allowed to donate blood

See also

{{Portal|LGBT|Human rights|Thailand}}
  • Human rights in Thailand
  • LGBT rights in Asia
  • Homosexuality laws of the world
  • Kathoey
  • Anjaree

References

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2. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=The two faces of Thai tolerance|url=http://bangkokpost.com/news/investigation/368584/the-two-faces-of-thai-tolerance|newspaper=Bangkok Post|date=2013-09-08|author=Chaiyot Yongcharoenchai}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title=Gays still face a battle, report says|date=17 September 2014|work=Bangkok Post|first=Chananthorn|last=Kamjan|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/432629/gays-still-face-a-battle-report-says}}
4. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Rujivanarom |first1=Pratch |title=New partnership bill 'does not give everybody equal rights' |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/national/30359548 |accessdate=2018-11-30 |work=The Nation |date=2018-11-30}}
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |last1=Limsamarnphun |first1=Nophakhun |title=More rights for same-sex couples |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/national/30359180 |accessdate=2018-11-24 |work=The Nation |date=2018-11-24}}
6. ^{{cite news |title=Happy Pride Month! Bangkok named second-best LGBT city in Asia |url=https://coconuts.co/bangkok/lifestyle/happy-pride-month-bangkok-named-second-best-lgbt-city-asia/ |accessdate=16 September 2018 |work=Coconuts Bangkok |date=2017-06-28}}
7. ^{{cite web|first=Shivananda|last=Khan|url= http://www.nfi.net/NFI%20Publications/All%20other/Pact%20NFI%20MSM%20Thailand%20additional%20references.pdf |title=Assessment of sexual health needs of males who have sex with males in Laos and Thailand|publisher=Naz Foundation International|date=February 2005}}
8. ^Gay Rights in Thailand 2007 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003003538/http://www.globalgayz.com/country/Thailand/view/THA/gay-rights-in-thailand-2007 |date= 3 October 2009 }}
9. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://archive.globalgayz.com/asia/thailand/gay-thailand-news-and-reports-2/|title=Gay Thailand News and Reports 2007|website=Global Gayz|accessdate=21 April 2017}}
10. ^[https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1454834/same-sex-marriage-a-must-for-nation-famed-for-tolerance Same-sex marriage a must for nation famed for tolerance], Bangkok Post, 30 April 2018
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.starobserver.com.au/news/2011/09/13/thailand-commission-for-marriage-rights/61366|title=Commission for marriage rights|date=13 September 2011|accessdate=21 April 2017|work=Star Observer}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/NHRC-will-support-gay-marriage-rights-30164534.html|title=NHRC will support gay marriage rights|website=The Nation|date=5 September 2011|accessdate=21 April 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/thai-government-drafting-same-sex-civil-partnership-law171212|title=Thai government drafting same-sex civil partnership law|date=17 December 2012|first=Anna|last=Leach|work=Gay Star News|accessdate=21 April 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Hundreds back civil unions for gay couples|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/335059/hundreds-back-civil-unions-for-gay-couples|work=Bangkok Post|date=9 February 2013}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://lgbtweekly.com/2014/04/10/thai-marriage-equality-bill-unable-to-proceed-due-to-political-crisis/|title=Thai marriage equality bill unable to proceed due to political crisis|work=LGBT Weekly|date=10 April 2014|first=Steve|last=Lee|accessdate=21 April 2017}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/4390|title=Same-sex marriage may come true under Thai junta|first=Takato|last=Mitsunaga|work=Prachatai English|accessdate=21 April 2017|date=9 October 2014}}
17. ^{{cite news |title=Nida Poll: Most Thais agree with same sex marriage |url=http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/nida-poll-most-thais-agree-with-same-sex-marriage/ |accessdate=16 September 2018 |work=Thai PBS |date=2015-07-05}}
18. ^{{cite news |title=Thailand to revive gay rights Bill |url=https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/thailand-revive-gay-rights-bill |accessdate=25 November 2018 |work=Today |date=2 June 2017}}
19. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/thailand-same-sex-civil-partnerships-bill-date-latest-a8326036.html Thailand expected to introduce same-sex civil partnerships], The Independent, 27 April 2018
20. ^[https://hornet.com/stories/thailand-civil-union/ Thailand Could Actually Beat Taiwan to Legalizing Same-Sex Unions and Benefits]
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/national/30350568|title= Gay union law ready for Cabinet by September|work=The Nation|date=22 July 2018}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2018/11/06/thailand-same-sex-civil-unions-2018|title= Thailand could be first country in Asia with same-sex unions|work=PinkNews|last=Braidwood |first=Ella |date=2018-11-06}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/1600614/cabinet-endorses-civil-partnership-bill|title=Cabinet endorses civil partnership bill|work=Bangkok Post|first=Chatrudee|last=Theparat|date=25 December 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}
24. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/thailand-civil-union-bill-draft/|title=Thailand cabinet approves the first draft of same-sex civil union bill|work=Gay Star News|first=Stefania|last=Sarrubba|date=25 December 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}
25. ^[https://prachatai.com/english/node/4452 Thai junta's surrogacy bill to ban LGBT and singles from having their own children]
26. ^Royal Gazette: Gender Equality Act B.E. 2558 (in Thai)
27. ^{{cite news|title=Learn about LGBTI, say activists|date=18 May 2016|first=Prangthong|last=Jitcharoenkul|work=Bangkok Post|accessdate=21 April 2017|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/977149/learn-about-lgbti-say-activists}}
28. ^{{cite news|date=10 September 2015|url=http://archive.globalgayz.com/asia/thailand/thailands-equality-laws-come-into-effect/|title=Thailand's equality laws come into effect|accessdate=21 April 2017|website=Global Gayz}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prachatai.com/english/node/4430|title=Thai junta expected to pass Gender Equality bill, strongly opposed by women rights groups|website=Prachatai English|date=22 October 2014|accessdate=21 April 2017}}
30. ^{{cite news|last1=Gale|first1=Jason|title=How Thailand became a global gender-change destination|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-10-26/how-thailand-became-a-global-gender-change-destination|accessdate=22 April 2017|work=Bloomberg|date=26 October 2015}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/303850/sex-drugs-stigma-put-thai-transsexuals-at-hiv-risk |title=Sex, drugs, stigma put Thai transsexuals at HIV risk |work=Bangkok Post |date=23 July 2012|accessdate=29 August 2015}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=http://bangkokpost.com/news/investigation/334017/ladyboys-lost-in-legal-system|title=Ladyboys lost in legal system|date=3 February 2013|work=Bangkok Post}}
33. ^1 {{cite news|first=Jitsiree|last=Thongnoi|title=Trapped beneath the transgender glass ceiling|url=http://bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/584465/trapped-beneath-the-transgender-glass-ceiling|accessdate=7 June 2015|work=The Bangkok Post}}
34. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/355011/katoey-face-closed-doors|work=Bangkok Post|title=Katoey face closed doors|format=Opinion|date=14 June 2013}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/301113/transgender-official-right-to-wear-dress |title=PAO transgender defends wearing skirt |work=Bangkok Post |date=5 July 2012 |accessdate=29 August 2015}}
36. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Gender labels upset Gene|work=Bangkok Post|date=12 September 2014|page=12}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.manager.co.th/QOL/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9520000060517|title=สภากาชาดปรับเกณฑ์ไม่รับเลือดกลุ่มเกย์-คนสำส่อน หวั่นเป็นแหล่งติดเชื้อ|work=Manager Online|accessdate=6 November 2015}}
38. ^{{cite news|date=14 June 2016|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1009557/we-need-to-fight-homophobia-at-home|title=We need to fight homophobia at home|first=Paisarn|last=Likhitpreechakul|work=Bangkok Post}}
39. ^[https://www.outrightinternational.org/content/thailand-gays-and-lesbians-banned-enrolling-teacher-training-schools THAILAND: GAYS AND LESBIANS BANNED FROM ENROLLING IN TEACHER TRAINING SCHOOLS]
40. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=YONGCHAROENCHAI|first=CHAIYOT|date=4 December 2016|title=A cell of their own|work=Bangkok Post|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/special-reports/1151305/a-cell-of-their-own}}
41. ^Asian Gay & Lesbian News Archive
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.petertatchell.net/international/thailand.htm |first=Peter |last=Tatchell |work=Gay Times |date=October 1989 |title=Thailand: Gayness, Bar Boys and Sex Tourism |accessdate=22 April 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830064722/http://www.petertatchell.net/international/thailand.htm |archivedate=30 August 2009 |df= }}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalgayz.com/no-gay-pride-in-bangkok-2010/110/|first=Richard|last=Ammon|title=No Gay Pride in Bangkok 2010|website=Global Gayz|accessdate=22 April 2017}}
44. ^[https://mashable.com/2017/01/18/gay-pride-bangkok/#cSGiDNFbHsqT Bangkok will hold its first gay pride parade in 11 years]
45. ^{{cite news| url=http://time.com/12603/thailands-intolerance-of-its-own-lgbt-community-will-surprise-you/ | work=Time | first=Per | last=Liljas | title=Thailand's Intolerance of Its Own LGBT Community Will Surprise You | date=5 March 2014}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/lifestyle-culture/article/2163544/land-lady-boys-thailand-not-gay-paradise-it-appears|title=LAND OF LADY BOYS? THAILAND IS NOT THE LGBTI PARADISE IT APPEARS|work=South China Morning Post|date=16 September 2018|last=Villadiego|first=Laura}}
47. ^https://coconuts.co/bangkok/news/3-5-thais-support-sex-civil-partnerships-survey/
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.plastic-surgery-phuket.com/Thailand-Gender-Change|title=Gender Change|work=Plastic Surgery Phuket|accessdate=6 November 2015}}
{{Commons category|LGBT in Thailand}}{{Asia topic|LGBT rights in}}

6 : Thai law|LGBT rights in Asia|LGBT in Thailand|Human rights in Thailand|Kathoey|LGBT rights by country
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