| 词条 | Licchavi (clan) |
| 释义 |
The Licchavis were a clan amongst the Vajji Mahajanapada of ancient India. Vaishali the capital and homeland of the Licchavis, was the capital of the Vajji mahajanapada also. It was later occupied by Ajatashatru, who annexed the Vajji territory into his kingdom.[1][2]{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=271}} Kautilya in his {{IAST|Arthaśāstra}} (ch. XI), describes the Licchavis as a tribal confederation ({{IAST|gaṇa sangha}}), whose leader uses the title of {{IAST|rājā}} ({{IAST|rājaśabdopajīvinah}}). A Buddhist text, the {{IAST|Mahāparinibbāna Suttanta}} refers them as Kshatriyas and one of the claimants of the relics of Buddha. They have claimed Kshatriya status themselves.[3] According to the {{IAST|Dīgha Nikāya}}, the Licchavis were of the {{IAST|Vasiṣṭha}} gotra.[4] Buhler assumes that, in the Manusmriti (X.22), the Licchavis are placed in the category of the Vratya Kshatriyas.[5][6]{{IAST|Buddhaghośa}} in his {{IAST|Paramatthajotikā}}, traced the origin of the Licchavis to Benaras. The date of the establishment of the Licchavi domination over the area consisting of present-day north Bihar and Terai region of Nepal is not known. By the time of Mahavira and Gautama Buddha this clan was already well settled in the area around their capital {{IAST|Vaiśālī}}. Buddhist tradition has preserved the names of a number of eminent Licchavis, which include prince Abhyaya, {{IAST|Oṭṭhaddha}} ({{IAST|Mahāli}}), generals, {{IAST|Sīha}} and Ajita, Dummukha and Sunakkhata. The {{IAST|Kalpasūtra}} of {{IAST|Bhadravāhu}} refers to the nine Licchavi {{IAST|gaṇarāja}}s (chieftains) who along with the nine Malla {{IAST|gaṇarāja}}s and the eighteen {{IAST|Kāśī}}-{{IAST|Kośala}} {{IAST|gaṇarāja}}s formed a league against Magadha. The leader of this alliance was Chetaka, whose sister Trishala was the mother of Mahavira.[7]Licchavi administrationOnly scattered reports of the Licchavi government system survive. The introductory portions of the {{IAST|Cullakalinga Jātaka}} and the {{IAST|Ekapaṇṇa Jātaka}} mention the Licchavi as having 7,707 {{IAST|Rājā}}s. The number is one of convention, and unlikely to have been exact. It does demonstrate that Licchavi, unlike most of its neighbours, was not an absolute monarchy. Ultimate authority rested with the 7,707 raja who met each year to elect one of their member as ruler and a council of nine to assist him.[8] It was far from a modern democracy, as only a small portion of the Licchavi population qualified to vote. Those with raja status were only the male heads of households who belonged to the kshatriya varna. The seat of the Licchavi administration was in {{IAST|Vaiśālī}}, the capital of the Vajjiian confederacy. The {{IAST|Rājā}} was the highest executive and judicial authority.[9] The introductory portion of the {{IAST|Bhaddasāla Jātaka}} mentions about a tank, the water of which was used for the {{IAST|Abhiṣeka}} (the coronation) of the {{IAST|Gaṇarāja}}s of {{IAST|Vaiśālī}}. The assembly hall where these {{IAST|Gaṇarāja}}s met for discussion was known as the {{IAST|Santhāgāra}}.[10] The executiveThe {{IAST|Aṭṭhakathā}} mentions about the three chief functionaries of the Licchavi administration, the {{IAST|Rājā}} (the ruling chief), the {{IAST|Uparājā}} (the deputy chief) and the {{IAST|Senāpati}} (the chief of the army).[9] The introductory portion of the {{IAST|Ekapaṇṇa Jātaka}} adds one more with it, the {{IAST|Bhāṇḍāgārika}} (the chancellor of exchequer). The judiciaryAccording to the {{IAST|Aṭṭhakathā}}, an accused criminal had to pass through seven layers of judges, each of whom investigated and interrogated the accused. These judges were the {{IAST|Viniccaya Mahāmātta}} (the inquiring magistrate), the {{IAST|Vohārika}} (the jurist-judge), the {{IAST|Sūttadhāra}} (the master of the sacred code), {{IAST|Aṭṭhakūlakā}} (literally, the eight clans, probably a federal court). Then the {{IAST|Senāpati}} and the {{IAST|Uparājā}}. The final judge was the {{IAST|Rājā}}, who could find him guilty, whereupon the convict received the punishment prescribed in the {{IAST|Paveṇipotthaka}} (the book of precedence) for the offence committed by him.[10]Licchavis and the Imperial GuptasThe Gupta emperor Chandragupta I married a Licchavi princess Kumaradevi and the legend Licchavayah is found along with a figure of goddess Lakshmi on the reverse of the Chandragupta I-Kumaradevi type gold coins of Samudragupta.[11] In the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta, he is described as the Licchavidauhitra (the grandson of the Licchavis from his mother's side). These probably suggest Licchavi occupation of Magadha immediately before the rise of the imperial Guptas, although there is no direct evidence to prove it.[12] DeclineThe Licchavi feud with Ajatashatru from 484 BCE to 468 BCE lasted with the victory of the latter.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=272}} See alsoThe Licchavi kingdom of NepalReferencesCitations1. ^Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, pp. 106–113, 186–90 2. ^{{cite web | url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kmwwAQAAIAAJ&q=licchavi+homeland&dq=licchavi+homeland&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj82Z6q3_fSAhXFL8AKHVQBChQQ6AEIHTAB | title=An introduction to Nepal | accessdate=27 March 2017 | pages=41}} 3. ^Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400 by Tansen Sen (2003), p. 58. 4. ^Thapar, Romila (1984) From Lineage to State, Oxford University Press, Bombay, p. 85 5. ^{{cite book|last=Buhler|first=G.|title=The Laws of Manu|year=2004|publisher=Cosmo Publications|location=Delhi|isbn=81-7755-876-5|page=279|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcBWxNsK2UoC&pg=PA279&dq=Buhler+laws+of+Manu+Vratya+Vaisya&hl=en&ei=4FntTLeWK4j-vQOfy8TwAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Jha|first=Ganganatha|title=Manusmriti with the ‘Manubhāṣya’ of Medhātithi, Verse 10.22-23 [Explanatory notes]|year=1920|isbn=81-208-1155-0|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/manusmriti-with-the-commentary-of-medhatithi/d/doc201752.html}} 7. ^Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, pp.106-113 8. ^Jagdish P. Sharma, Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.– 500 B.C., Brill Publishers, 1968, p. 103: "the Licchavis had a council of 9 though the membership of their Assembly numbered 7,707. ... [The Assembly] normally met once a year for important and grave public business." 9. ^1 Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). Ancient India, S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-219-0887-6}}, p.227-8 10. ^1 Law, B.C. (2005). Kshatriya Clans in Buddhist India, Ajay Book Service, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-87077-55-7}}, pp.107–23 11. ^Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, pp.468-9 12. ^Lahiri, Bela (1974) Indigenous States of Northern India (circa 200 BC - 320 AD), University of Calcutta, Calcutta, p.71,71n Sources
6 : Ancient peoples of India|Mahajanapadas|Licchavi kingdom|Mithila|History of Bihar|5th century BC in India |
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