1. Early life

2. Career in government (1944–67)
    Brazil and Latin America (1960–67) 

3. Career in academia
    Johns Hopkins University (1967–71)  Later career 

4. Books

5. References

6. External links

Early life

Born in 1913 in New York City,^[2] Gordon attended the Ethical Culture Fieldston School in Riverdale,^[3] and later attended Harvard University.^[1] As an undergraduate at Harvard, Gordon was involved with the university's glee club; because Prohibition was still in place, wine was usually served at the Club's parties.^[4]

While he was a student at Harvard, Gordon met his future wife, Allison Wright, at a film exhibition in Dunster House.^[4] They married in 1937.^[1]

He received a BA from Harvard in 1933. He received a DPhil from Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar^[2] in 1936.^[5]

Career in government (1944–67)

Gordon was program vice-chairman of the War Production Board from 1944 to 1945. He started in the Bureau of Research and Statistics of the War Production Board before joining the staff of the Requirements Committee, helping design the Controlled Materials Plan.^[6] This Plan regulated the conservation and allocation of critical materials such as steel, copper, zinc, and aluminum—materials that were scarce or were in danger of becoming so during World War II.^[6]

Gordon then worked for the US State Department as Director of the Marshall Plan Mission and Minister for Economic Affairs and at the United States embassy in London (1952–55).^[5] "To let Western Europe collapse for want of some dollars," Gordon has stated in regards to his role in the Marshall Plan, "would have been a tragedy. It would have been repeating the terrible mistake after World War I."^[7]

Brazil and Latin America (1960–67)

In 1960, Gordon helped develop the Alliance for Progress, an aid program designed to prevent Latin America from turning to revolution and socialism for economic progress.^[1] The journalist A. J. Langguth noted that many Brazilian nationalists scorned the Alliance as Brazilian foreign aid to America due to the belief that American corporations were withdrawing more money from the country than they were investing.^[8] Though Brazil did indeed run balance of payments deficits with the United States during the years of the Alliance, the size of these deficits was well exceeded by the grants and credits provided by the US to Brazil, even before factoring in development loans and military aid.^[9] Brazil also enjoyed large overall balance of payments surpluses during the Alliance years.^[10]

In 1961, Time reported that Gordon has "become Kennedy's leading expert on Latin American economics. Gordon drew up the U.S. agenda for the July inter-American economic meeting approved last week by the Organization of American States." ^[11]

Gordon served as U.S. Ambassador to Brazil (1961–66), where he played a major role for the support of the opposition against the government of President João Goulart and during the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état.^[12] On March 27, 1964, he wrote a top secret cable to the US government, urging it to support the coup of Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco with a "clandestine delivery of arms" and shipments of gas and oil, to possibly be supplemented by CIA covert operations.^[13] Gordon believed that Goulart, wanting to "seize dictatorial power", was working with the Brazilian Communist Party.^[13] Gordon wrote: "If our influence is to be brought to bear to help avert a major disaster here--which might make Brazil the China of the 1960s--this is where both I and all my senior advisors believe our support should be placed."^[13]

Noam Chomsky has been critical of the coup, as well as his perception of Gordon's role in it. At an address delivered at Harvard University on March 19, 1985, he stated:

Thomas Skidmore, a well-respected Brazilian historian and moderately Marxist professor at Brown University takes a notedly different view than Chomsky. While he acknowledges that the U.S. supported the Brazilian military, he notes that the credit for the coup belongs to the Brazilian military and not to the U.S.:

traditional right. Washington soon learned, to Gordon's consternation, that the increasingly dominant hard-line military had their own ideas and their own power base. Their virulent anti-communism and their willingness to repress even the reformist center went back at least to the coup of 1937 and the authoritarian Estado Novo (1937–1945), long before Washington began exporting its Cold War doctrines of "national security."|Thomas Skidmore^[16]|}}

In the years after the coup, Gordon, Gordon's staff, and the CIA repeatedly denied that they had been involved^[1] and President Lyndon B. Johnson praised Gordon's service in Brazil as "a rare combination of experience and scholarship, idealism and practical judgment."^[1] In 1976, Gordon stated that the Johnson Administration "had been prepared to intervene militarily to prevent a leftist takeover of the government," but did not directly state that it had or had not intervened.^[1] Circa 2004 many documents were declassified and placed online at the GWU National Security Archive, indicating the involvement of Johnson, McNamara, Gordon, and others. In 2005 Stansfield Turner's book described the involvement of ITT Corporation president Harold Geneen and CIA director John McCone.^[17]

Afterward, Gordon became Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs (1966–68) in Washington, D.C.,^[2] and worked for the Alliance for Progress, which coordinated aid to Latin America.^[1]

Career in academia

Gordon was a Professor of International Economic Relations at Harvard University in the 1950s, before turning his attention to foreign affairs.

Johns Hopkins University (1967–71)

He then served as president of the Johns Hopkins University between 1967 and 1971. In 1970, following approval from the Board of Trustees in November 1969, he introduced coeducation in Johns Hopkins' full-time undergraduate program.^[1][18]

During his tenure, students and faculty briefly occupied the university's executive offices to protest against the Vietnam War ^[19] despite the fact that Gordon had expressed opposition to the Vietnam War. He also took part in a campus-wide discussion over military recruiting on campus and whether ROTC should have a place at Johns Hopkins.^[20] During his tenure, the university was suffering a financial crisis, with an operating deficit of more than $4 million. The crisis caused Gordon to order budget cuts, which in turn caused faculty protests. Faculty were angered because while Gordon was cutting teaching positions, he was increasing the size of the University's administration. He also incurred student wrath when he re-wrote the student conduct code.^[21]

Gordon resigned in March 1971, following a vote of "no-confidence" by a committee of senior faculty,^[22] attributing his resignation to growing criticism from the university's faculty.[18] The New York Times states that "Dr. Gordon's four years at Johns Hopkins were dogged by deteriorating finances, faculty complaints over pay and academic priorities, and students rebellious over the 'relevance' of their educations." Although Gordon had agreed to remain until an interim successor could be named, he left town abruptly, forcing the trustees to move quickly; they asked Gordon's predecessor, Milton S. Eisenhower, to return in an emergency capacity.^[23]

Later career

Gordon was a fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution from 1972 to 1975.^[1]

In 1984, he became a scholar at the Brookings Institution (he was an active associate there until his death^[1]) and also became director at the Atlantic Council of the United States.^[5]

Gordon died at the age of 96 at Collington Episcopal Life Care, an assisted-living home, in Mitchellville, Maryland.^[24] He was survived by two sons, Robert and Hugh, and two daughters, Sally and Amy^[24] and seven grandchildren^[24] (including Kate Gordon); and two great-grandchildren.^[24]

Books

• A New Deal for Latin America (1963){{ISBN?}}
• Growth Policies and the International Order (1979)
• Energy Strategies for Developing Nations (1981)
• Eroding Empire: Western Relations with Eastern Europe (1987)
• Brazil's Second Chance: En Route toward the First World (Brookings Institution Press, 2001).

References

External links

• Oral History Interview with Lincoln Gordon, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library

 before=Jack Vaughn| title=Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs| after=Covey T. Oliver| years=March 9, 1966 – June 30, 1967

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